Nasal mites (Mesostigmata: Rhinonyssidae) in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus).

Rhinonyssids are obligate haematophagous mites that parasitize the nasal cavity of vertebrates, and occur in a wide range of birds worldwide. Two species of nasal mites are known to occur in penguins: Rhinonyssus sphenisci, which has been recorded from Humboldt and Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus humboldti and S. magellanicus, respectively), and Rhinonyssus schelli, which has been recorded in Adélie and Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae and P. papua, respectively). We examined the nasal cavity of African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) that died while under care at a rehabilitation centre (N = 40) or that were found dead at breeding colonies (N = 67). Nasal mites were found in the nasal cavity and/or paranasal of sinuses of 21 penguins, some of which had signs of mild-to-moderate sinusitis. Prevalence was higher in juveniles (29%) and adults (27%) than in chicks (10%). Mean intensity was 5.9 ± 12.9 mites per infected host (range 1-60). The mites presented morphological characteristics that were at times consistent with either R. sphenisci or R. schelli, and therefore we conservatively classified them as 'R. sphenisci sensu lato'. Our morphometric results raise the question of whether the specific status of R. schelli is justified.

Nasal Myiasis in Hinduism and Contemporary Otorhinolaryngology.

Various case reports on nasal myiasis written during the 1990s and 2000s state that nasal myiasis, which is known as peenash among South Asian natives, is a form of divine punishment in Hindu mythology, but do not provide citations from Hindu scriptures that would suggest this interpretation. This paper aims to discuss the phenomenon of peenash in a historical context by examining medical literature written during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, to identify Hindu texts contributing to the belief of some Hindus that nasal myiasis is a form of divine punishment, and to provide an overview of contemporary treatment for and management of nasal myiasis.

First report of Eucoleus boehmi infection in a dog from Portugal.

Nasal eucoleosis is an uncommonly diagnosed parasitic infection in domestic dogs. Depending on the parasite load, dogs with Eucoleus boehmi may exhibit mild upper respiratory signs such as sneezing and nasal discharge or may not exhibit any clinical signs. The present study describes the case of a 6-year-old male dog, presented with reverse sneezing of 2 months' duration and bilateral nasal serous discharge. The patient had been taking prednisolone for years due to an immune mediated arthritis of the carpal joint. Physical examination, complete blood count, serum chemistry and thoracic radiography were unremarkable. A computed tomography scan of the nasal cavity was compatible with bilateral chronic rhinitis of unknown aetiology. Further investigation by rhinoscopy revealed diffuse erythematous mucosae with several white and serpentine-shaped worms on the turbinates' surface. Morphological identification of the worms collected in situ was performed, revealing filiform nematodes (15-30 mm in length) containing several bipolar plugged and barrel-shaped eggs in their medial segment. The eggs contained a multicellular embryo, a pitted surface and measured 54-60 µm long by 30-35 µm wide. Morphological and morphometric characteristics were consistent with E. boehmi. Treatment with imidacloprid/moxidectin spot-on formulation along with preventing measures to minimise reinfection were prescribed and successfully achieved, as confirmed by negative faecal examinations. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this represents the first report of E. boehmi infection in a dog from Portugal. Nasal eucoleosis appears to be underestimated and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in canids suffering from upper respiratory distress.

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis of the nose: a case report.

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis of the nose: a case report. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection that is rarely seen in Belgium. The majority of new diagnoses are seen in patients living in or visiting endemic regions, which are mostly developing countries. Here we describe the case of a 60-year-old male patient who was referred to an ENT specialist because of an erythematous swelling of the left side of the nose tip, which had persisted for 3 months. Biopsies showed the presence of leishmaniasis. This case report alerts ENT physicians that leishmaniasis is part of the differential diagnosis in patients who present with an uncommon persistent lesion in the head and neck region and who have travelled to endemic regions or are immunodeficient.

Development of Trichosomoides nasalis (Nematoda: Trichinelloidea) in the murid host: evidence for larval growth in striated muscle fibres.

Trichosomoides nasalis (Trichinelloidea) is a parasite of Arvicanthis niloticus (Muridae) in Senegal. Female worms that harbour dwarf males in their uteri, occur in the epithelium of the nasal mucosa. Young laboratory-bred A. niloticus were either fed females containing larvated eggs or intraperitoneally injected with motile first-stage larvae recovered from female uteri. Both resulted in successful infection. Organs examined during rodent necropsy were blood and lymphatic circulatory systems (heart, large vessels, lymphnodes), lungs, liver, kidneys, thoracic and abdominal cavities, thoracic and abdominal muscular walls, diaphragm, tongue, and nasal mucosa. Development to adult nasal stages took three weeks. Recovery of newly hatched larvae from the peritoneal fluid at four-eight hours after oral infection suggests a direct passage from the stomach or intestinal wall to the musculature. However, dissemination through the blood, as observed with Trichinella spiralis, cannot be excluded even though newly hatched larvae of T. nasalis are twice as thick (15 µm). Developing larvae were found in histological sections of the striated muscle of the abdominal and thoracic walls, and larvae in fourth moult were dissected from these sites. Adult females were found in the deep nasal mucosa where mating occurred prior to worms settling in the nasal epithelium. The present study shows a remarkable similarity between T. nasalis and Trichinella species regarding muscle tropism, but the development of T. nasalis is not arrested at the late first-larval stage and does not induce transformation of infected fibres into nurse cells. T. nasalis seems a potential model to study molecular relations between trichinelloid larvae and infected muscle fibres.

Enterobius vermicularis in a 14-year-old girl's eye.

We report an unusual case of extraintestinal infection with adult Enterobius vermicularis worms in the nares and ocular orbit of a 14-year-old girl in Illinois. Only one other similar case has been reported in the English-language literature.

Sheep and goat immune responses to nose bot infestation: a review.

Oestrus ovis L. (Diptera: Oestridae) is a cosmopolitan agent of myiasis in sheep and goats. The parasitic phase begins after adult females deposit first-stage larvae (L1) into the nostrils of hosts; these larvae develop into L2 and L3 in the nasal and sinus horn cavities. Sneezing and nasal discharges are the major clinical signs in infected animals. The pathogenesis of O. ovis infection is caused by: (a) the trauma resulting from the mechanical action of spines and hooks during larval movement on mucosal membranes, and, more importantly, (b) an allergenic reaction provoked by molecules excreted/secreted by larvae, of which salivary antigens are those mainly recognized by the host's immune system. The recruitment of immune reactive cells increases gradually from the nasal to sinus cavities in infected hosts. Mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages and lymphocytes are always more numerous in infected than non-infected animals. Humoral (antibody) systemic response of immunoglobulin G (IgG) usually reaches seroconversion 2-4 weeks post-first infection and the highest levels are observed during the development of L2 and L3 larvae. Local antibody responses include specific IgG, which has been found to negatively correlate with larval survival and development. Hypersensitivity reaction, immunomodulation, immunization trials and mixed infections of O. ovis and helminths are discussed.

[Human rhinomyiasis due to Oestrus ovis: case report in Morocco]. / Rhino-myiase humaine a Oestrus ovis: une observation au Maroc.

The purpose of this report is to describe a case of human nasal myiasis caused by Oestrus ovis diagnosed in our laboratory in Morocco. Oestrus ovis is an obligate parasite of nasal cavities and sinuses. It is usually found in sheep and goats in the Mediterranean basin. Oestrosis is a rare finding in man.

Nematode and ciliate nasal infection in captive archey's frogs (Leiopelma archeyi).

Archey's frogs (Leiopelma archeyi) are first on the list of evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered (EDGE) amphibians. Captive breeding is an important strategy for protection of the species, but programs are hampered by a lack of information on diseases present in wild and captive populations. Two novel nematodes (Koerneria sp. and Rhabditis sp.) were found separately in four captive Archey's frogs showing clinical signs of hemorrhagic purulent nasal discharge and weight loss. One of these frogs also had a novel protozoal infection (Tetrahymena) in the nasal cavity. Koerneria, Rhabditis, and Tetrahymena have not previously been reported in amphibians in New Zealand. One frog was treated successfully with oral moxidectin at 0.4 mg/kg for the nematode infection and topical metronidazole at 10 mg/kg for the protozoal infection. The clinical signs abated only after both infections were cleared. The second frog died before treatment could be established. The third and fourth frogs were found dead.

Nasal leech infestation: report of seven leeches and literature review.

Nasal leech infestation rarely occurs in society today and it is usually reported as an anecdote. In this study, we present seven nasal leeches in six patients from 1984 to 2008. All patients initially presented with epistaxis. Four patients were less than 8 years old and two patients were older than 60 years old. All patients had spent time in rural streams 2 weeks to 2 months before the symptoms occurred. All of the seven leeches were removed smoothly and one leech migrated to the oropharynx during the operation. The length of the leeches ranged from 2 to 12 cm with an average length of 4.6 cm. Attention should be given to nasal leech infestation, especially in children and senior citizens who have visited rural streams and have been exposed to freshwater. One of our patients had two leeches lodged in his nasal cavities. Therefore, it is also important to re-examine both nasal cavities after the removal of one leech.

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: case report and literature review of a rare endonasal infection.

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal infection transmitted by a sandfly vector. In Germany, leishmaniasis of the mucous membranes is a rare condition and usually due to extension of local skin disease into the mucosal tissue via direct extension, bloodstream or lymphatics. We report a case of endonasal leishmaniasis in a female German resident who presented in a university hospital with nasal obstruction. Histology of the left nasal septum biopsy was suggestive of leishmaniasis. The molecular detection of DNA was positive for leishmania infantum. The patient was successfully treated as a case of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis receiving liposomal amphotericin follow up visits showed significant improvement with no recurrence.

A nasal myiasis in a 76-year-old female in Korea.

On July 2009, 5 fly larvae were discovered inside the nose of a 76-year-old female. She was living in Cheonan-si, and in a state of coma due to rupture of an aortic aneurysm. Surgery was performed on the day of admission, and the larvae were found 4 days later. By observing their posterior spiracle, the larvae were identified as Lucilia sericata. Considering the rapid development of this species, the infection was likely acquired during hospitalization. Further investigation on the hospital environment should be needed to know the origin of the infection.

[Mucosal complication of cutaneous leishmaniasis]. / Complicación mucosa de la leishmaniasis cutánea.

A 74-year-old man from the rural area of Caicedonia, Valle del Cauca Province, was diagnosed with uncontrolled hypertension, stage IV chronic renal failure and severe anemia. Fifteen years earlier, while living in Guaviare Province, he was diagnosed with leishmaniasis-with lesions located on the right upper and lower eyelids, left auricle and limbs. At that time, he received an incomplete treatment with antimonials. The patient had experienced 8 years of progressive mucosal lesions located in the upper lip, nasal mucosa and right upper and lower eyelids (figure 1). A histopathological diagnosis of leishmaniasis was made and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (figure 2). Treatment with antimonials (Glucantime) was contraindicated due to the patient's comorbidities. Inpatient supervised treatment with miltefosine (Impavido 50 mg capsules) was initiated according to the national guidelines of 1.8 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Clinical follow up and routine laboratory tests (creatinine, BUN, liver function tests and complete blood counts) were done during and after treatment; no complications were reported. Medical follow up was continued until the Internal medicine, ophthalmology, and plastic surgery consultations were provided for subsequent management of the pathology. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a serious preventable complication of cutaneous leishmaniasis. This case illustrated a failure in opportune diagnosis and treatment of this disease as a consequence of an inadequate leishmaniasis control program. The case indicated the effectiveness of miltefosine as a therapeutic option in patients for whom antimonial treatment is contraindicated.

[Primary Leishmania infantum MON-80 endonasal leishmaniasis in Tunisia]. / Leishmaniose endonasale primitive à Leishmania infantum MON-80 en Tunisie.

BACKGROUND: Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in Central and South America. It causes massive mutilating and disfiguring lesions and can lead to destruction of facial structures. In Tunisia, leishmaniasis of the mucous membranes is rare, usually developing as a complication of cutaneous leishmaniasis via direct extension. We report the first case in Tunisia of isolated and primary nasal leishmaniasis. CASE REPORT: A 70-year-old man with a history of nephrectomy for renal lithiasis was seen with a painless nodule that had been present for one month. The latter was erythematous, polypoid and firm, with a diameter of 2 cm, and was situated in the right endonasal mucosa. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis was confirmed by histological and direct examinations revealing high numbers of amastigotes of Leishmania. Culture of the offending organism in NNN medium and isoenzymatic characterization resulted in identification of MON-80 Leishmania infantum leishmaniasis. The outcome was good with treatment, and the nodule was deflated after six months. DISCUSSION: There have been few reports of similar cases of primary and isolated mucosal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum. Our case is also unusual in that zymodeme MON-80 is only rarely a cause of Mediterranean leishmaniasis.

A case of naso-ophthalmic myiasis.

Myiasis is defined as an occupational disease and it is mainly seen in people who are in contact with animals, in particular sheep. We detected nasal and external ophthalmomyiasis caused by Oestrus ovis in a 33-year-old male who worked as a research assistant in the faculty of agriculture. The presenting complaints were severe foreign body sensation and discharge in the nose, cough, and foreign body sensation in the right eye. Ophthalmologic examination revealed many moving larvae in the right eye of the patient. Larvae were removed and nasolacrimal duct irrigation was performed through the inferior canaliculus. Endoscopic nasal examination also showed larvae colonies. The larvae were removed under local anesthesia and were taken to the parasitology laboratory, wherein Oestrus ovis was identified. Minimal endoscopic sinus surgery showed nonspecific chronic inflammation.

A New Zealand case of nasal myiasis involving Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

A case of nasal myiasis that occurred in February 2017 in the Northland region was the first involving L. cuprina naturally-acquired in New Zealand.

Nostril mass caused by Leishmania spp. in a dog.

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a systemic zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania, an intracellular macrophage parasite, transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sandflies. In dogs, the clinical disease is mostly characterised by symptoms associated with viscerocutaneous lesions such as lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, skin lesions, and renal and ocular disease caused by the deposition of immune complexes. The parasite may provoke mucosal lesions which cause atypical clinical signs. The aim of this study is to describe an atypical nostril mass in a dog infected by Leishmania. Clinical examination did not show any systemic clinical signs, while haematological, biochemical, and urinary parameters demonstrated a mild disease stage. Diagnosis was confirmed through the isolation of cultured live parasites by biopsy. The dog was treated with a combination of miltefosine and allopurinol, showing full remission of clinical symptoms after 2 months. The authors outline the importance of considering CanL in the differential diagnosis of mucous and tumour-like lesions.