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BACKGROUND: Parathyroid glands are important endocrine glands, and the identification of normal parathyroid glands is crucial for their protection. The aim of this study is to explore the sonographic characteristics of normal parathyroid glands and analyze the factors affecting their display. METHODS: Seven hundred three subjects who underwent physical examination at our hospital were included. The number, location, size, morphology, echogenicity and blood flow distribution of parathyroid glands were recorded. The ultrasound characteristics and display rate were also summarized. Meanwhile, shear wave elastography was performed in 50 cases to provide the stiffness measurements, and 26 cases received contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for the assessment of microcirculatory perfusion. Furthermore, we analyzed the factors affecting parathyroid display, including basic information of the subjects and ultrasound features of the thyroid. RESULTS: â A total of 1038 parathyroid glands were detected, among which, 79.29% were hyperechoic, 20.71% were isoechoic, 88.15% were oval-shaped, and 86.71% had blood flow of grade 0-I. â¡ 81.79% of the subjects had at least one parathyroid gland detected. ⢠The Emean, Emax, PI and AUC of the parathyroid glands were significantly lower than those of the adjacent thyroid tissue (P < 0.05). ⣠The display of normal parathyroid glands was related to BMI, thyroid echogenicity and thyroid volume of the subjects (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Normal parathyroid glands tend to appear as oval-shaped hyperechoic nodules with blood flow of grade 0-I. BMI, thyroid echogenicity and thyroid volume are independent factors affecting the display of parathyroid glands.
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Diagnóstico por Imagen de Elasticidad , Glándulas Paratiroides , Humanos , Glándulas Paratiroides/diagnóstico por imagen , Microcirculación , Ultrasonografía , Glándula Tiroides/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
To evaluate the inter-observer variability and the intra-observer repeatability of pulmonary transit time (PTT) measurement using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in healthy rabbits, and assess the effects of dilution concentration of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) on PTT. Thirteen healthy rabbits were selected, and five concentrations UCAs of 1:200, 1:100, 1:50, 1:10, and 1:1 were injected into the right ear vein. Five digital loops were obtained from the apical 4-chamber view. Four sonographers obtained PTT by plotting the TIC of right atrium (RA) and left atrium (LA) at two time points (T1 and T2). The frame counts of the first appearance of UCAs in RA and LA had excellent inter-observer agreement, with intra-class correlations (ICC) of 0.996, 0.988, respectively. The agreement of PTT among four observers was all good at five different concentrations, with an ICC of 0.758-0.873. The reproducibility of PTT obtained by four observers at T1 and T2 was performed well, with ICC of 0.888-0.961. The median inter-observer variability across 13 rabbits was 6.5% and the median variability within 14 days for 4 observers was 1.9%, 1.7%, 2.2%, 1.9%, respectively; The PTT of 13 healthy rabbits is 1.01 ± 0.18 second. The difference of PTT between five concentrations is statistically significant. The PTT obtained by a concentration of 1:200 and 1:100 were higher than that of 1:1, while there were no significantly differences in PTT of a concentration of 1:1, 1:10, and 1:50. PTT measured by CEUS in rabbits is feasible, with excellent inter-observer and intra-observer reliability and reproducibility, and dilution concentration of UCAs influences PTT results.
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Medios de Contraste , Estudios de Factibilidad , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Ultrasonografía , Animales , Conejos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Ultrasonografía/métodos , Hexafluoruro de Azufre/farmacocinética , Circulación Pulmonar/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Bispectral index (BIS) is a processed electroencephalography monitoring tool and is widely used in anesthetic depth monitoring. Deep anesthesia exposure may be associated with multiple adverse outcomes. However, the relationship between anesthetic depth and postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unclear. We sought to determine the effect of BIS-based deep anesthesia duration on postoperative AKI following noncardiac surgery. METHODS: This retrospective study used data from the Vital Signs DataBase, including patients undergoing noncardiac surgeries with BIS monitoring. The BIS values were collected every second during anesthesia. Restricted cubic splines and logistic regression were used to assess the association between the cumulative duration of deep anesthesia and postoperative AKI. RESULTS: 4774 patients were eligible, and 129 (2.7%) experienced postoperative AKI. Restricted cubic splines showed that a cumulative duration of BIS < 45 was nonlinearly associated with postoperative AKI (P-overall = 0.033 and P-non-linear = 0.023). Using the group with the duration of BIS < 45 less than 15 min as the reference, ORs of postoperative AKI were 2.59 (95% confidence interval [CI]:0.60 to 11.09, p = 0.200) in the 15-100 min group, and 4.04 (95%CI:0.92 to 17.76, p = 0.064) in the ≥ 100 min group after adjusting for preoperative and intraoperative covariates in multivariable logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative duration of BIS < 45 was independently and nonlinearly associated with the risk of postoperative AKI in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.
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Lesión Renal Aguda , Anestesia , Anestésicos , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Lesión Renal Aguda/epidemiología , Lesión Renal Aguda/etiología , Lesión Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiologíaRESUMEN
Patterned electrodes were developed for use in solid-state lithium-ion batteries, with the ultimate goal to promote fast-charging attributes through improving electrochemically activated surfaces within electrodes. By a conventional photolithography, patterned arrays of SnO2 nanowires were fabricated directly on the current collector, and empty channel structures formed between the resulting arrays were customized through modifying the size and interval of the SnO2 patterns. The composite electrolyte comprising Li7La3Zr2O12 and poly(ethylene oxide) was exploited to secure intimate interfacial contact at the electrode/electrolyte junction while preserving ionic conductivity in the bulk electrolyte. The potential and limitation of the electrode patterning approach were then explored experimentally. For example, the electrochemical behaviors of patterned electrodes were investigated as a function of variations in microchannel structures, and compared with those of conventional film-type electrodes. The findings show promise to improve electrode dynamics when electrochemical reaction kinetics could be hindered by poor interfacial characteristics on electrodes.
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BACKGROUND: Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) has been investigated for patients with low-risk, early-stage breast cancer. The The North American experience was evaluated by TARGIT-R (retrospective) to provide outcomes for patients treated in "real-world" clinical practice with breast IORT. This analysis presents a 5-year follow-up assessment. METHODS: TARGIT-R is a multi-institutional retrospective registry of patients who underwent lumpectomy and IORT between the years 2007 and 2013. The primary outcome of the evaluation was ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR). RESULTS: The evaluation included 667 patients with a median follow-up period of 5.1 years. Primary IORT (IORT at the time of lumpectomy) was performed for 72%, delayed IORT (after lumpectomy) for 3%, intended boost for 8%, and unintended boost (primary IORT followed by whole-breast radiation) for 17% of the patients. At 5 years, IBTR was 6.6% for all the patients, with 8% for the primary IORT cohort and 1.7% for the unintended-boost cohort. No recurrences were identified in the delayed IORT or intended-boost cohorts. Noncompliance with endocrine therapy (ET) was associated with higher IBTR risk (hazard ratio [HR], 3.67). Patients treated with primary IORT who were complaint with ET had a 5-year IBTR rate of 3.9%. CONCLUSION: The local recurrence rates in this series differ slightly from recent results of randomized IORT trials and are notably higher than in previous published studies using whole-breast radiotherapy for similar patients with early-stage breast cancer. Understanding differences in this retrospective series and the prospective trials will be critical to optimizing patient selection and outcomes going forward.
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Neoplasias de la Mama , Neoplasias de la Mama/radioterapia , Neoplasias de la Mama/cirugía , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Cuidados Intraoperatorios , Mastectomía Segmentaria , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/radioterapia , América del Norte , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To explore the efficacy of microwave ablation (MWA) in the treatment of benign thyroid nodules, and analyze related influencing factors. METHODS: The clinical and ultrasound data of 115 patients with 115 benign thyroid nodules treated with MWA were retrospectively analyzed. The volume of nodules at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the procedure was obtained, and the volume reduction rate (VRR) at each time point was calculated. With VRR > 90% as the criterion for nodule cure, binary logistic regression was employed to screen the factors that affect the efficacy. RESULTS: â At 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the procedure, the volume of nodules continued to decrease, the VRR gradually increased, and the differences at each time point were statistically significant (p < 0.05). A total of 29 (25.21%) nodules disappeared completely at 12 months after the procedure; â¡ Multivariate stepwise logistic regression showed that there was a statistically significant difference for the internal component of nodules, enhancement mode, and immediate volume after the procedure in determining the ablation efficacy (p < 0.05); ⢠The ROC curve was plotted for predicting the efficacy of MWA, with the results showing that the AUC, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 0.82, 67.50, 88.00, 79.10%, respectively; ⣠11 cases (9.56%) had side effects, 10 cases (8.70%) had minor complications, and three cases (2.61%) had major complications. CONCLUSION: MWA is safe and effective in the treatment of benign thyroid nodules. The internal component of nodules, enhancement mode, and immediate volume after the procedure are independent factors that affect the efficacy of ablation.
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Ablación por Radiofrecuencia , Nódulo Tiroideo , Humanos , Microondas , Estudios Retrospectivos , Nódulo Tiroideo/diagnóstico por imagen , Nódulo Tiroideo/cirugía , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Making decisions in alignment techniques in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains controversial. This study aims to identify the potential patients who were suitable for the kinematic (KA) or mechanical alignment (MA). METHODS: We reviewed 296 consecutive patients (296 TKAs, including 114 KA-TKAs and 182 MA-TKAs) who underwent unilateral TKA using a computer-assisted navigation from 2016 to 2018 in our prospectively maintained database. The minimum followup was 1 year. Clinical outcomes including the range of motion (ROM) and knee society score (KSS) were compared between KA-TKAs and MA-TKAs. Multiple regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between alignment techniques and KSS at the 1-year followup. Interaction and stratified analyses were conducted according to gender, age, body mass index (BMI), preoperative hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, ROM and KSS. RESULTS: ROM and KSS at the 1-year followup didn't differ between MA-TKAs and KA-TKAs (all p > 0.05). Alignment techniques did not associate with postoperative ROM (Adjusted ß = 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: - 0.3, 1.6; p = 0.752) or 1-year KSS (Adjusted ß = 2.2, 95%CI: - 0.7, 5.6; p = 0.107). Patients with a BMI more than 30 kg/m^2 achieved better 1-year KSS when using MA than KA (p for interaction< 0.05). Additionally, patients with preoperative HKA angle more than 10 degrees varus benefited more from KA than MA (p for interaction< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with severe varus deformity may be suitable for the KA technique, whereas MA should be used in obese patients.
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Artroplastia de Reemplazo de Rodilla , Prótesis de la Rodilla , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla , Artroplastia de Reemplazo de Rodilla/efectos adversos , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Humanos , Articulación de la Rodilla/cirugía , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/cirugíaRESUMEN
In this paper, an output-feedback fuzzy adaptive dynamic surface controller (FADSC) based on fuzzy adaptive extended state observer (FAESO) is proposed for autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) systems in the presence of external disturbances, parameter uncertainties, measurement noises and actuator faults. The fuzzy logic system is incorporated into both the observers and controllers to improve the adaptability of the entire system. The dynamics of the AUV system is established first, considering the external disturbances and parameter uncertainties. Based on the dynamic models, the ESO, combined with a fuzzy logic system tuning the observer bandwidth, is developed to not only adaptively estimate both system states and the lumped disturbances for the controller, but also reduce the impact of measurement noises. Then, the DSC, together with fuzzy logic system tuning the time constant of the low-pass filter, is designed using estimations from the FAESO for the AUV system. The asymptotic stability of the entire system is analyzed through Lyapunov's direct method in the time domain. Comparative simulations are implemented to verify the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method compared with other observers and controllers considering external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and measurement noises and even the actuator faults that are not considered in the design process. The results show that the proposed method outperforms others in terms of tracking accuracy, robustness and energy consumption.
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The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of preemptive analgesia on the development of trigeminal neuropathic pain. For this purpose, mechanical allodynia was evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley rats using chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION) and perineural application of 2% QX-314 to the infraorbital nerve. CCI-ION produced severe mechanical allodynia, which was maintained until postoperative day (POD) 30. An immediate single application of 2% QX-314 to the infraorbital nerve following CCI-ION significantly reduced neuropathic mechanical allodynia. Immediate double application of QX-314 produced a greater attenuation of mechanical allodynia than a single application of QX-314. Immediate double application of 2% QX-314 reduced the CCI-ION-induced upregulation of GFAP and p-p38 expression in the trigeminal ganglion. The upregulated p-p38 expression was co-localized with NeuN, a neuronal cell marker. We also investigated the role of voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) in the antinociception produced by preemptive application of QX-314 through analysis of the changes in Nav expression in the trigeminal ganglion following CCI-ION. Preemptive application of QX-314 significantly reduced the upregulation of Nav1.3, 1.7, and 1.9 produced by CCI-ION. These results suggest that long-lasting blockade of the transmission of pain signaling inhibits the development of neuropathic pain through the regulation of Nav isoform expression in the trigeminal ganglion. Importantly, these results provide a potential preemptive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neuropathic pain after nerve injury.
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The color of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit flesh is often used as an indicator of quality. Generally, fruit color is determined by the accumulation of carotenoids and flavonoids, along with concomitant degradation of chlorophylls during ripening. Several genes, such as phytoenesynthetase1 (Psy1), STAY-GREEN (SGR), and SlMYB12, have been extensively studied to elucidate the genes controlling fruit coloration. In this study, we observed low carotenoid levels without degradation of chlorophylls in green-fruited tomato caused by mutations in three genes, Psy1, SGR, and SlMYB12. We crossed two inbred lines, BUC30 (green-fruited) and KNR3 (red-fruited), to confirm the causal effects of these mutations on fruit coloration. The F2 population segregated for eight different fruit colors in the proportions expected for three pairs of gene, as confirmed by a chi-square test. Therefore, we developed a population of tomato with diverse fruit colors and used molecular markers to detect the genes responsible for the individual fruit colors. These newly-designed DNA-based markers can be used for selecting desired fruit color genotypes within adapted breeding materials and cultivars for breeding.
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Frutas/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Carotenoides/genética , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Clorofila/genética , Color , Flavonoides/genética , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Mutación , Pigmentación , Proteínas de Plantas/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Single-dose intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is an emerging treatment for women with early stage breast cancer. The objective of this study was to define the frequency of IORT use, patient selection, and outcomes of patients treated in North America. METHODS: A multi-institutional retrospective registry was created, and 19 institutions using low-kilovoltage IORT for the treatment of breast cancer entered data on patients treated at their institution before July 31, 2013. Patient selection, IORT treatment details, complications, and recurrences were analyzed. RESULTS: From 2007 to July 31, 2013, a total of 935 women were identified and treated with lumpectomy and IORT. A total of 822 patients had at least 6 months' follow-up documented and were included in the analysis. The number of IORT cases performed increased significantly over time (p < 0.001). The median patient age was 66.8 years. Most patients had disease that was <2 cm in size (90 %) and was estrogen positive (91 %); most patients had invasive ductal cancer (68 %). Of those who had a sentinel lymph node procedure performed, 89 % had negative sentinel lymph nodes. The types of IORT performed were primary IORT in 79 %, secondary IORT in 7 %, or planned boost in 14 %. Complications were low. At a median follow-up of 23.3 months, crude in-breast recurrence was 2.3 % for all patients treated. CONCLUSIONS: IORT use for the treatment of breast cancer is significantly increasing in North America, and physicians are selecting low-risk patients for this treatment option. Low complication and local recurrence rates support IORT as a treatment option for selected women with early stage breast cancer.
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Neoplasias de la Mama/terapia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/terapia , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia , Selección de Paciente , Radioterapia/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Canadá , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/secundario , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Cuidados Intraoperatorios , Metástasis Linfática , Mastectomía Segmentaria/efectos adversos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Neoplasia Residual , Radioterapia/métodos , Dosificación Radioterapéutica , Sistema de Registros , Estudios Retrospectivos , Ganglio Linfático Centinela/patología , Carga Tumoral , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effect of Ligustrazine Injection (LI) against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and to explore its mechanism. METHODS: Thirty healthy adult guinea pigs were randomly divided into three groups, 10 in each group, i.e., the normal control group, the cisplatin group, and the LI group. Guinea pigs in the normal control group were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline at 3 mL/kg for 7 consecutive days. Those in the cisplatin group were intraperitoneally injected with cisplatin at 3 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days. Those in the LI group were intraperitoneally injected with LI at 140 mg/kg for 7 days, but cisplatin (3 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected from the opposite side starting from the 4th day. Brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) was performed in all animals before and after injection. All animals were sacrificed after the final testing under anesthesia and their cochleas collected. Half the cochleas of each group were collected for silver nitrate staining of cochlear basilar membrane stretched. The other half the cochleas of each group made into paraffin sections to observe the apoptosis of cochlea cells by TUNEL method and the expression levels of c-Jun detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in the difference of BAEP threshold among the 3 groups before injection (P > 0.05), but the BAEP threshold increased in the cisplatin group and the LI group (P < 0.05). Besides, it was higher in the cisplatin group (P < 0.05). In the cisplatin group, most hair cells were missing, spiral ganglion cells obviously decreased, more TUNEL positive cells occurred, and the expression of c-Jun was stronger. But the aforesaid impairment in the LI group was obviously lessened (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: LI showed certain antagonist effect on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Its mechanism might be associated with scavenging oxygen radicals of the cochlea tissue, improving the microcirculation, and fighting against apoptosis.
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Cisplatino/toxicidad , Cóclea/patología , Pirazinas/farmacología , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Cóclea/efectos de los fármacos , Cóclea/metabolismo , Potenciales Evocados Auditivos del Tronco Encefálico , Cobayas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
Biological fish often swim in a schooling manner, the mechanism of which comes from the fact that these schooling movements can improve the fishes' hydrodynamic efficiency. Inspired by this phenomenon, a target-following control framework for a biomimetic autonomous system is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a following motion model is established based on the mechanism of fish schooling swimming, in which the follower robotic fish keeps a certain distance and orientation from the leader robotic fish. Second, by incorporating a predictive concept into reinforcement learning, a predictive deep deterministic policy gradient-following controller is provided with the normalized state space, action space, reward, and prediction design. It can avoid overshoot to a certain extent. A nonlinear model predictive controller is designed and can be selected for the follower robotic fish, together with the predictive reinforcement learning. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted, including the fix point and dynamic target following for single robotic fish, as well as cooperative following with the leader robotic fish. The obtained results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed methods, providing a valuable sight for the cooperative control of underwater robots to explore the ocean.
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BACKGROUND: Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is an important cause of early dysfunction and exacerbation of immune rejection in transplanted hearts. The integrin-related protein CD47 exacerbates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting the nitric oxide signaling pathway through interaction with thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). In addition, the preservation quality of the donor hearts is a key determinant of transplant success. Preservation duration beyond four hours is associated with primary graft dysfunction. We hypothesized that blocking the CD47-TSP-1 system would attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury in the transplanted heart and, thus, improve the preservation of donor hearts. METHODS: We utilized a syngeneic mouse heart transplant model to assess the effect of CD47 monoclonal antibody (CD47mAb) to treat MIRI. Donor hearts were perfused with CD47mAb or an isotype-matched control immunoglobulin (IgG2a) and were implanted into the abdominal cavity of the recipients after being stored in histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution at 4 °C for 4 h or 8 h. RESULTS: At both the 4-h and 8-h preservation time points, mice in the experimental group perfused with CD47mAb exhibited prolonged survival in the transplanted heart, reduced inflammatory response and oxidative stress, significantly decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, and fewer apoptosis-related biomarkers. CONCLUSION: The application of CD47mAb for the blocking of CD47 attenuates MIRI as well as improves the preservation and prognosis of the transplanted heart in a murine heart transplant model.
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Antígeno CD47 , Trasplante de Corazón , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Animales , Antígeno CD47/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antígeno CD47/metabolismo , Antígeno CD47/inmunología , Ratones , Masculino , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Preservación de Órganos/métodos , Daño por Reperfusión Miocárdica/tratamiento farmacológico , Daño por Reperfusión Miocárdica/inmunología , Daño por Reperfusión Miocárdica/metabolismo , Trombospondina 1/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Background/Objectives: The presence of seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) in prostate cancer (PCa) is associated with poorer postoperative outcomes. This study evaluates the predictive value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PSMA PET/CT) for SVI in PCa. Methods: This cohort study included consecutive robotic prostatectomy patients for PCa at three Australian tertiary referral centres between April 2016 and September 2022. MRI and PSMA PET/CT results, clinicopathological variables, including age, BMI, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), PSA density, DRE, Biopsy Gleason score, Positive biopsy cores, PIRADS v2.1 score, MRI volume and MRI lesion size were extracted. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRI and PSMA PET/CT for predicting SVI were compared with the histopathological results by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Subgroup univariate and multivariate analysis was performed. Results: Of the 528 patients identified, 86 had SVI on final pathology. MRI had a low sensitivity of 0.162 (95% CI: 0.088-0.261) and a high specificity of 0.963 (95% CI: 0.940-0.979). The PSMA PET/CT had a low sensitivity of 0.439 (95% CI: 0.294-0591) and a high specificity of 0.933 (95% CI: 0.849-0.969). When MRI and PSMA PET/CT were used in combination, the sensitivity and specificity improved to 0.514 (95%CI: 0.356-0.670) and 0.880 (95% CI: 0.813-0.931). The multivariate regression showed a higher biopsy Gleason score (p = 0.033), higher PSA (p < 0.001), older age (p = 0.001), and right base lesions (p = 0.003) to be predictors of SVI. Conclusions: MRI and PSMA PET/CT independently underpredicted SVI. The sensitivity and AUC improved when they were used in combination. Multiple clinicopathological factors were associated with SVI on multivariate regression and predictive models incorporating this information may improve oncological outcomes.
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Despite the very high theoretical energy density, Li-S batteries still need to fundamentally overcome the sluggish redox kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and low sulfur utilization that limit the practical applications. Here, highly active and stable cathode, nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanotubes (NPCTs) decorated with NixCo1-xS2 nanocrystals are systematically synthesized as multi-functional electrocatalytic materials. The nitrogen-doped carbon matrix can contribute to the adsorption of LiPSs on heteroatom active sites with buffering space. Also, both experimental and computation-based theoretical analyses validate the electrocatalytic principles of co-operational facilitated redox reaction dominated by covalent-site-dependent mechanism; the favorable adsorption-interaction and electrocatalytic conversion of LiPSs take place subsequently by weakening sulfur-bond strength on the catalytic NiOh 2+-S-CoOh 2+ backbones via octahedral TM-S (TM = Ni, Co) covalency-relationship, demonstrating that fine tuning of CoOh 2+ sites by NiOh 2+ substitution effectively modulates the binding energies of LiPSs on the NixCo1-xS2@NPCTs surface. Noteworthy, the Ni0.261Co0.739S2@NPCTs catalyst shows great cyclic stability with a capacity of up to 511 mAh g-1 and only 0.055% decay per cycle at 5.0 C during 1000 cycles together with a high areal capacity of 2.20 mAh cm-2 under 4.61 mg cm-2 sulfur loading even after 200 cycles at 0.2 C. This strategy highlights a new perspective for achieving high-energy-density Li-S batteries.
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Crosstalk, the exchange of chemical species between battery electrodes, significantly accelerates thermal runaway (TR) of lithium-ion batteries. To date, the understanding of their main mechanisms has centered on single-directional crosstalk of oxygen (O2) gas from the cathode to the anode, underestimating the exothermic reactions during TR. However, the role of multidirectional crosstalk in steering additional exothermic reactions is yet to be elucidated due to the difficulties of correlative in situ analyses of full cells. Herein, the way in which such crosstalk triggers self-amplifying feedback is elucidated that dramatically exacerbates TR within enclosed full cells, by employing synchrotron-based high-temperature X-ray diffraction, mass spectrometry, and calorimetry. These findings reveal that ethylene (C2H4) gas generated at the anode promotes O2 evolution at the cathode. This O2 then returns to the anode, further promoting additional C2H4 formation and creating a self-amplifying loop, thereby intensifying TR. Furthermore, CO2, traditionally viewed as an extinguishing gas, engages in the crosstalk by interacting with lithium at the anode to form Li2CO3, thereby accelerating TR beyond prior expectations. These insights have led to develop an anode coating that impedes the formation of C2H4 and O2, to effectively mitigate TR.
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Propofol is one of the most used intravenous anesthetic agents, which is widely used in clinical anesthesia induction and maintenance of pediatric patients. Exposure of the developing brain to propofol has been reported to lead to adverse brain changes, which in turn can induce persistent behavioral abnormalities in adulthood. However, the mechanisms by which propofol exposure in the developing brain induces cognitive impairment remain unclear. Here we report that repeated propofol exposure during the second postnatal week impairs spatial learning and memory in young mice. The reduced excitatory synaptic function and synaptogenesis in hippocampal CA1 neurons underlie this cognitive impairment. Propofol exposure specifically activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88)-NF-κB signaling pathway. TLR4 deficiency recues propofol exposure-induced synaptic function and cognitive deficits in young mice. Thus, we provide evidence that the activation of the TLR4-mediated pathway by propofol exposure may serve as a crucial trigger for the cognitive impairment in young adulthood caused by repeated exposure to propofol in the developing brain.
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Disfunción Cognitiva , Propofol , Animales , Ratones , Anestésicos Intravenosos/toxicidad , Cognición , Disfunción Cognitiva/inducido químicamente , Disfunción Cognitiva/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Plasticidad Neuronal , Propofol/farmacología , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Flat-panel X-ray source is an experimental X-ray emitter with target application of static computer tomography (CT), which can save imaging space and time. However, the X-ray cone beams emitted by the densely arranged micro-ray sources are overlapped, causing serious structural overlapping and visual blur in the projection results. Traditional deoverlapping methods can hardly solve this problem well. METHOD: We converted the overlapping cone beam projections to parallel beam projections through a U-like neural network and selected structural similarity (SSIM) loss as the loss function. In this study, we converted three kinds of overlapping cone beam projections of the Shepp-Logan, line-pairs, and abdominal data with two overlapping levels to corresponding parallel beam projections. Training completed, we tested the model using the test set data that was not used at the training phase, and evaluated the difference between the test set conversion results and their corresponding parallel beams through three indicators: mean squared error (MSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and SSIM. In addition, projections from head phantoms were applied for generalization test. RESULT: In the Shepp-Logan low-overlapping task, we obtained a MSE of 1.624×10-5, a PSNR of 47.892 dB, and a SSIM of 0.998 which are the best results of the six experiments. For the most challenging abdominal task, the MSE, PSNR, and SSIM are 1.563×10-3, 28.0586 dB, and 0.983, respectively. In more generalized data, the model also achieved good results. CONCLUSION: This study proves the feasibility of utilizing the end-to-end U-net for deblurring and deoverlapping in the flat-panel X-ray source domain.
Asunto(s)
Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico , Aprendizaje Profundo , Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico/métodos , Rayos X , Radiografía , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Fantasmas de Imagen , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , AlgoritmosRESUMEN
Streptococcus pyogenes, a multiple-auxotrophic human pathogen, regulates virulence gene expression according to nutritional availability during various stages in the infection process or in different infection sites. We discovered that CvfA influenced the expression of virulence genes according to growth phase and nutritional status. The influence of CvfA in C medium, rich in peptides and poor in carbohydrates, was most pronounced at the stationary phase. Under these conditions, up to 30% of the transcriptome exhibited altered expression; the levels of expression of multiple virulence genes were altered, including the genes encoding streptokinase, CAMP factor, streptolysin O, M protein (more abundant in the CvfA(-) mutant), SpeB, mitogenic factor, and streptolysin S (less abundant). The increase of carbohydrates or peptides in media restored the levels of expression of the virulence genes in the CvfA(-) mutant to wild-type levels (emm, ska, and cfa by carbohydrates; speB by peptides). Even though the regulation of gene expression dependent on nutritional stress is commonly linked to the stringent response, the levels of ppGpp were not altered by deletion of cvfA. Instead, CvfA interacted with enolase, implying that CvfA, a putative RNase, controls the transcript decay rates of virulence factors or their regulators according to nutritional status. The virulence of CvfA(-) mutants was highly attenuated in murine models, indicating that CvfA-mediated gene regulation is necessary for the pathogenesis of S. pyogenes. Taken together, the CvfA-enolase complex in S. pyogenes is involved in the regulation of virulence gene expression by controlling RNA degradation according to nutritional stress.