Percutaneous neonatal carotid access for interventional catheterization.

Neonatal percutaneous carotid access is a safe technique that compares favorably to neonatal surgical carotid access. Mid-term ultrasound and angiographic follow after percutaneous carotid access shows 100% vessel patency rate with no severe stenoses or aneurysms detected. Mild stenosis (<12%) is frequent at follow up (35%), the clinical significance of which is unknown.

Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve-in-Valve Implantation for the Treatment of Dysfunctional Surgical Bioprosthetic Valves: An International, Multicenter Registry Study.

BACKGROUND: Off-label use of transcatheter aortic and pulmonary valve prostheses for tricuspid valve-in-valve implantation (TVIV) within dysfunctional surgical tricuspid valve (TV) bioprostheses has been described in small reports. METHODS AND RESULTS: An international, multicenter registry was developed to collect data on TVIV cases. Patient-related factors, procedural details and outcomes, and follow-up data were analyzed. Valve-in-ring or heterotopic TV implantation procedures were not included. Data were collected on 156 patients with bioprosthetic TV dysfunction who underwent catheterization with planned TVIV. The median age was 40 years, and 71% of patients were in New York Heart Association class III or IV. Among 152 patients in whom TVIV was attempted with a Melody (n=94) or Sapien (n=58) valve, implantation was successful in 150, with few serious complications. After TVIV, both the TV inflow gradient and tricuspid regurgitation grade improved significantly. During follow-up (median, 13.3 months), 22 patients died, 5 within 30 days; all 22 patients were in New York Heart Association class III or IV, and 9 were hospitalized before TVIV. There were 10 TV reinterventions, and 3 other patients had significant recurrent TV dysfunction. At follow-up, 77% of patients were in New York Heart Association class I or II (P<0.001 versus before TVIV). Outcomes did not differ according to surgical valve size or TVIV valve type. CONCLUSIONS: TVIV with commercially available transcatheter prostheses is technically and clinically successful in patients of various ages across a wide range of valve size. Although preimplantation clinical status was associated with outcome, many patients in New York Heart Association class III or IV at baseline improved. TVIV should be considered a viable option for treatment of failing TV bioprostheses.

Percutaneous retrieval of embolized umbilical arterial catheter in extreme premature infant.

BACKGROUND: Umbilical arterial catheterization is a common procedure performed on critically ill neonates, especially those with extreme prematurity. Various complications have been described following umbilical artery catheter (UAC) placement including thrombosis, embolism, vasospasm, vascular perforation, hemorrhage, and infection. However, treatment of these complications is challenging due to the small size of this very fragile subset of patients. METHODS: A 3-day old extremely preterm infant was referred to our institution for percutaneous removal of a fragmented and embolized umbilical arterial catheter. RESULTS: Catheter retrieval was successful via a carotid approach utilizing techniques from percutaneous closure of PDA in preterm infants and trans-carotid access for PDA stent and aortic interventions. CONCLUSION: This case report describes the successful percutaneous retrieval of an embolized UAC fragment in an extremely preterm infant, the smallest documented in literature to date.

Catecholamine-Induced Cardiomyopathy Secondary to Pheochromocytoma Rescued With Percutaneous Left Ventricular Assist Device: Novel Application of the Impella CP in a Pediatric Patient.

Background: Catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy is an uncommon complication of pheochromocytoma. Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that predominantly occurs in adults, making catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy secondary to pheochromocytoma in children an exceedingly rare presentation. Treatment typically consists of medical management followed by surgical resection. Mechanical support, typically salvage therapy with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, has been used in adult patients with cardiogenic shock and after cardiac arrest, but to our knowledge, the use of mechanical support has not been described in pediatric patients. Case Report: A 16-year-old female presented with cardiogenic shock resulting from catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy secondary to pheochromocytoma. She was treated with a percutaneous left ventricular assist device to allow myocardial recovery while medical therapy was optimized. Given the early initiation, the patient's myocardial recovery was prompt, and only 3 days of device support were required. She was discharged in good condition and subsequently underwent uncomplicated laparoscopic resection of the tumor a few weeks later. Conclusion: In pediatric patients with catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy secondary to pheochromocytoma, aggressive measures of support-including mechanical support and infrequently used options such as percutaneous left ventricular assist devices-should be considered early in treatment to maintain adequate cardiac output, avoid cardiac arrest, and allow for prompt myocardial recovery.

Systematic review of multiple versus single device closure of Secundum atrial septal defects in adults.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple device closure (MDC) strategy has been used in treating of complex Atrial septal defects (ASDs) in adults. The safety profile of MDC compared to conventional single device closure (SDC) is unknown in this population. This report represents the first review examining the outcomes of single versus multiple device ASD closure in adults with ostium secundum defects. METHODS: Literature databases and manual search from their inception until June 30th, 2017 followed the Preferred Reporting Items of Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline. Main outcomes are 1) overall complication incidence, 2) arrhythmia incidence, 3) residual shunt rate. Each outcome profile was pooled by MDC and SDC, respectively and chi-square analysis was applied to examine statistical significance between MDC and SDC strategies (two-sided and p < .050). RESULTS: A total of 1806 + studies were initially screened, and 20 studies were finally selected (MDC group, 147 patients; SDC group, 1706 patients). There was no difference in overall complication incidence (χ2 = 1.269; p = .259) and arrhythmia incidence (χ2 = 0.325; p = .568) between MDC and SDC. There was no difference in residual shunt rate between the SDC (4.10 %; 70/1706) and MDC groups (6.80 %; 10/147; χ2 = 2.387; p = .122). CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes of percutaneous multiple ASD closure (MDC) seem to be safe and effective as compared to conventional single ASD (SDC) closure in terms of device - related complications and technical success of the procedure. Prospective registry data and randomized trials are needed to determine the long-term outcomes of percutaneous ASD closure using MDC.

Ultrasound dilution: an accurate means of determining cardiac output in children.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac output is a useful measure of myocardial performance. Cardiac output monitoring is frequently performed in critically ill adults to guide physicians' treatment strategies. However, standard methods of determining cardiac output in children are not without risk and can be problematic secondary to their invasive nature and other technical problems. The COstatus system (Transonic Systems, NY), which is based on ultrasound dilution technology, works off in situ catheters and uses an innocuous indicator to allow for routine measurements of cardiac output and blood volumes in pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to validate cardiac output measured by the COstatus system with those obtained by the clinical standard technique of pulmonary artery thermodilution. METHODS: This was a prospective evaluation performed at a single institution. Any child with a structurally normal heart undergoing hemodynamic evaluation in the cardiac catheterization laboratory was included. A prograde right heart catheterization was performed, and cardiac output was first determined by using the pulmonary artery thermodilution technique. Thermodilution results were then compared with cardiac output measurements obtained using the COstatus system. The results were analyzed by standard correlation, Bland-Altman, and Critchley and Critchley analyses. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were evaluated with a median age of 8 yrs and a median weight of 31 kg. The mean thermodilution cardiac index = 3.18 L/min (± 1.35 L/min), and the mean COstatus system cardiac index = 3.17 L/min (± 1.31 L/min). Standard Pearson correlation tests revealed an excellent correlation coefficient of 0.95 (p < .0001). Bland-Altman analysis revealed good clinical agreement with a mean difference of -0.004 L/min with a precision of 0.8 L/min at 2 SD. A percentage error of 25.4% was noticed in this study, which is less than the clinically acceptable limit. CONCLUSION: The ultrasound dilution technique of determining cardiac output using the COstatus system provides a less invasive method than the traditional pulmonary artery thermodilution for accurately determining cardiac output in children. This is the first validation of the COstatus system in pediatric patients. Further studies are required to establish its accuracy in pediatric patients with cardiac shunts and other hemodynamically unstable conditions.

Resource Allocation and Decision Making for Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Catheterization During the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A U.S. Multi-Institutional Perspective.

BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has placed severe stress on healthcare systems around the world. There is limited information on current practices in pediatric cardiac catheterization laboratories in the United States (US). OBJECTIVES: To describe current practice patterns and make recommendations regarding potential resource allocation for congenital cardiac catheterization during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A web-based survey was distributed regarding case candidacy and catheterization laboratory preparedness. Centers were categorized based on the current degree of disease burden in that community (as of April 1, 2020). Data and consensus opinion were utilized to develop recommendations. RESULTS: Respondents belonged to 56 unique US centers, with 27 (48.2%) located in counties with a high number of COVID-19 cases. All centers have canceled elective procedures. There was relative uniformity (>88% agreement) among centers as to which procedures were considered elective. To date, only three centers have performed a catheterization on a confirmed COVID-19 positive patient. Centers located in areas with a higher number of COVID-9 cases have been more involved in a simulation of donning and doffing personal protective equipment (PPE) than low-prevalence centers (46.7% vs 10.3%, respectively; P<.001). Currently, only a small fraction of operators has been reassigned to provide clinical services outside their scope of practice. CONCLUSIONS: At this stage in the COVID-19 pandemic, pediatric/congenital catheterization laboratories have dramatically reduced case volumes. This document serves to define current patterns and provides guidance and recommendations on the preservation and repurposing of resources to help pediatric cardiac programs develop strategies for patient care during this unprecedented crisis.