Exercise-induced anti-inflammatory effects in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by exacerbated inflammation, which is implicated in cardiometabolic dysfunction. This study aimed to examine the potential effects of acute exercise on inflammatory responses in obese/overweight PCOS women and their controls. Participants underwent a single bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (30 min at ∼65% of VO2peak). Blood and muscle samples were collected immediately before (PRE) and 60 min after the exercise session. Cytokines (i.e., IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α) were measured both in plasma and in skeletal muscle, and proteins related to inflammatory signaling (IKKα/ß and JNK) were assessed in skeletal muscle. At PRE, PCOS showed elevated muscle TNF-α (+62%, p = 0.0012) and plasma IL-1ß (+76%, p = 0.0010) compared to controls. In PCOS, exercise decreased plasma and muscle TNF-α (-14%, p = 0.0003 and -46%, p = 0.0003), as well as increased plasma and muscle IL-4 (+147%, p = 0.0018 and +62%, p = 0.0474) and plasma IL-10 (+38%, p = 0.0029). Additionally, IKKα/ß and JNK phosphorylation in skeletal muscle, which was higher in PCOS at PRE, was significantly reduced by exercise (-58%, p < 0.0001 and -46%, p < 0.0001, respectively), approaching control levels. Person's correlations between PRE values and delta changes (i.e., exercise effect) showed significant, negative associations for plasma IL-1ß (r = -0.92, p < 0.0001), TNF-α (r = -0.72, p = 0.0100) and IL-6 (r = -0.58, p = 0.05), and muscle TNF-α (r = -0.95, p < 0.0001), IKKα/ß (r = -0.75, p = 0.005), and JNK (r = -0.94, p < 0.0001) in PCOS. In conclusion, exercise can mitigate the inflammatory milieu in women with PCOS. The anti-inflammatory role of exercise could underlie its cardiometabolic protection in PCOS.

Polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity do not affect vascular parameters related to early atherosclerosis in young women without glucose metabolism disturbances, arterial hypertension and severe abnormalities of lipid profile.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and obesity on vascular parameters related to early atherosclerosis (VP-EA) [brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD), carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and carotid arterial compliance (CAC)] in women with minor cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). Twenty-five young women with PCOS and 23 eumenorrheic women matched for body mass index (BMI) were studied. The women were subdivided according to BMI and PCOS status, and comparisons were done between PCOS and Control group, regardless of BMI, and between Obese and Lean group, regardless of the presence of PCOS. Insulin resistance was higher in PCOS-group than in control-group and in obese-group than in lean-group. The median of all VP-EA evaluated were similar between PCOS-group and Control-group [FMD: 6.6 versus 8.4% (p = NS); CIMT: 48.0 versus 47.0 mm.10-2 (p = NS); CAC: 6.2 versus 5.6N-1.m4.10-10 (p = NS)] and between obese-group and lean-group [FMD: 7.8 versus 6.6% (p = NS); CIMT: 48.0 versus 47.0 mm.10-2 (p = NS); CAC: 5.7 versus 6.3N-1.m4.10-10 (p = NS)]. These results suggest that PCOS and obesity do not affect VP-EA in women with minor CVRFs.

Metabolic disturbance in PCOS: clinical and molecular effects on skeletal muscle tissue.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a complex hormonal disorder affecting the reproductive and metabolic systems with signs and symptoms related to anovulation, infertility, menstrual irregularity and hirsutism. Skeletal muscle plays a vital role in the peripheral glucose uptake. Since PCOS is associated with defects in the activation and pancreatic dysfunction of ß-cell insulin, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in PCOS. Studies of muscle tissue in patients with PCOS reveal defects in insulin signaling. Muscle biopsies performed during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp showed a significant reduction in glucose uptake, and insulin-mediated IRS-2 increased significantly in skeletal muscle. It is recognized that the etiology of insulin resistance in PCOS is likely to be as complicated as in type 2 diabetes and it has an important role in metabolic and reproductive phenotypes of this syndrome. Thus, further evidence regarding the effect of nonpharmacological approaches (e.g., physical exercise) in skeletal muscle of women with PCOS is required for a better therapeutic approach in the management of various metabolic and reproductive problems caused by this syndrome.

Influence of Phenotypes on the Metabolic Syndrome of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome over a Six-Year Follow-Up in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: We followed polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women with metabolic syndrome (MS) over a six-year treatment period and evaluated the influence of PCOS phenotypes on MS and on the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This was an observational study of 457 PCOS women, whose demographic, clinical, hormonal, and metabolic data underwent analysis. The PCOS women were divided into four groups per NIH recommendations. RESULTS: After a follow-up of a mean of six years (1-20 years), 310 patients were selected to assess the development of T2DM and MS. The clinical and biochemical parameters, along with the Rotterdam phenotypes, were evaluated. Data were analyzed using Student's t- and the Pearson chi-square tests for data variation and group proportions, respectively. Additionally, multivariate analysis was applied to evaluate the effect of PCOS phenotypes on the risk for MS and T2DM. Patients of the four PCOS phenotypes did not differ in age, body mass index, total testosterone, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, but phenotype A patients showed the highest risk for T2DM. A decrease in androgen levels was not followed by an improved metabolic profile; instead, there was a significant increase in the number of T2DM cases. CONCLUSION: Phenotype A women are at the highest risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Obesity, but not polycystic ovary syndrome, affects circulating markers of low-grade inflammation in young women without major cardiovascular risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and obesity on circulating markers of low-grade inflammation-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP)-in young women without major cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (diabetes, dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension). DESIGN: Twenty-five young women with PCOS and 23 eumenorrheic women without major CV risk factors and matched for body mass index (BMI) were studied. They were subdivided according to BMI and PCOS status and comparisons were made between the PCOS and Control groups, regardless of BMI, and between the Obese and Lean groups, regardless of the presence of PCOS. RESULTS: Levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and hsCRP were similar between the PCOS group and the Control group (2.1 vs 1.9 pg/ml, p=0.397, 3.8 vs 5.7 pg/ml, p=0.805 and 0.9 vs 0.5 ng/ml, p=0.361, respectively). Levels of TNF-α were similar between the obese group and the lean group (2.1 vs 1.9 pg/ml, p=0.444). Levels of IL-6 and hsCRP were higher in the obese group than in the lean group (8.7 vs 2.0, p <0.001 and 1.4 vs 0.2 ng/ml, p <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Obesity, but not polycystic ovary syndrome, affects circulating markers of low-grade inflammation in young women without major CV risk factors.

GLUT4 translocation is not impaired after acute exercise in skeletal muscle of women with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of acute exercise on insulin signaling in skeletal muscle of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and controls (CTRL). METHODS: Fifteen women with obesity and PCOS and 12 body mass index-matched CTRL participated in this study. Subjects performed a 40-min single bout of exercise. Muscle biopsies were performed before and 60 min after exercise. Selected proteins were assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS: CTRL, but not PCOS, showed a significant increase in PI3-k p85 and AS160 Thr 642 after a single bout of exercise (P = 0.018 and P = 0.018, respectively). Only PCOS showed an increase in Akt Thr 308 and AMPK phosphorylation after exercise (P = 0.018 and P = 0.018, respectively). Total GLUT4 expression was comparable between groups (P > 0.05). GLUT4 translocation tended to be significantly higher in both groups after exercise (PCOS: P = 0.093; CTRL: P = 0.091), with no significant difference between them (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A single bout of exercise elicited similar GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle of PCOS and CTRL, despite a slightly differential pattern of protein phosphorylation. The absence of impairment in GLUT4 translocation suggests that PCOS patients with obesity and insulin resistance may benefit from exercise training.

[Difficulties and pitfalls in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome]. / Dificuldades e armadilhas no diagnóstico da síndrome dos ovários policísticos.

The polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common endocrinopathies, affecting approximately 7% of women of reproductive age. Although it was described in 1935, only in 1990 was published the first Consensus regarding it its diagnosis. Today, the syndrome is also considered a cardiovascular risk factor, with a high prevalence of metabolic disorders. Reflecting this new vision of the syndrome, several documents, including Consensus, Statement and Guidelines have been published, addressing different aspects of the syndrome. This review is an analysis of documents obtained through a survey in the PubMed database, using the keywords "polycystic ovary syndrome", "hyperandrogenism" and "hirsutism", separately, taking as limiting the term Type of Article (Practice Guideline, Consensus Development Conference, Guideline) without limitation of time, language and age, having been selected only those documents prepared under the sponsorship of Medical Entities and with more than one author.

Dificuldades e armadilhas no diagnóstico da síndrome dos ovários policísticos / Difficulties and pitfalls in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome

A síndrome dos ovários policísticos é uma das endocrinopatias mais comuns, afetando aproximadamente 7 por cento das mulheres na idade reprodutiva. Embora tenha sido descrita em 1935, somente em 1990 foi elaborado o primeiro consenso com relação ao seu diagnóstico. Hoje, a síndrome é considerada também um fator de risco cardiovascular, com uma alta prevalência de distúrbios metabólicos. Como reflexo dessa nova visão da síndrome, vários documentos, entre Consensos, Posicionamentos e Orientações, têm sido publicados, abordando diversos aspectos da síndrome. O objetivo desta revisão é uma análise crítica desses documentos, obtidos mediante um levantamento na base PubMed, por meio dos unitermos polycystic ovary syndrome, hyperandrogenism e hirsutism, separadamente, tendo como limitador o termo Type of Article (Practice Guideline, Consensus Development Conference, Guideline), sem limitação de data, língua e idade. Foram selecionados apenas os documentos elaborados sob patrocínio de Entidades Médicas e com mais de um autor.

The polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common endocrinopathies, affecting approximately 7 percent of women of reproductive age. Although it was described in 1935, only in 1990 was published the first Consensus regarding it its diagnosis. Today, the syndrome is also considered a cardiovascular risk factor, with a high prevalence of metabolic disorders. Reflecting this new vision of the syndrome, several documents, including Consensus, Statement and Guidelines have been published, addressing different aspects of the syndrome. This review is an analysis of documents obtained through a survey in the PubMed database, using the keywords "polycystic ovary syndrome", "hyperandrogenism" and "hirsutism", separately, taking as limiting the term Type of Article (Practice Guideline, Consensus Development Conference, Guideline) without limitation of time, language and age, having been selected only those documents prepared under the sponsorship of Medical Entities and with more than one author.

Influência da síndrome dos ovários policísticos e da obesidade em parâmetros vasculares relacionados ao processo de aterogênese / Influence of polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity on vascular parameters related to the process of atherogenesis

A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) e a obesidade estão associadas ao aumento do risco cardiovascular, mas não está estabelecido se tal aumento é determinado por estas condições propriamente ditas ou pelos fatores de risco cardiometabólicos a elas associados. Objetivo: determinar, em mulheres jovens e sem fatores de risco cardiometabólicos, a influência da SOP e da obesidade sobre parâmetros vasculares relacionados ao processo de aterogênese. Métodos: foram estudadas pacientes com SOP, subdivididas em portadoras de índice de massa corpórea (IMC) normal e obesas, as quais foram comparadas a mulheres sem SOP (grupo controle) pareadas para o IMC. Foram excluídas participantes tabagistas, com distúrbios do metabolismo da glicose, hipertensão arterial, LDL-C 160 mg/dL e triglicérides 250 mg/dL. Foram avaliados parâmetros clínicos, laboratoriais (perfis hormonal e metabólico) e vasculares [espessura íntima média da artéria carótida comum (EIM-ACC), complacência da artéria carótida comum (CP-ACC) e função endotelial da artéria braquial (DMF), os quais foram avaliados de maneira não-invasiva através de imagens ultrasonográficas de alta-resolução. Para determinar a influência da SOP e da obesidade sobre tais parâmetros, foram formados grupos de acordo com a presença ou ausência de tais condições: grupo SOP vs grupo Controle, independentemente do IMC; grupo IMC normal vs grupo Obesidade, independentemente da presença da SOP. Resultados: Foram selecionadas 25 pacientes com SOP, sendo 10 com IMC normal (34,0 ± 3,2 kg/m2) e 15 obesas (22,4 ± 2,1 kg/m2) e 23 mulheres controles (12 com IMC normal e 11 obesas). As médias de testosterona livre das pacientes com SOP foram significativamente superiores às médias das mulheres controles, independentemente do IMC. As médias do HOMA-IR e da área sob a curva de insulina das pacientes obesas com SOP foram significativamente superiores às observadas nas pacientes com SOP portadoras de IMC normal e mulheres controles...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and obesity are related to the increase in cardiovascular risk, but it is still not known if such risk is due to these conditions themselves or to the cardiometabolic risk factors associated with them. Objective: determine, in young women without cardiometabolic risk factors, the influence of PCOS as well as obesity on vascular parameters related to the process of atherogenesis. Methods: We studied patients with PCOS, subdivided in patients with normal body mass index (BMI) and obeses, who were compared with women without PCOS (control group) pairwise matched for BMI. We excluded smoking subjects, subjects with glucose metabolism disturbances, with arterial hypertension, LDC -L 160 mg/dl and with triglycerides 250 mg/dl. We evaluated clinical, laboratory (hormonal and metabolic profiles) and vascular parameters [common carotidy artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT), compliance of commom carotid artery (CP-CCA) and endothelium function of the braquial artery (FMD)], through a non-invasive method using high resolution ultrasound imaging. In order to determine the influence of PCOS and obesity on such parameters, groups were formed according to the presence or absence of such conditions: PCOS group vs Control group, independently of BMI; normal BMI group vs obesity group, independently of PCOS presence. Results: Twenty-five patients with PCOS were selected, being 10 with normal BMI (34.0 ± 3.2 kg/m²), 15 obeses (22.4 ± 2.1 kg/m²) and 23 control women (12 with normal BMI and 11 obeses). The mean values of free testosterone in PCOS patients were significantly higher than the means in controls, independently of BMI. The means of HOMA-IR and the area under the insulin curve in obese PCOS patients were significantly higher than the ones observed in PCOS patients with normal BMI and controls. The means of CCA-IMT in obese PCOS patients was significantly higher than in controls with normal BMI (50.0 ± 4.0 vs 47.0 ± 3.0 mm.10-2;...