Learning curve for intracorporeal robotic Padua ileal bladder: 10-year functional assessment from a high-volume single-centre series.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of the learning curve (LC) on perioperative and long-term functional outcomes of a consecutive single-centre series of robot-assisted radical cystectomy with Padua intracorporeal orthotopic neobladder. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients treated between 2013 and 2022 were included, with ≥1 year of follow-up. The entire cohort was divided in tertiles. Categorical and continuous variables were compared. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to identify significant changes over the decade in linear slope of the 1-year day- and night-time continence. Uni- and multivariable Cox regression analyses identified predictors of day- and night-time continence recovery. Day-time continence was defined as 'totally dry' (no pads), night-time continence as pad wetness ≤50 mL (one safety pad). RESULTS: Overall, 200 patients were included. The mean hospital stay (P = 0.002) and 30-day complications (P = 0.04) significantly reduced over time; the LC significantly impacted on Trifecta achievement (P < 0.001). The 1-year day- and night-time continence probabilities displayed a significant improving trend (day-time continence annual average percentage change [AAPC] 11.45%, P < 0.001; night-time continence AAPC 10.05%, P = 0.009). The LC was an independent predictor of day- (hazard ratio [HR] 1.008; P < 0.001) and night-time continence (HR 1.004; P = 0.03) over time. CONCLUSION: Patients at the beginning of the LC had significantly longer hospitalisations, more postoperative complications, and lower Trifecta rates. At the 10-year analyses, we observed a significant improving trend for both the 1-year day- and night-time continence probabilities, highlighting the crucial role of the LC. However, we are unable to assess the case volume needed to achieve a plateau in terms of day- and night-time continence rates.

Impact of diabetes mellitus on oncologic outcomes in patients receiving robot-assisted radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: Aim of this study is to investigate the association between DM and oncological outcomes among patients with muscle-invasive (MI) or high-risk non-muscle invasive (NMI) bladder cancer (BC) who underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion (RARC). METHODS: An IRB approved multi-institutional BC database was queried, including patients underwent RARC between January 2013 and June 2023. Patients were divided into two groups according to DM status. Baseline, clinical, perioperative, pathologic data were compared. Chi-square and Student t tests were performed to compare categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the association between DM and oncologic outcomes. RESULTS: Out of 547 consecutive patients, 97 (17.7%) had DM. The two cohorts showed similar preoperative features, except for ASA score (p = 0.01) and Hypertension rates (p < 0.001). No differences were detected for perioperative complications, pT stage, pN stages and surgical margins status (all p > 0.12). DM patients displayed significantly lower 5-yr disease-free survival (DFS) (44.6% vs. 63.3%, p = 0.007), 5-yr cancer-specific survival (CSS) (45.1% vs. 70.1%, p = 0.001) and 5-yr Overall survival (OS) (39.9% vs. 63.8%, p = 0.001). At Multivariable Cox-regression analyses DM status was identified as independent predictor of worse cancer-specific survival (CSS) (HR 2.1; p = 0.001) and overall survival (OS) (HR 2.05; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Among BC patients who underwent RARC, DM patients showed worse oncologic outcomes than the non-DM patients, with DM status playing an independent negative predicting role in CSS and OS. Future prospective studies are awaited, stimulating basic and translational research to identify possible mechanisms of interaction between DM and BC.

Long survivors after radical cystectomy versus healthy population: propensity score matched analysis of health-related quality of life.

PURPOSE: To investigate Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) features of long survivors after radical cystectomy (RC) compared to healthy population (HP) control. METHODS: Patients with cT2-4/N0/M0 or Bacillus Calmette-Guérine (BCG) failure high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) undergoing RC and ileal Orthotopic Neobladder (iON) from 2010 to 2015 were enrolled in "BCa cohort". Patients aged ≥ 18 yrs old, with no previous diagnosis of BCa or any genitourinary cancer disease were included from General Practitioner outpatients and enrolled in "HP cohort". A 1:1 propensity score matched (PSM) analysis was performed, and HRQoL outcomes were collected according to European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), and generic (QLQ-C30) questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 401 patients were enrolled in the study, 99 and 302 in BCa and HP cohorts, respectively. After applying 1:1 PSM analysis 67 patients were included for each group. Analysis of self-reported HRQoL outcomes described a better HRQoL in BCa cohort. Particularly, in the long run patients receiving RC and iON significantly experienced higher global health-status/QoL (p < 0.001), emotional (p = 0.003) and cognitive functioning (p < 0.001) than HP cohort, providing a significantly lower impairment in terms of fatigue (p = 0.004), pain (p = 0.004), dyspnea (p = 0.02) and insomnia (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Long survivors after RC and iON seems to have a major awareness of self-reported HRQoL compared to HP control group.

Comparison of Perioperative, Functional, and Oncologic Outcomes of Open vs. Robot-Assisted Off-Clamp Partial Nephrectomy: A Propensity Scored Match Analysis.

Off-clamp partial nephrectomy represents one of the latest developments in nephron-sparing surgery, with the goal of preserving renal function and reducing ischemia time. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the functional, oncologic, and perioperative outcomes between off-clamp robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (off-C RAPN) and off-clamp open partial nephrectomy (off-C OPN) through a propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis. A 1:1 PSM analysis was used to balance variables potentially affecting postoperative outcomes. To report surgical quality, 1 year trifecta was used. Univariable Cox regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of trifecta achievement. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and metastasis-free survival (MFS) probabilities between groups. Overall, 542 patients were included. After PSM analysis, two homogeneous cohorts of 147 patients were obtained. The off-C RAPN cohort experienced shorter length of stay (LoS) (3.4 days vs. 5.4 days; p < 0.001), increased likelihoods of achieving 1 year trifecta (89.8% vs. 80.3%; p = 0.03), lower postoperative Clavien-Dindo ≤ 2 complications (1.3% vs. 18.3%, p < 0.001), and lower postoperative transfusion rates (3.4% vs. 12.2%, p = 0.008). At univariable analysis, the surgical approach (off-C RAPN vs. off-C OPN, OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.09-4.46, p = 0.02) was the only predictor of 1 year trifecta achievement. At Kaplan-Meier analysis, no differences were observed between the two groups in terms of OS (log-rank p = 0.451), CSS (log-rank p = 0.476), DFS (log-rank p = 0.678), and MFS (log-rank p = 0.226). Comparing RAPN and OPN in a purely off-clamp scenario, the minimally invasive approach proved to be a feasible and safe surgical approach, with a significantly lower LoS and minor rate of postoperative complications and transfusions as a result of improved surgical quality expressed by higher 1 year trifecta achievement.

Open versus robot-assisted radical cystectomy: pentafecta and trifecta achievement comparison from a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare University of Southern California (USC) Institute of Urology pentafecta and trifecta achievement comparing open radical cystectomy (ORC) vs robot-assisted RC (RARC) with totally intracorporeal urinary diversion (iUD) from a randomised controlled trial (RCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were eligible for randomisation if they had a diagnostic transurethral resection of bladder tumour with clinical T stage (cT)2-4, cN0, cM0, or recurrent high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and no anaesthesia contraindications to robotic surgery. Patients were enrolled with a covariate adaptive randomisation process based on the following variables: body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, preoperative haemoglobin, planned UD, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and cT stage. USC pentafecta was defined as the combination at 1 year after surgery of: negative soft tissue surgical margins, ≥16 lymph node (LN) yield, absence of major (Clavien-Dindo Grade ≥III) complications at 90 days, absence of UD-related long-term sequalae, and absence of clinical recurrence. Trifecta was defined as the coexistence of daytime urinary continence, absence of major complications and recurrence-free status, all assessed at 1 year. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using Student's t-test and chi-square test, respectively. Univariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the role of USC pentafecta and trifecta achievement on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in USC pentafecta and trifecta achievement between groups. Among secondary outcomes, univariable logistic regression analysis was performed and both 1-year USC pentafecta and trifecta achievement were predictors of 2-year unmodified global HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports equivalence of RARC-iUD and ORC with regard to surgical quality as described by the USC pentafecta and trifecta. We described a significant impact of USC pentafecta and trifecta achievement on global health status/HRQoL, providing a strict correlation between objective evaluation of surgical outcomes and self-reported HRQoL.

Open vs robotic intracorporeal Padua ileal bladder: functional outcomes of a single-centre RCT.

PURPOSE: Functional outcomes of robot-assisted (RA) radical cystectomy (RC) with intracorporeal orthotopic neobladder (i-ON) have been poorly investigated. The study aimed to report functional outcomes of a prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing open RC (ORC) and RARC with i-ON. METHODS: Inclusion criteria were cT2-4/N0/M0, or BCG-failure high-grade urothelial carcinoma, candidate to RC with curative intent. A covariate adaptive randomization process was used, based on the following variables: BMI, ASA score, haemoglobin levels, cT-stage, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, urinary diversion. Day-time continence was defined as "totally dryness", nigh-time continence as pad wetness ≤ 50 cc. Continence recovery probabilities were compared between arms with Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of continence recovery. HRQoL outcomes analysis was assessed with a generalized linear mixed effect regression (GLMER) model. RESULTS: Out of 116 patients randomized, 88 received ON. Quantitative analysis of functional outcomes reported similar results in terms of day continence, while a better night continence status in ORC cohort was observed. However, 1-yr day- and night-time continence recovery probabilities were comparable. Night-time micturition frequency < 3 h was the only predictor of nigh-time continence recovery. At GLMER, 1-yr body image and sexual functioning were significantly better in RARC cohort, while urinary symptoms were comparable between arms. CONCLUSION: Despite superiority of ORC at quantitative night-time pad use analysis, we showed comparable day- and night-time continence recovery probabilities. At 1-yr analysis of HRQoL outcomes, urinary symptoms were comparable between arms, while RARC patients reported lower body image and sexual functioning worsening.

Long-term oncologic and functional outcomes following robot-assisted radical cystectomy and intracorporeal Padua ileal bladder: results from a single high-volume center.

PURPOSE: To report long-term oncologic and functional outcomes of a large consecutive single center series of Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC)- intracorporeal (IC) Urinary Diversion (UD), identifying their predicting factors. METHODS: A single center Bladder cancer (BC) database was queried for "RARC" and "ICUD", including patients treated between January 2012 and September 2020. Kaplan-Meier curves were assessed disease-free (DFS), cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS) probability. Univariable (UV) and multivariable (MV) analysis were adopted to identify predictors of DFS, CSS and OS. Kaplan-Meier method evaluated day- and night-time continence recovery probabilities; UV and MV analysis were adopted to identify predictors of Day-time continence. RESULTS: Overall, 251 patients were included. Among them, 192 patients underwent intracorporeal ileal orthotopic neobladder (ION) (76.5%). Five-year DFS, CSS and OS rates were 66.5%, 65.4% and 61.5%; pT stage ≥ 3 and pathologic nodal involvement were identified as negative independent predictors of DFS (HR 2.39, p = 0.001, HR 4.64, p ≤ 0.001), CSS (HR 2.20, p = 0.01, HR 3.97, p < 0.001) and OS (HR 2.25, p = 0.005, HR 3.95, p < 0.001). In RARC-ION patients, Trifecta rate was 64.1%. One-year day- and night-time continence rates were 78.6% and 48.3%. Age (HR 0.98, p = 0.03), female gender (HR 0.57, p = 0.008) and complications Clavien grade ≥ 3 (HR 0.55, p = 0.03) were identified as independent predictors of day-time incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term oncologic outcomes and their predicting factors seem aligned to the largest historical open series and multi-institutional robotic series data. According to the identified predicting factors undermining a proper achievement of day-time continence, this represents an objective support, in order to properly advice specific sub-group of patients.

Exploring the Applications of Indocyanine Green in Robot-Assisted Urological Surgery: A Comprehensive Review of Fluorescence-Guided Techniques.

This comprehensive review aims to explore the applications of indocyanine green (ICG) in robot-assisted urological surgery through a detailed examination of fluorescence-guided techniques. An extensive literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus, using keywords such as "indocyanine green," "ICG", "NIRF", "Near Infrared Fluorescence", "robot-assisted", and "urology". Additional suitable articles were collected by manually cross-referencing the bibliography of previously selected papers. The integration of the Firefly® technology in the Da Vinci® robotic system has opened new avenues for the advancement and exploration of different urological procedures. ICG is a fluorophore widely used in near-infrared fluorescence-guided techniques. The synergistic combination of intraoperative support, safety profiles and widespread availability comprises an additional asset that empowers ICG-guided robotic surgery. This overview of the current state of the art illustrates the potential advantages and broad applications of combining ICG-fluorescence guidance with robotic-assisted urological surgery.

Robotic Surgery in Urology: History from PROBOT® to HUGOTM.

The advent of robotic surgical systems had a significant impact on every surgical area, especially urology, gynecology, and general and cardiac surgery. The aim of this article is to delineate robotic surgery, particularly focusing on its historical background, its evolution, its present status, and its future perspectives. A comprehensive literature review was conducted upon PubMed/MEDLINE, using the keywords "robotic surgical system", "robotic surgical device", "robotics AND urology". Additionally, the retrieved articles' reference lists were investigated. Analysis concentrated on urological surgical systems for laparoscopic surgery that have been given regulatory approval for use on humans. From the late 1980s, before daVinci® Era in 2000s, ancestor platform as Probot® and PUMA 560 were described to outline historical perspective. Thus, new robotic competitors of Intuitive Surgical such as Senhance®, Revo-I®, Versius®, Avatera®, Hinotori®, and HugoTM RAS were illustrated. Although daVinci® had high level competitiveness, and for many years represented the most plausible option for robotic procedures, several modern platforms are emerging in the surgical market. Growing competition through unique features of the new robotic technologies might extend applications fields, improve diffusion, and increase cost-effectiveness procedures. More experiences are needed to identify the role of these new advancements in surgical branches and in healthcare systems.

Open Radical Cystectomy versus Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy with Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion: Early Outcomes of a Single-Center Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: Radical cystectomy (RC) with urinary diversion (UD) is still considered a complex surgery associated with significant morbidity. Open RC (ORC) remains the reference option of treatment, even if adoption of robot-assisted RC (RARC) is rapidly increasing. To date, all the available randomized controlled trials were characterized by an extracorporeal approach in performing UD, undermining potential benefits of a totally minimally invasive procedure. In this study, we aimed to report perioperative and 6-month outcomes from the first RCT comparing ORC and RARC with totally intracorporeal UD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were eligible for randomization if they had a diagnostic transurethral resection of bladder tumor with cT2-4, cN0, cM0 or recurrent high-grade nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer and no anesthesiological contraindications to robotic surgery. Patients were enrolled with a covariate adaptive randomization process based on the following variables: body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists® score, baseline hemoglobin, planned UD, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and cT stage. The primary end point was to demonstrate the superiority of RARC with intracorporeal UD in terms of a 50% transfusion rate reduction. RESULTS: Overall, 116 consecutive patients (58 RARC, 58 ORC) were enrolled. Among primary endpoint, overall perioperative transfusion rates were significantly lower in the RARC cohort (RARC: 22% vs ORC: 41%; p=0.046). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective randomized trial observed 22% and 41% overall perioperative transfusion rates in patients treated by RARC and ORC, respectively, confirming a significant benefit in favor of RARC with intracorporeal UD. However, perioperative complications, hospital stay and 6-month health-related quality of life were largely comparable between groups. Oncologic and functional outcomes will be assessed at longer followup to observe potential differences between arms.

Diagnostic performance of fusion (US/MRI guided) prostate biopsy: propensity score matched comparison of elastic versus rigid fusion system.

PURPOSE: Many software for US/MRI guided fusion prostate biopsy (FPB), have been developed in the last years. However, there are few data comparing diagnostic accuracy of different fusion systems. We assessed diagnostic performance of elastic (EF) versus rigid fusion (RF) PB in a propensity score matched (PSM) analysis. METHODS: A total of 314 FPB were prospectively collected from two different centers. All patients were biopsy naïve and all mpMRI reported a single suspicious area. Overall, 211 PB were performed using a RF system and 103 using an EF software. The two groups were compared for the main clinical features. A 1:1 PSM analysis was employed to reduce covariate imbalance to < 10%. Detection rate (DR) for any prostate cancer (PCa) and clinically significant (cs) PCa were compared and stratified for PI-RADS Score. A per target univariable and multivariable regression analyses were applied to identity predictors of anyPCa and csPCa. RESULTS: After applying the PSM, two cohorts of 83 cases were selected. DR of any PCa cancer and csPCa were comparable between the two cohorts (all p > 0.077) as well as DR of csPCa for every PIRADS score. At univariable regression analysis lesion size, PI-RADS Score, PSA Density and EF system were predictors of any PCa (all p < 0.001); however, at multivariable analysis only PI-RADS Score was independent predictor of any PCa (p = 0.027). At multivariable analysis only PI-RADS score was independent predictor of csPCa. CONCLUSIONS: Fusion PB guarantees high diagnostic accuracy for csPCa, regardless of the fusion technology. Prospective randomized study is needed to confirm these data.

Perioperative and 1-year patient-reported outcomes of Freyer versus Millin versus Madigan robot-assisted simple prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: Robotic-assisted simple prostatectomy (RASP) is an established surgical procedure for the management of obstructive symptoms caused by large adenomas. Traditionally, this is performed according to the trans-vescical (Freyer) or trans-capsular (Millin) technique. We recently described a novel urethra-sparing (Madigan) robotic technique which showed promising preliminary results. In this study, we compared the above techniques for perioperative and 1-year patient-reported outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data from patients who underwent RASP across the three techniques, performed by two experienced surgeons in our center. We assessed patient self-reported pre-operative and post-operative functional outcomes with validated questionnaires: IPSS, IIEF short form, ICIQ short form, MSHQ Short Form. Continuous and categorical variables were compared between groups using the Mood's median test and the Chi-square tests, respectively. RESULTS: Millin, Madigan and Freyer procedures were performed in 23 (51%), 14 (31%) and 8 (18%) cases, respectively. No significant differences were observed for baseline ASA score, BMI, prostate volume, IPSS, IIEF, ICIQ and MSHQ scores (all p ≥ 0.2), as well as post-operative obstructive symptoms relief (IPSS: p = 0.25), continence (ICIQ: p = 0.54), complication rates (p = 0.32) and hospital stay (p = 0.23). Operative time was longer for Madigan procedures (p = 0.05). The 1-year MSHQ and IIEF scores were significantly higher in the Madigan cohort (p = 0.008 and p = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION: RASP proved to be a safe surgical approach, providing an effective and durable relief of obstructive symptoms at mid-term follow-up regardless of the technique used. The Madigan technique provided significant benefits in terms of self-assessed quality of sexual function.

Vesicourethral anastomosis using a novel telesurgical system with haptic sensation, the Telelap Alf-X: a pilot study.

Vesicourethral anastomosis is a necessary part of radical prostatectomy and presents technical challenges when performed endoscopically. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the van Velthoven anastomosis method in swine model using a novel telesurgical system with haptic sensation: the Telelap Alf-X. Twenty vesicourethral anastomoses were performed using the system in female swine with two working ports and a camera. With two 2.0 Vicryl, a single knot vesicourethral anastomosis was performed as described by van Velthoven with Telelap Alf-X. The time of each operation was recorded, water tightness and tension were examined at the end of the procedure by irrigation through a 12 Fr catheter. The 1:1 haptic sensation, improved ergonomy, the open architecture of the robotic system, and articulated handles contributed to the easiness of performance and short learning curve, as the time of the procedure decreased by 50% after the first 5 cases. All the anastomoses were functional and proved to be successful and watertight. No leakage occurred. The novel features of the Telelap Alf-X contribute to its ease of use and make the telesurgical performance of vesicourethral anastomosis similar to open surgery, without the disadvantages of the latter.

Insights into the Interplay between the Urinary Microbiome and Bladder Cancer: A Comprehensive Review.

New insights in the urinary microbiome have led to a better understanding being built of the shifts in bacterial representations from health to disease; these hold promise as markers for diagnosis and therapeutic responses. Although several efforts have been made to identify a "core urinary microbiome", different fingerprints have been identified in men and women that shift with age. The main bacterial groups overall include Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Although patients with bladder cancer have a microbiome that is similar to that of healthy individuals, differences have been observed at the species level with Fusobacterium nucleatum and Ralstonia, and at the genus level with Cutibacterium. Different bacterial representations may influence extracellular matrix composition, affecting tumor metastatic spreading and tumorigenic metalloproteinase expression. Furthermore, gene expression affecting targets of immune therapy, such as PD-L1, has been associated with changes in bacterial representations and therapeutic response to BCG. This comprehensive review aims to examine the influence of the urinary microbiome in bladder cancer.

Impacts of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy on Perioperative Outcomes in Patients with Bladder Cancer Treated with Radical Cystectomy: A Single High-Volume Center Experience.

(1) Background: Less than 30% of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), and reasons for underuse remain unclear. One potential explanation is the concern for the increased risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of NAC on the risk of detrimental perioperative outcomes in patients with MIBC treated with radical cystectomy (RC). (2) Methods: We identified patients receiving RC for MIBC (T2-4a N0 M0) from 2016 to 2022. Moreover, 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was applied between RC alone versus RC plus NAC, and our analysis tested the association between NAC status and peri-operative outcomes. (3) Results: Among the 317 patients treated with RC for identified MIBC, 98 (31%) received NAC. Patients treated with NAC were younger (median yr. 64 vs. 71; p < 0.001), with a lower Charlson Comorbidity Index (3 vs. 4; p > 0.001), and received more frequently continent urinary diversion (61 vs. 32%, p < 0.001). About 43% of patients in each group were treated with robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with totally intracorporeal urinary diversion (ICUD). After PSM, no differences were detected for the outcomes considered. (4) Conclusions: NAC is not associated with a higher rate of perioperative complications, including patients who received RARC with ICUD.

Long-Term Oncologic Outcomes of Off-Clamp Robotic Partial Nephrectomy for Cystic Renal Tumors: A Propensity Score Matched-Pair Comparison of Cystic versus Pure Clear Cell Carcinoma.

Few data are available on survival outcomes of partial nephrectomy performed for cystic renal tumors. We present the first long-term oncological outcomes of cystic (cystRCC) versus pure clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) in a propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis. Our "renal cancer" prospectively maintained database was queried for "cystRCC" or "ccRCC" and "off-clamp robotic partial nephrectomy" (off-C RPN). The two groups were compared for age, gender, tumor size, pT stage, and Fuhrman grade. A 1:3 PSM analysis was applied to reduce covariate imbalance to <10% and two homogeneous populations were generated. Student t- and Chi-square tests were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Ten-year oncological outcomes were compared between the two cohorts using log-rank test. Univariable Cox regression analysis was used to identify predictors of disease progression after RPN. Out of 859 off-C RPNs included, 85 cases were cystRCC and 774 were ccRCC at histologic evaluation. After applying the PSM analysis, two cohorts were selected, including 64 cystRCC and 170 ccRCC. Comparable 10-year cancer-specific survival probability (95.3% versus 100%, p = 0.146) was found between the two cohorts. Conversely, 10-year disease-free survival probability (DFS) was less favorable for pure ccRCC than cystRCC (66.69% versus 90.1%, p = 0.035). At univariable regression analysis, ccRCC histology was the only independent predictor of DFS probability (HR 2.96 95% CI 1.03-8.47, p = 0.044). At the 10-year evaluation, cystRCC showed favorable oncological outcomes after off-C RPN. Pure clear cell variant histology displayed a higher rate of disease recurrence than cystic lesions.

Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy with Totally Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion Versus Open Radical Cystectomy: 3-Year Outcomes from a Randomised Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing open radical cystectomy (ORC) and robot-assisted RC (RARC) have involved an extracorporeal approach for urinary diversion (UD), undermining the potential benefits of a totally robotic procedure. Our objective was to compare 3-yr outcomes from a RCT comparing ORC to RARC with totally intracorporeal UD (iUD). METHODS: Patients with cT2-4 N0 M0 or bacillus Calmette-Guérin-failed high-grade non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma who were candidates for RC without absolute contraindications to robotic surgery were included. A covariate adaptive randomisation process based on body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, preoperative haemoglobin, type of UD, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and cT stage was used. The primary endpoint was to investigate the superiority of RARC with iUD in terms of a 50% reduction in transfusion rate. Secondary outcomes included adherence to an early recovery after surgery protocol, perioperative and postoperative outcomes, readmission and complication rates, a cost analysis, and functional, oncological, and health-related quality-of-life outcomes. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS: Overall, 116 patients were enrolled. The primary endpoint was confirmed, as the overall perioperative transfusion rate was significantly lower in the RARC cohort, with an absolute risk reduction of 19% (95% confidence interval 2-36%; p = 0.046). No differences in perioperative and postoperative complications and 3-yr oncological outcomes were observed between the groups. Despite the superiority of ORC on quantitative analysis of night-time pad use, there were no differences in the probabilities of recovery of daytime and night-time continence. Body image was significantly better in the RARC cohort. Cost analysis confirmed that RARC is a more expensive surgical procedure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Our findings support RARC with iUD as a safe surgical option; the transfusion rate was reduced by 50% and the complication rates and 3-yr oncological outcomes were comparable to those with ORC. The minimally invasive nature of RARC was reflected in better body image perception in this cohort. The probabilities of daytime and night-time continence recovery were comparable between the groups. Higher costs remain a drawback of robotic surgery. PATIENT SUMMARY: This RCT demonstrated a 50% transfusions rate's reduction compared to ORC. We confirmed safety and feasibility of RARC with i-UD providing comparable peri- and postoperative complication rates, as well as, 3yr oncologic outcomes to those of ORC. Patients receiving either RARC-iUD or ORC had comparable probabilities of urinary continence recovery after surgery.

Novel composite BPH3 trifecta for robotic assisted simple prostatectomy (RASP) versus BPH6: A multicenter outcomes comparison.

OBJECTIVES: To assess disobstructive proficiency of BPH3 trifecta in RASP according to different techniques. METHODS: Baseline prostate volume (PV), uroflowmetry parameters and Validated questionnaires: IIEF, Incontinence severity index score (ISI), International prostatic symptoms score (IPSS), MSHQ, Quality of recovery (QOR), were recorded preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively. RASP was conducted using both the urethra-sparing (Madigan) technique and a non-urethral-sparing transvesical (Freyer) approach. Two groups were evaluated for achievement rates in terms of BPH-3 and BPH-6. BPH-3 was defined by a combination of: a reduction of ⩾30% in IPSS compared to baseline, ISI score ⩽ 4, and absence of complications beyond Clavien grade 1. RESULTS: About 158 patients underwent RASP, with 93 undergoing the Madigan procedure and 65 the Freyer approach. Patients in the Madigan group were younger, with lower PV, baseline IPSS score, overactive symptoms (ISI score), but higher MSHQ and IIEF score, when compared to the Freyer population (all p < 0.02). At 12-month follow-up, patients who underwent the Madigan procedure reported shorter bladder irrigation time and time to catheter removal (both p < 0.001). As expected, Madigan patients also demonstrated superior postoperative IIEF and MSHQ scores (all p < 0.001). Postoperative complication incidence was higher in the Madigan cohort, mainly due to UTI (p < 0.001). Although there were no differences in postoperative IPSS and Q-max between groups, the Madigan cohort presented with higher post void residue (p < 0.001). BPH6 achievement was higher in the Madigan cohort (48% vs 28%) (p < 0.001), while no difference was observed in BPH3 achievement rate. CONCLUSION: The BPH3 composite trifecta appears to be more suitable than BPH6 in assessing the proficiency in disobstructive symptoms relief after RASP.