[Combination of phosphorus solubilizing and mobilizing fungi with phosphate rocks and volcanic materials to promote plant growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)]. / Combinación de hongos movilizadores y solubilizadores de fósforo con rocas fosfóricas y materiales volcánicos para la promoción del crecimiento de plantas de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.).

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increase the uptake of soluble phosphates, while phosphorus solubilizing fungi (S) promote solubilization of insoluble phosphates complexes, favoring plant nutrition. Another alternative to maintaining crop productivity is to combine minerals and rocks that provide nutrients and other desirable properties. The aim of this work was to combine AMF and S with pyroclastic materials (ashes and pumices) from Puyehue volcano and phosphate rocks (PR) from Rio Chico Group (Chubut) - to formulate a substrate for the production of potted Lactuca sativa. A mixture of Terrafertil®:ashes was used as substrate. Penicillium thomii was the solubilizing fungus and Rhizophagus intraradices spores (AMF) was the P mobilizer (AEGIS® Irriga). The treatments were: 1) Substrate; 2) Substrate+AMF; 3) Substrate+S; 4) Substrate+AMF+S; 5) Substrate: PR; 6) Substrate: PR+AMF; 7) Substrate: PR+S and 8) Substrate: PR+AMF+S. Three replicates were performed per treatment. All parameters evaluated (total and assimilable P content in substrate, P in plant tissue and plant dry biomass) were significantly higher in plants grown in substrate containing PR and inoculas with S and AMF. This work confirms that the combination of S/AMF with Puyehue volcanic ashes, PR from the Río Chico Group and a commercial substrate promote the growth of L. sativa, thus increasing the added value of national geomaterials.

Communities of anamorphic fungi on green leaves and leaf litter of native forests of Scutia buxifolia and Celtis tala: Composition, diversity, seasonality and substrate specificity.

BACKGROUND: Xeric forests dominated by two tree species, Scutia buxifolia (Rhamnaceae) and Celtis tala (Ulmacea), are temperate, semi-deciduous wooded communities that represent the most abundant woodlands on the eastern plains of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The district of Magdalena has one of the most well-preserved native-forest areas, with an environmental heterogeneity that gives rise to the wide variability in the vegetation present. AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyze the species composition, diversity, seasonal variations, and substrate specificity of anamorphic fungi (Ascomycota) on the green leaves and in the leaf litter of native forests dominated by Scutia buxifolia and Celtis tala from Magdalena, Buenos Aires, Argentina. METHODS: In order to obtain the mycobiota of decomposition, seasonal samples of green leaves and leaf litter from both types of trees were collected over a two-year period. In the laboratory, the leaves were placed in a moist chamber and incubated at room temperature. RESULTS: A total of 100 species of anamorphic Ascomycota were identified in both forests. No significant variations were observed in the richness, diversity, or evenness of the fungal communities of the green leaves and leaf litter of both forests between seasons. CONCLUSIONS: The species that characterized the fungal communities in the leaves of each of the trees were found to be different. The type of substrate had a stronger influence in determining the composition of the fungal community in both types of forests.

Establishment of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana as an endophyte in Capsicum annuum and its effects on the aphid pest Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) / Establecimiento del hongo entomopatógeno Beauveria bassiana como endófito en Capsicum annuum y sus efectos sobre la plaga del áfido Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Introduction: Entomopathogenic fungi have been used as biological control agents of insect pests and have demonstrated a promising ability to colonize as endophytes a wide range of plant species. Objective: The aims of this study were to evaluate, in pepper plants, the most effective Beauveria bassiana inoculation techniques. In order to evaluate the presence of natural endophytes and its interaction with B. bassiana. Also to assess the effect of B. bassiana on the aphid Myzus persicae pepper leaf feeding preference and growth. Methods: Three inoculation techniques were evaluated: leaf spraying, seed immersion and root dipping. The pepper plants were inoculated with a conidia suspension adjusted to 1×108 conidia/ml. The presence of B. bassiana in the seedlings was evaluated at 7, 15 and 28 days after inoculation. Results: We found significant statistical differences between inoculation techniques. Foliar spraying showed the highest B. bassiana colonizationfrequency. The natural endophytes presented higher presence in the treatments in which B. bassiana had a low presence. This might indicate the occurrence of antifungal activity that interferes with the establishment of the entomopathogen in pepper tissues. We did not find statistical differences between inoculated and control pepper leaves with regard to the mortality and reproduction of the aphid pest M. persicae. However, the inoculation with B. bassiana showed a tendency to increase the mortality of adults and to decrease the offspring (nymphs). We did not find significant differences in the feeding preference between inoculated and control leaves, although there was a higher number of individuals on control leaves compared to those inoculated. Conclusions: The strain B. bassiana LPSC 1067 was established effectively as an endophyte in the pepper tissues. The most effective inoculation technique was leaf spraying. We did not find differences of statistical significance with regard to the mortality and reproduction of the aphid pest M. persicae. However, the inoculation with B. bassiana showed a tendency to increase the mortality of adults and to decrease the offspring (nymphs). Future studies evaluating the indirect effects of endophytic entomopathogens on both plants and herbivorous insects are needed to further explore their potential use in the management of insect pests.

Introducción: Los hongos entomopatógenos se han utilizado como agentes de control biológico de plagas de insectos y han demostrado una capacidad prometedora para colonizar una amplia gama de especies de plantas como endófitos. Objetivo: Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: evaluar las técnicas de inoculación más efectivas para B. bassiana en plantas de pimiento; evaluar la presencia de endófitos naturales y su interacción con B. bassiana y evaluar el efecto de B. bassiana sobre la preferencia de alimentación de la hoja de pimiento y el crecimiento de la plaga de áfidos M. persicae. Métodos: Se evaluaron tres técnicas de inoculación: aspersión foliar, inmersión de semillas e inmersión de raíces. Las plantas de pimiento se inocularon con una suspensión de conidias ajustada a 1x108 conidias/ml. La presencia de B. bassiana en las plántulas se evaluó a los 7, 15 y 28 días después de la inoculación. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las técnicas de inoculación. La aspersión foliar mostró la frecuencia más alta. Los endófitos naturales presentaron frecuencias más altas en los tratamientos en los que B. bassiana tuvo una frecuencia baja, esto podría indicar la presencia de actividad antifúngica que interfiere con el establecimiento del entomopatógeno en los tejidos de pimiento. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la mortalidad, reproducción y preferencia alimentaria de M. persicae. Conclusiones: Se demostró que la cepa B. bassiana LPSC 1067 se estableció efectivamente como endófito en los tejidos de pimiento. La técnica de inoculación más efectiva fue la aspersión foliar. No se encontraron diferencias significativas con respecto a la mortalidad, reproducción y preferencia alimentaria de M. persicae. Sin embargo, la inoculación con B. bassiana mostró una tendencia a aumentar la mortalidad de los adultos y a disminuir la descendencia (ninfas). Se necesitan estudios futuros que evalúen los efectos indirectos de los entomopatógenos endofíticos tanto en plantas como en insectos herbívoros para explorar más a fondo su posible uso en el manejo de insectos plaga.

Diversity and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota) associated with Ilex paraguarensis in Northeastern Argentina / Diversidad y abundancia de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (Glomeromycota) asociados con Ilex paraguarensis en el noreste de Argentina

Introduction: The expansion and intensification of agriculture causes profound changes at a global scale, which generates a strong impact on crop productivity and consequently, a decrease in the biodiversity associated. Ilex paraguariensis, known as yerba mate, is a native species from South America and it has been introduced in the world market (e.g. Middle East, Europe, and United States) due to its multiple nutritional benefits and antioxidant properties. The association of plants of I. paraguarensis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), especially under field conditions, has been scarcely reported so far. Objective: The aim of this work was to assess the species composition, richness, spore density and diversity of Glomeromycota communities of yerba mate under different crop and natural conditions, seasonally over a 2-year period. Methods: Soil samples were extracted in winter and summer from five productive sites (situations 1-5), with contrasting crop conditions with regard to historical management, as a reference situation (situation 6). Spores were identified following morphological criteria. Results: Acaulosporaceae and Glomeraceae presented the highest spore densities in all sampling sites/ seasons/years. The lowest spore density and diversity index was recorded in 2014, when rainfall was higher than in 2013. Discussion: We reported Acaulospora capsicula detected by morphological analysis, for the first time in South America. Differences between years could be attributed to rainfall. This study contributes to the knowledge of the dynamics and factors that influence the structure of AMF communities over time. This information would be valuable to generate conservation strategies for this group of microorganisms, which are key to the sustainable development of yerba mate cultivation systems.

Introducción: La expansión e intensificación de la agricultura provoca profundos cambios a escala mundial, lo que genera un fuerte impacto en la productividad de los cultivos y, en consecuencia, una disminución de la biodiversidad asociada. Ilex paraguariensis, conocida como yerba mate, es una especie nativa de América del Sur y se ha introducido en el mercado mundial (por ejemplo, Medio Oriente, Europa y Estados Unidos) debido a sus múltiples beneficios nutricionales y propiedades antioxidantes. La asociación de plantas de I. paraguarensis con hongos arbusculares (AMF), especialmente en condiciones de campo, ha sido escasamente documentada. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar estacionalmente durante un período de 2 años: la composición de especies, la riqueza, la densidad de esporas y la diversidad de las comunidades Glomeromycota de yerba mate en diferentes cultivos y condiciones naturales. Métodos: Se extrajeron muestras de suelo en invierno y verano de cinco sitios productivos con condiciones de cultivo (situaciones 1-5), en contraste conal manejo histórico como situación de referencia (situación 6). Las esporas se identificaron siguiendo criterios morfológicos. Resultados: Acaulosporaceae y Glomeraceae presentaron las mayores densidades de esporas en todos los sitios de muestreo / estaciones / años. El índice más bajo de densidad y diversidad de esporas se registró en 2014, cuando las precipitaciones fueron más altas que en 2013. Discusión: Se registra por primera vez para América del Sur a Acaulospora capsicula identificada por caracteres morfológicos. Las diferencias entre años podrían atribuirse a las precipitaciones. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de la dinámica y los factores que influyen en la estructura de las comunidades AMF a lo largo del tiempo. Esta información sería valiosa para generar estrategias de conservación para este grupo de microorganismos, que son clave para el desarrollo sostenible de los sistemas de cultivo de yerba mate.

Communities of anamorphic fungi on green leaves and leaf litter of native forests of Scutia buxifolia and Celtis tala: Composition, diversity, seasonality and substrate specificity / Comunidades de hongos anamórficos en hojas verdes y hojarasca de bosques nativos deScutia buxifolia y Celtis tala: composición, diversidad, estacionalidad y especificidad del sustrato

Background: Xeric forests dominated by two tree species, Scutia buxifolia (Rhamnaceae) and Celtis tala (Ulmacea), are temperate, semi-deciduous wooded communities that represent the most abundant woodlands on the eastern plains of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The district of Magdalena has one of the most well-preserved native-forest areas, with an environmental heterogeneity that gives rise to the wide variability in the vegetation present. Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze the species composition, diversity, seasonal variations, and substrate specificity of anamorphic fungi (Ascomycota) on the green leaves and in the leaf litter of native forests dominated by Scutia buxifolia and Celtis tala from Magdalena, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Methods: In order to obtain the mycobiota of decomposition, seasonal samples of green leaves and leaf litter from both types of trees were collected over a two-year period. In the laboratory, the leaves were placed in a moist chamber and incubated at room temperature. Results: A total of 100 species of anamorphic Ascomycota were identified in both forests. No significant variations were observed in the richness, diversity, or evenness of the fungal communities of the green leaves and leaf litter of both forests between seasons. Conclusions: The species that characterized the fungal communities in the leaves of each of the trees were found to be different. The type of substrate had a stronger influence in determining the composition of the fungal community in both types of forests (AU)

Antecedentes: Los bosques xerófilos dominados por las especies arbóreas Scutia buxifolia (Rhamnaceae) y Celtis tala (Ulmaceae) conforman comunidades boscosas semicaducas y templadas que constituyen los bosques nativos más abundantes de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. En el distrito de Magdalena constituyen una de las comunidades naturales de este tipo mejor conservada, con una heterogeneidad ambiental que da lugar a la gran variabilidad en la composición de la vegetación presente. Objetivos: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar las distribución de especies, la diversidad, las variaciones estacionales y la especificidad por el sustrato de hongos anamórficos (Ascomycota) presentes en las hojas verdes y en la hojarasca de los bosques nativos xerófilos dominados por las especies arbóreas Scutia buxifolia y Celtis tala en el partido de Magdalena, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Métodos: Para obtener la micobiota descomponedora se tomaron muestras estacionales de hojas verdes y hojarasca de los 2 tipos de árboles durante un período de 2 años. En el laboratorio, las hojas se colocaron en cámara húmeda y se incubaron a temperatura ambiente. Resultados: Se identificaron 100 especies de anamorfos de la división Ascomycota en las hojas de ambos tipos de árboles. No se observaron diferencias en cuanto a la diversidad, equidad y riqueza de especies entre ambos tipos de hojas. Conclusiones: Las especies que componen la comunidad fúngica de las hojas de Scutia buxifolia y Celtis tala es diferente. El tipo de sustrato que representan las hojas de cada especie arbórea condiciona la composición de la comunidad de anamorfos de Ascomycota presentes en ambos tipos de hoja (AU)

Dematiocladium celtidis gen. sp. nov. (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales), a new genus from Celtis leaf litter in Argentina.

A Cylindrocladium-like hyphomycete collected on leaf litter of Celtis tala in Argentina had rDNA sequence data (ITS and LSU) that showed it resides in the Hypocreales, and is a member of the Nectriaceae, closely related to, but distinct from Cylindrocladium. A new genus, Dematiocladium and species, D. celtidis gen. sp. nov. is, therefore, introduced to accommodate this fungus. Based on morphology, it can be distinguished from other conidial hypocrealean genera with hyaline, penicillate conidiophores and cylindrical conidia by lacking stipe extensions and vesicles, and by the presence of brown to dark brown, thick-walled setae.