ABSTRACT
Fundamentos: La Teoría de la Representación Social (TRS) es un enfoque muy utilizado para comprender las actitudes hacia el VIH/SIDA en diversas culturas y contextos. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios que ofrecen una visión amplia del problema y además este estudio se centra en el colectivo de futuros educadores. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comprender, la medida en la que el conocimiento y las representaciones sociales sobre el VIH/SIDA determinan las actitudes hacia el VIH/SIDA en una población de educadores/as en formación. Métodos: La muestra de este estudio se compuso de 613 estudiantes universitarios en Huelva, España. Para ello, se utilizó la TRS y se formuló las hipótesis de acuerdo a sus supuestos, utilizando como instrumentos de recogida de datos un test de conocimientos sobre VIH/SIDA y las escalas de representaciones y actitudes ante el VIH/SIDA que ayudaron a obtener información sobre algunas representaciones sociales y actitudes discriminatorias. Como método de análisis se utilizó el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. Resultados: Los datos mostraron que el grado de conocimiento sobre el VIH/SIDA influyó negativamente (ß=-0,36) sobre las representaciones negativas, y estas afectaron positivamente (ß=0,80) sobre las actitudes discriminatorias. Asimismo, el grado de conocimiento influyó indirectamente y negativamente (ß=-0,26) sobre las actitudes discriminatorias. Conclusiones: Los resultados subrayan que las actitudes, ya sean discriminatorias o tolerantes hacia las personas con VIH/SIDA de los educadores/as en formación, están determinadas por sus representaciones sociales, y estas por el grado de conocimiento sobre VIH/SIDA, poniendo de relieve la importancia de la formación
Background: The Theory of Social Representation (TSR) is a widely used approach to understanding attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in diverse cultures and contexts. However, there are few studies that offer a articulate view of the problem, and that also focus on the role of future educators. This research aimed to understand the extent to which knowledge and social representations about HIV/AIDS determine attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in a population of educators in training. Methods: This research is based on the contribution of 613 university students from Huelva, Spain. For that, TRS has been used and the hypothesis has been formulated according to its assumptions. A test about HIV, representation scales and attitude scales towards HIV are the instruments that have used for data collection. These help to obtain information about some social representations and exclusive attitudes. As an analythical method, the reproduction of structural equations was into use. Results: The data have proved that the knowledge degree about HIV has a negative (ß=-0,36) influence on negative representations. And these have a positive effect (ß=0,80) on exclusive attitudes. Similarly, the knowledge degree determined both in an indirect and negative (ß=-0,26) way the discriminatory attitudes. Conclusions: The results show that student teachers`attitudes, whether discriminatory or tolerant towards people with HIV/AIDS, are determined by their social representations, and these by the level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, highlighting the importance of education
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , HIV Infections/psychology , Social Perception , Personal Construct Theory , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Cultural Factors , Students/psychologyABSTRACT
Introducción: El estigma se considera una marca impuesta por la sociedad para negativamente diferenciar unas personas de otras y ser causa de rechazo, en este caso por ser portadoras de VIH. Objetivo: Explorar los factores demográficos, las prácticas sexuales y las características de la enfermedad relacionados con la percepción de estigma en un grupo de personas con VIH en la ciudad de Medellín en el 2014. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, donde se incluyeron 217 pacientes de Medellín con diagnóstico de VIH para explorar el estigma mediante la escala de Berger, Se realizaron medidas de resumen y frecuencia, regresión logística binaria. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 39,3 (DE 10,79), predominaron los hombres con un 83,9 %, los solteros 67 %, los homosexuales 51,2 %, 41 % llevan más de cinco años con la enfermedad. El estigma se presenta en un 50,7%, siendo más elevado en los hombres (78,2 %), las mujeres tenían 2,3 veces la probabilidad de percepción de estigma alto con respecto a los hombres (IC 95% 1,12 - 5,26), las personas en la categoría 'separado/divorciado/viudo' tenían 2,9 veces la probabilidad de percepción de estigma alto que en la categoría 'casado/unión libre' (IC 95% 1,02 - 8,44). Conclusiones: Se logró explorar la asociación entre percepción de estigma en pacientes con VIH. Se evidencia que ser del sexo femenino presenta una prevalencia alta al estigma por su condición tal como se ha descrito en otros estudios, así como ser 'soltero/separado/viudo' se asocia a la percepción de estigma alto
Introduction: Stigma is considered a mark imposed by society to deny the differentiation of people from others and the cause of rejection, in this case by being carriers of HIV. Objective: To explore the demographic factors, sexual practices and disease characteristics related to the perception of stigma in a group of people with HIV in the city of Medellín in 2014. Materials and methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, which included 217 Medellin patients with HIV diagnosis to explore the calculation using the Berger scale. We performed summary and frequency measures, binary logistic regression. Results: The mean age was 39.3 (SD 10.79), men predominated with 83.9%, single individuals 67%, homosexuals 51.2%, 41% had more than five years with the disease. Estimates are presented in 50.7%, with men (78.2%) being higher, women being 2.3 times more likely to perceive high stigma than men (95% CI 1.12 - 5.26), persons in the 'separated / divorced / widowed' category had 2.9 times the probability of perceiving high stigma than in the 'married / free-union' category (95% CI 1.02 -8.44). Conclusions: It was possible to explore the association between the perception of stigma in patients with HIV. It is evident that the female sex presents a high prevalence of high quality because of its condition as described in other studies, as being 'single / separated / widowed' is associated with the perception of high stigma
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Sexual Behavior/statistics & numerical data , Time-to-Treatment/statistics & numerical data , Social Stigma , Marital Status , Cross-Sectional Studies , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , Age and Sex Distribution , Homosexuality/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Objetivo: Determinar la percepción de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) sobre la aplicación de la prueba rápida del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) 1/2 en el consultorio odontológico, y evaluar el estigma y la discriminación asociados a la orientación sexual percibidos en la consulta odontológica. Método: Estudio transversal mediante cuestionario autoadministrado y estructurado de tipo analítico contestado anónimamente por 185 HSH en México. Además de las variables sociodemográficas, la percepción sobre los servicios y los prestadores de servicios odontológicos, y sobre la aplicación de la prueba rápida anti VIH-1/2, se diseñó y exploró mediante una escala psicométrica tipo Likert la percepción del estigma y la discriminación asociados a la orientación sexual. El análisis estadístico incluyó análisis factorial y análisis de clusters no jerárquico. Resultados: El 86,5% se mostró a favor de la aplicación de la prueba del VIH-1/2 en la consulta odontológica. El 91,9% considera importante que el odontólogo esté capacitado y sensibilizado para realizar la prueba. El análisis factorial reveló dos factores: experiencias de estigma y discriminación en la consulta odontológica, y sentimientos de preocupación por la actitud del odontólogo o su personal hacia su orientación sexual. El análisis de clusters identificó tres grupos: usuarios que no han experimentado estigma ni discriminación (90,3%); usuarios que no han experimentado estigma ni discriminación, pero que sienten una ligera preocupación (8,1%); y usuarios que han experimentado algún tipo de estigma y discriminación, y sienten preocupación (1,6%). Conclusión: La consulta odontológica podría representar una ubicación para realizar la prueba rápida del VIH-1/2, contribuyendo en el diagnóstico temprano de la infección
Objective: To explore the attitudes of men who have sex with men (MSM) towards the implementation of rapid HIV-1/2 testing in the dental practice, and to evaluate MSM's perceptions of stigma and discrimination related to sexual orientation by dental care professionals. Methods: Cross-sectional study using a self-administered, anonymous, structured analytical questionnaire answered by 185 MSM in Mexico. The survey included sociodemographic variables, MSM's perceptions towards public and private dental providers, and dental services, as well as their perception towards rapid HIV-1/2 testing in the dental practice. In addition, the perception of stigma and discrimination associated with their sexual orientation was explored by designing a psychometric Likert-type scale. The statistical analysis included factor analysis and non-hierarchical cluster analysis. Results: 86.5% of the respondents expressed their willingness to take a rapid HIV-1/2 screening test during their dental visit. Nevertheless, 91.9% of them considered it important that dental professionals must be well-trained before administering any rapid HIV-1/2 tests. Factor analysis revealed two factors: experiences of sexual orientation stigma and discrimination in dental settings, and feelings of concern about the attitude of the dentist and dental staff towards their sexual orientation. Based on these factors and cluster analysis, three user profiles were identified: users who have not experienced stigma and discrimination (90.3%); users who have not experienced stigma and discrimination, but feel a slight concern (8.1%), and users who have experienced some form of discrimination and feel concern (1.6%). Conclusion: The dental practice may represent a potential location for rapid HIV-1/2 testing contributing to early HIV infection diagnosis
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data , HIV Infections/psychology , AIDS Serodiagnosis/methods , Dental Care/statistics & numerical data , HIV Seropositivity/psychology , Dental Clinics/statistics & numerical data , Social Stigma , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Psychometrics/methodsABSTRACT
Este trabajo pretende analizar la relación entre las actitudes hacia las personas con discapacidad y la formación recibida por los estudiantes de los cuatro cursos del Grado en Enfermería de la Escuela de Enfermería La Fe (Valencia). 217 estudiantes cumplimentaron la Escala de Actitudes hacia las personas con Discapacidad. Los resultados muestran una actitud más positiva en los últimos años del periodo formativo en tres de las cinco subescalas del instrumento empleado: Subescala 1 (Valoración de capacidades y limitaciones), Subescala 2 (Reconocimiento/negación de derechos) y Subescala 3 (Calificación genérica). Los resultados permiten plantear recomendaciones para la mejora de la formación de las enfermeras que favorezcan una mejor capacitación para reconocer las necesidades de las personas con discapacidad
This paper analyzes the relationship between attitudes towards people with disabilities and the training received by students in the four courses of Nursing degree, in La Fe Nursing School (Valencia). 217 students completed the Scale of Attitudes toward People with Disabilities . The results show a more positive attitude in the late formative period in three of the five subscales of the used instrument: Subscale 1 (evaluation of capabilities and limitations), Subscale 2 (Recognition / denial of rights) and Subscale 3 (Generic Rating). The results allow us to make recommendations for improving the training of nurses and promote better training to recognize the needs of people with disabilities
Subject(s)
Humans , Attitude , Disabled Persons , Education, Nursing/trends , Teaching/methods , Learning , Students, Nursing/statistics & numerical data , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , Health of the DisabledABSTRACT
En algunas ocasiones, el determinismo social, cultural o circunstancial, es susceptible de atraer ciertos factores de riesgo de vulnerabilidad social, que pueden provocar, sobre todo en los contextos de pobreza, una indefectible situación de exclusión social para la persona o incluso para toda su comunidad. Analizar la situación de las personas con discapacidad en contextos de pobreza, permite llegar a una aproximación de la influencia que ejercen estas circunstancias. El caso de los campamentos saharauis de Argelia en la región del Tinduf, servirá de ejemplo para ilustrar el fenómeno y visibilizar cómo en un mismo contexto pueden confluir diversos factores que agravan el bienestar y la calidad de vida de las personas. Del mismo modo, se investiga sobre las circunstancias que, desde la propia comunidad y en convergencia con agentes sociales externos, provocan la reacción de estas sociedades y ponen en marcha determinados mecanismos de compensación
Sometimes social, cultural and/or circumstantial determinism is likely to attract certain risk factors of social vulnerability, which can cause, especially in poverty contexts, an evident situation of social exclusion for the person or even his entire community. To analyze the situation of persons with disabilities in contexts of poverty, can be approximated from the influence of these circumstances. The case of the Saharawi camps in Algeria in the region of Tindouf, serve as an example to illustrate the phenomenon and visualize how in a same context can merge several factors that increase the welfare and quality of life of people. The same way, we investigate the circumstances from which the community and lined up with social external agents, causes the reaction of these societies and implements certain compensation mechanisms
Subject(s)
Humans , Social Marginalization , Disabled Persons/statistics & numerical data , Poverty/statistics & numerical data , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , Algeria , Health Services for Persons with Disabilities/organization & administration , Refugee Camps/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Introducción. Existe una consideración general de que la legislación es el recurso definitivo a la hora de velar por comportamientos que no discriminen en función de la edad a las personas mayores. En este estudio, tras indagar en la legislación española sobre la potencial existencia de discriminación en función de la edad, preguntamos a profesionales sociosanitarios (socios de la SEGG) en qué medida observaban determinados comportamientos edadistas descritos en un cuestionario ad hoc. Métodos. El estudio de campo se lleva a cabo entre profesionales de la Geriatría y la Gerontología miembros de la SEGG mediante el Cuestionario EVE de Discriminación (EVE-D), elaborado por los autores, con 28 ítems y en el que se pregunta sobre la existencia de discriminación en razón de la edad en contextos médicos y sociales. Resultados. Respondieron 174 profesionales (63% mujeres), con un tiempo medio de ejercicio profesional de 17,2 años. El 59% eran médicos, el 19% psicólogos y el resto otros profesionales. Las primeras 20 situaciones de discriminación son informadas positivamente por más del 60% de la muestra, todas significativas en comparación con la media. Conclusiones. A pesar de que la legislación española (desde la Carta Magna hasta las normas que rigen contextos sanitarios y sociales) claramente prohíbe cualquier forma de discriminación por edad, los profesionales españoles más directamente implicados en el cuidado de las personas mayores perciben esta discriminación tanto directa como indirecta, así como un trato desigual a las personas mayores. Esto es así tanto cuando el análisis se establece sobre supuestos relacionados con la salud como, en mayor medida, cuando se hace sobre supuestos de carácter general y/o vinculados a la convivencia (AU)
Introduction. It is generally believed that legislation is an essential resource in the prevention of discriminatory behaviour against older people. This study first examines the Spanish legislation for potential age discrimination and then uses the C-EVE-D questionnaire to ask professionals in social work and health care settings the extent to what certain ageist behaviours described in the questionnaire are observed in practice. Methods. The field study was carried out with professionals in geriatrics and gerontology, who are members of Spanish Society for Geriatrics and Gerontology (SEGG). The EVE discrimination questionnaire consists of 28 items which investigate the existence of age discrimination in medical and social care contexts. Results. A total of 174 people (63% women; mean age: 45.6 years) took part in the study, with a mean professional experience of 17.2 years. Doctors made up 59% of the sample, psychologists 19%, with the rest coming from other professions. The first 20 discrimination items of the EVE-D questionnaire were significantly positively reported by more than 60% of the sample. Conclusions. Although Spanish legislation, from the constitution down to the rules that govern social and health care settings, clearly prohibits any kind of discrimination with regard to age, our results show that Spanish professionals most closely involved in the care of older people perceive both direct and indirect age discrimination. Furthermore, evidence was found of prejudice in the treatment of older people as a phenomenon in day-to-day health and social services care, both when analysing medical cases and, to a greater extent, cases of a more general nature and/or relating to co-existence (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Ageism/psychology , Ageism/statistics & numerical data , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , Geriatrics , Geriatrics/statistics & numerical data , Health Services for the Aged/organization & administration , Health Services for the Aged/statistics & numerical data , 50334/legislation & jurisprudence , Social Conditions/legislation & jurisprudence , Health of the Elderly , Frail Elderly/statistics & numerical data , Health of Institutionalized ElderlyABSTRACT
Introducción: la obesidad es uno de los problemas de salud más importantes en la actualidad a nivel internacional, y el estudio de los diferentes aspectos relacionados con ella se ha convertido en un objetivo prioritario. Uno de dichos aspectos es el análisis de la interiorización de prejuicios sobre la obesidad, especialmente su evaluación, para lo cual se han diseñado diferentes instrumentos, no disponibles para la población española. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio es la traducción y adaptación de la Escala de Interiorización de Prejuicios sobre Obesidad (WBIS), analizando sus características psicométricas. Métodos: cincuenta y nueve personas fueron evaluadas mediante una adaptación española del WBIS, el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI) en versión breve, y el Cuestionario de Salud General de Goldberg (GHQ-28). Se exploró la consistencia interna, así como la validez concurrente y de constructo del instrumento adaptado. Resultados: el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach fue de .89, mientras que la validez concurrente evidenció correlaciones estadísticamente significativas con la puntuación global del GHQ-28 (r = .39, p < .02) y del BDI (r = .42, p < .001). La escala definitiva estaba compuesta por 11 ítems, que se agruparon en dos factores principales, que permitieron explicar significativamente el 65.03% de la varianza. Conclusiones: la versión adaptada al español del WBIS muestra adecuados valores psicométricos de fiabilidad y validez, por lo que podría ser una buena escala para la evaluación de la interiorización de los prejuicios sobre obesidad, lo que podría confirmarse en estudios más amplios (AU)
Introduction: obesity is currently one of the most important international health problems, and the study of the various aspects related to it has become a priority. One such aspect is the analysis of the weight bias internalization, especially its evaluation, for which different instruments hare been designed, though they are not available for Spanish population. Objectives: the objective of this study is the translation and adaptation of the Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS), analyzing its psychometric characteristics. Methodology: fifty-nine people were evaluated by a Spanish adaptation of WBIS, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in short version, and the General Health Questionnaire Goldberg (GHQ-28). Internal consistency was explored, as well as concurrent and construct validity of the adapted instrument. Results: Cronbachs alpha coefficient was .89, while the concurrent validity showed statistically significant correlations with the total score of GHQ-28 (r = .39, p < .02) and the BDI (r = .42, p < .001). The final scale consists of 11 items, which are grouped into two main factors, and allow a significant explanation of 65.03% of the variance. Conclusions: the Spanish adaptation of the WBIS shows good psychometric values of reliability and validity, so it might be a good scale for the assessment of the weight bias internalization, which could be confirmed in larger studies (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Obesity/psychology , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , Reproducibility of Results , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
This study analyzes the cognitive representations of ethnic minorities in a sample of Spanish undergraduate students. As a general hypothesis it was predicted that perceived differences in social status shape these representations and expectations for contact. In consecutive group interviews, participants were quizzed about their knowledge, experiences and expectations associated with social interactions with people belonging to ethnic minority groups. The information obtained from the participants was analyzed by using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative techniques in order to discover underlying dimensions in their responses. The results confirmed our prediction by displaying different associations between different types of contact (e.g., positive, negative) and the representations of minorities according to their position in the perceived social hierarchy. Findings are discussed in terms of their potential implications for contact interventions
El presente estudio hace un análisis de las representaciones cognitivas sobre minorías étnicas en una muestra de jóvenes universitarios españoles. Como hipótesis general se señala que las diferencias de estatus social percibidas ejercen un papel relevante en tales representaciones y en las expectativas de contacto. En varias entrevistas grupales los participantes fueron cuestionados sobre sus experiencias, conocimientos y expectativas asociadas a las interacciones con miembros de grupos étnicos minoritarios. La información recabada fue analizada a partir de un cruce de técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas para verificar las dimensiones subyacentes en sus respuestas. Los resultados confirmaron esta hipótesis mostrando distintas nociones de contacto (ej., positivo, negativo) asociadas a las representaciones de las minorías según su posición en la escala social percibida. Los hallazgos son discutidos en cuanto a su implicación para futuras intervenciones de contacto intergrupal
Subject(s)
Humans , Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data , Prejudice , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , Students/statistics & numerical data , Interpersonal Relations , Cultural Diversity , Universities/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: descrever a prevalência de discriminação relacionada aos serviços de saúde, suas motivações e fatores associados. MÉTODOS: análise seccional realizada com bancos de dados oriundos de dois inquéritos realizados no município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, com usuários de serviços de saúde, e no município de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, com amostra representativa de universitários, entre 2010 e 2012. RESULTADOS: a prevalência de discriminação relacionada aos serviços de saúde foi de 13,6% (IC95%: 10,5-17,2) em Porto Alegre-RS e de 7,4% (IC95%: 5,8-9,1) em Florianópolis-SC; o principal motivo para a discriminação foi ser de baixa posição socioeconômica; em ambas as capitais, observou-se maior prevalência de discriminação entre fumantes, autoclassificados pretos/negros e indivíduos de 31 a 40 anos de idade. CONCLUSÃO: a prevalência de discriminação foi relativamente baixa; reforça-se a necessidade de se investigar a discriminação no âmbito dos serviços de saúde, para a provisão de cuidados adequados à população.
OBJETIVO: describir la prevalencia de discriminación relacionada a los servicios de salud, sus motivaciones y factores asociados. MÉTODOS: análisis seccional realizado con bancos de datos originarios de dos encuestas realizadas en el municipio de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, con usuarios de servicios de salud, y en el municipio de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, con una muestra representativa de universitarios, entre 2010 y 2012. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia de discriminación relacionada a los servicios de salud fue de 13,6% (IC95%: 10,5-17,2) en Porto Alegre-RS y de 7,4% (IC95%: 5,8-9,1) en Florianópolis-SC; el principal motivo para la discriminación fue el de ser de baja posición socioeconómica; en ambas capitales, se observó una mayor prevalencia de discriminación entre fumadores, que se auto clasifican como negros e individuos de 31 a 40 años de edad. CONCLUSIÓN: la prevalencia de discriminación fue relativamente baja; se refuerza la necesidad de investigar la discriminación en el ámbito de los servicios de salud, para proveer cuidados adecuados a la población.
OBJECTIVE: to describe the prevalence of health service-related discrimination, as well as its motivations and associated factors. METHODS: this is a cross-sectional analysis based on data from two population-based surveys carried out in Porto Alegre-RS with health service users and in Florianópolis-SC with a representative sample of university students, between 2010-2012. RESULTS: the prevalence of health service-related discrimination was 13.6% (95%CI: 10.5;17.2) in Porto Alegre and 7.4% (95%CI: 5.8;9.1) in Florianopolis; the main reason for being discriminated against was being of low socioeconomic status; in both state capitals the highest prevalence of discrimination was observed among smokers, self-classified Black people, and individuals aged between 31 and 40. CONCUSION: the results show a relatively low prevalence of discrimination; the study reinforces the need to investigate discrimination in health services in order to provide adequate care to the population.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Primary Health Care , Socioeconomic Factors , Students , Tobacco Use Disorder , Unified Health System , Brazil , Binomial Distribution , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies/methods , Health Status Disparities , Resident Population , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , Health Services/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Salud y equidad, al contrario de lo que pueda creerse, no son cuestiones que desde el reconocimiento formal de la primera, a través de la Declaración de Derechos del Hombre (1948), hayan ido siempre de la mano. Es con la Declaración de Alma Ata de 1978 cuando comienza a plantearse seriamente la estrecha vinculación que entre ambas existe, y que llevó en el año 2000 a diversas organizaciones del ámbito internacional a formalizar su preocupación por los factores que determinan que un sistema sanitario sea o no equitativo. Desde entonces la expresión «equidad sanitaria» ha adquirido especial relevancia al momento de valorar la bondad o las deficiencias de un determinado sistema de salud. Sin embargo, con el tiempo la equidad en salud ha pasado a identificarse casi exclusivamente con un asunto económico centrado en la distribución de los recursos sanitarios. Como resultado, en muchas ocasiones, se olvida prestar la debida atención a aquellas otras inequidades que, tanto en el acceso como durante la prestación de atención en salud se continúan presentando, inequidades que no dependen directamente de elementos financieros y cuya superación no exige de inversiones en dinero, sino de consensos y la voluntad sincera de generar cambios. Esto enfrenta a la bioética del siglo XXI a un doble desafío, de un lado alertar sobre estas inequidades y de otro promover iniciativas capaces de generar cambios efectivos (AU)
Contrary to what one may think health and equity are not issues that have always gone hand in hand following the formal recognition of the former by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). It was not until the Alma Ata Declaration in 1978 when the close ties between both began to be seriously considered, and in 2000 this led to several international organizations formalizing their concern for the factors that determine whether a health system is fair or not. Since then, the term «equity in health» has taken on a special meaning when weighing up the strength or weaknesses of certain health systems. However, over the years, equity in health has gradually been identified almost exclusively with a financial issue that focuses on distributing health resources. As a result, one often forgets to provide the necessary care for those in other unfair situations, which, as regards access to and providing health care, leads to unfair situations that are not directly related to financial reasons and do not require investments, but consensus and the honest determination to make changes. This leads the Bioethics of the 21st century to face two challenges: to warn of these inequities and to promote initiatives that are able to make effective changes (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Health Equity , 50334/ethics , 50334/policies , Social Discrimination/ethics , Social Discrimination/prevention & control , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , 17627/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Status Disparities , Ethics, Medical , Social Discrimination/trends , Bioethics/trendsABSTRACT
This study examines differences in prejudice, perceived similarity, and social dominance in members of the majority who favor integration as a means of minority acculturation. A total of 342 non-Gypsy Spanish participants filled out a questionnaire about their relationship to one of three outgroups: Maghrebians, Gypsies, and Latin Americans. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that a three-cluster solution was most fitting for every outgroup. ANOVAs applied to the three clusters indicated significant differences in prejudice, perceived similarity, and social dominance. Referring to Gypsies the largest effect size was observed in manifest prejudice (η2 = .63), in Maghrebians, the largest effect size was observed in subtle prejudice (η2 =.77), while for Latin Americans, perceived similarity had the largest effect size η2 ( = .60). The results reveal a need to modify existing measures of integration; we recommend using questionnaires to measure behaviors that members of the majority would be willing to implement (AU)
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Prejudice/prevention & control , Prejudice/psychology , Social Dominance , Psychology, Social/methods , Psychology, Social/standards , Social Discrimination/psychology , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , Analysis of Variance , Race Relations/psychology , Discrimination, Psychological/physiologyABSTRACT
The present study examines the relationships between perceived discrimination, internalized stigma, and well-being in a sample of people with mental illness. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 213 outpatients from the Spanish public network of social care. Perceived discrimination was positively and significantly correlated with internalized stigma (p < .01 for all measures of perceived discrimination). Blatant individual discrimination, subtle individual discrimination, and internalized stigma were negatively correlated with life satisfaction, affect balance, and psychological well-being (p < .01 for all cases, except for blatant individual discrimination and affect balance, for which is p < .05). Regression and mediation analyses indicate that subtle individual discrimination is the kind of discrimination most negatively associated to the well-being measures (life satisfaction: B = -.18, p < .10; affect balance: B = -.19, p < .10; psychological well-being: B = -.21, p < .05), and that this association is mediated by internalized stigma. Future research should confirm these findings in a longitudinal or experimental model. In light of our findings, we suggest the development and implementation of intervention programs that target subtle discrimination, and point at the importance of implementing programs to reduce internalized stigma (AU)
No disponible
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Discrimination, Psychological , Social Discrimination/psychology , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , Social Stigma , Mental Health/standards , Mental Health/trends , Psychological Tests/statistics & numerical data , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , Personal Satisfaction , Psychosocial Deprivation , Social SupportABSTRACT
This study evaluates the prevalence of HIV stigma in Spain and analyzes some variables that may affect its existence. In 2008, we conducted a computer-assisted telephone survey of 1607 people, representative of the Spanish population. Two-wave random stratified sampling was performed, first selecting the home and then the person, depending on the rates of age and sex. About 50% of the population feels discomfort about potential contact with people with HIV and tries to avoid it and 20% advocate discriminatory policies involving physical or social segregation of people with HIV. The belief that HIV is easily transmitted through social contact (15%) and blaming people with HIV for their disease (19.3%) are associated with stigmatization. Degree of proximity to people with HIV, political ideology, educational level, and age are also associated with the degree of stigmatization. According to these results, we suggest that, in order to reduce stigma, we need to modify the erroneous beliefs about the transmission pathways, decrease attributions of blame to people with HIV, and increase contact with them. These interventions should particularly target older people, people with a low educational level, and people with a more conservative political ideology (AU)
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Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/psychology , Social Stigma , Telephone , Social Discrimination/prevention & control , Social Discrimination/psychology , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , Psychology, Social/methods , Interviews as Topic , Discrimination, Psychological/physiology , Social Behavior , Psychosocial Deprivation , Social Support , Psychosocial ImpactABSTRACT
The present study investigates the arguments used by university students in order to explain social differences between social minorities and majorities. In Brazil, the issues investigated refer to White and Black people. In Spain, the reference is to native Spaniards and Moroccan immigrants. The participants were 144 Brazilians and 93 Spaniards, who answered a questionnaire composed of socio-demographic variables and one open question about the causes of social inequalities between Black and White people in Brazil and between autochthonous Spaniards and Moroccan Immigrants. A model is proposed to integrate the four discursive classes found using ALCESTE software. In Brazil, the strongest argument is based on the historical roots of the exploitation of Black people. In Spain, cultural differences are the main explanation for social inequalities (AU)
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Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Social Discrimination/prevention & control , Social Discrimination/psychology , Students/psychology , Emigrants and Immigrants/psychology , Racism/prevention & control , Racism/psychology , Social Discrimination/ethnology , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical data , Racism/statistics & numerical data , Racism/trendsABSTRACT
Este artículo analiza los patrones de participación laboral de los hombres y mujeres porteños de 60 años y más, a partir de datos de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares del año 2013. También propone estimar la segregación ocupacional de los trabajadores mayores residentes en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y en las regiones argentinas, a partir del índice de asociación global bajo un modelo log-lineal saturado. Detecta mayor nivel de segregación ocupacional entre los trabajadores mayores de la Patagonia y Cuyo y entre las mujeres mayores de la región Pampeana y el Gran Buenos Aires. También observa niveles incipientes de segregación laboral entre los porteños de mayor edad vinculados a las ocupaciones de los servicios de limpieza no domésticos, directivas de medianas empresas privadas, de la construcción y de la producción industrial y artesanal y entre las porteñas ocupadas en funciones directivas de pequeñas y microempresas, de la gestión administrativa y de los servicios domésticos. Postula que la menor segregación ocupacional de los adultos mayores porteños podría estar relacionada con la menor brecha educativa entre los trabajadores mayores y los más jóvenes, la mayor antigüedad del proceso de envejecimiento demográfico y el mayor peso relativo de los adultos mayores en la estructura del empleo de la CABA. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged/statistics & numerical data , Employment/trends , Employment/statistics & numerical data , Workforce/statistics & numerical data , Job Market , Ageism/classification , Ageism/trends , Ageism/statistics & numerical data , Social Discrimination/statistics & numerical data , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Introdução: A violência no trabalho em saúde ainda se constitui um evento pouco estudado no Brasil. Por se tratar de um tema complexo e polissêmico, muitas são as definições e as tentativas para explicar a sua ocorrência, justificando a realização de estudos sobre o assunto. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência da violência no local de trabalho como um dos problemas que podem influenciar na saúde dos trabalhadores públicos da saúde. Materiais e Métodos: Foram entrevistados 679 servidores. Resultados: resultados mostraram que apenas 17,8% deles informaram não ter qualquer preocupação em relação à violência no trabalho. Constatou-se que 25,9% (IC 95%: 22,6% 29,2%) dos entrevistados referiram pelo menos uma das modalidades de violência investigadas, sendo a agressão verbal (19,4%) a mais frequente. Em relação ao assédio moral, a prevalência foi de 10,5%. Conclusão: O estudo mostrou-se importante para a visibilidade da violência no setor saúde, fornecendo subsídios para a formulação de políticas de atenção à saúde dos trabalhadores.
Introduction: Violence in health work is still a little studied event in Brazil. Because it is a complex and polysemic topic, many definitions and attempts to explain its occurrence are justified, justifying studies on the subject. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of violence in the workplace as one of the current problems that may influence the occurrence of health problems among health workers. Material and Methods: 679 workers in the industry were interviewed. Results: The results showed that only 17.8% of the people surveyed reported not having any concern about violence in their workplace. It was found that 25.9% (95% CI: 22.6% 29.2%) of the respondents reported at least one of the types of violence investigated, being verbal aggression (19.4%) the most frequent. In relation to bullying, the prevalence was 10.5%. Conclusion: The study proved to be important for the visibility of violence in the health sector, providing assistance for the formulation of policies for health care workers.