Linking Alcohol-Specific Masculine Norms and Drinking Behavior Among Latino Men.

A robust literature suggests men typically engage in more general and heavy alcohol use than women, and that many health disparities related to drinking are more prevalent among Latino men as compared to non-Latino White men. Researchers posit that adherence to masculine gender role scripts may be one reason men choose to drink alcohol. To date, research linking masculinity to drinking among Latinos has been mixed and has used broad measures for masculinity that are arguably quite distal from alcohol outcomes. Thus, the primary aim of this study was to prospectively examine the link between previous bidimensional conceptualizations of masculinity among Latino men (i.e., machismo) and drinking while incorporating a more proximal, alcohol-specific measure of masculinity. Using data collected from two time points, results indicated that baseline endorsements of masculine norms characterized by drinking to excess was robustly related to both general and problematic alcohol use six months later. Conversely, baseline endorsements of masculine norms characterized by controlled drinking was related to later reductions of alcohol-related problems. Broader bi-dimensional measures of machismo (i.e., traditional machismo and caballerismo) at baseline were also included in each model and were unrelated to later general and problematic drinking. These data suggest there is merit to employing masculinity scales that more specifically capture the role of masculinity on alcohol outcomes among Latino emerging adults. In doing this, findings pertaining to masculinity and drinking may be more easily translated into prevention and intervention settings.

Heterogeneous Patterns of Marijuana Use Motives Using Latent Profile Analysis.

Background: Given that marijuana use is often associated with detrimental physical and mental health problems, research examining motives for its use is critical for effective remedial and preventive treatment. To date, the majority of research on marijuana use motives has used variable-centered analyses, which overlooks potentially meaningful heterogeneous response patterns and the associations of those patterns with other risk/protective factors. Methods: To address this gap, in the current study, we conducted a person-centered analysis (latent profile analysis) to identify subgroups of participants based on endorsed marijuana use motives, and examined the construct validity of the optimal class solution (covariates included sociodemographic (e.g., age), psychiatric (e.g., depression), and marijuana-use indices (e.g., use-frequency, use-related problems). Participants were 898 college students (Mage = 20.93, SDage = 3.10; 68.9% female) who completed an anonymous online survey examining substance use and psychological well-being, were 18 years or older, and endorsed lifetime marijuana use. Data were collected November 2016 through February 2018. Results: Results identified four unique classes of coping, conformity, social, and enhancement marijuana use motives: (a) "Low Motives" (37.6%), (b) "High Conformity" (4.9%), (c) "Low Conformity" (45.8%), and (d) "High Motives" (11.7%). In terms of covariates, higher motive classes tended to report more frequent and problematic use. The two classes uniquely characterized by conformity motives only differed on past-month marijuana use frequency. Conclusions/Importance: The current findings provide evidence that specific classes of motives were not only associated with marijuana use frequency and problems but other risk and protective factors, such as anxiety sensitivity and social support.

Posttraumatic stress disorder and cigarette smoking: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Previous reviews of the PTSD and cigarette smoking literature showed high PTSD-smoking comorbidity and problematic smoking outcomes (Feldner et al., 2007, Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 14-45; Fu et al., 2007, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9, 1071-1084). However, past reviews also noted several prominent gaps in the literature, including a lack of etiological work examining underlying mechanisms and research on specialized PTSD-smoking treatments. The present review summarizes an extensive body of research conducted since the previous reviews targeting these areas of need. METHODS: Literature searches identified 66 empirical studies specific to smoking and PTSD. RESULTS: Smokers were approximately twice more likely to have PTSD than nonsmokers in the general population, and individuals with PTSD were approximately twice as likely to be current smokers. Smokers with PTSD evidenced more negative affect, trauma history, and comorbid psychiatric history, as well as quit attempts and higher relapse rates. PTSD symptoms were associated with expectations that smoking would reduce negative affect, which, in turn, was associated with increased smoking rate and nicotine dependence. Male sex was associated with nicotine dependence and PTSD avoidance, while the relationship between PTSD and smoking relapse due to withdrawal was stronger in females. Specialized, integrated PTSD and smoking cessation treatments showed promise in increasing quit success relative to standard care in randomized trials. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of PTSD-smoking co-occurrence remain high. Notable gains have been made in relevant epidemiological and etiological research, although more work is needed in trauma-specific subpopulations. Several promising specialized treatments for comorbid smoking-PTSD have been developed and empirically tested but require replication.

Development and Psychometric Validation of Capacity Assessment of Prosthetic Performance for the Upper Limb (CAPPFUL).

OBJECTIVES: (1) To develop a performance-based measure for adult upper limb (UL) prosthetic functioning through broad (ie, overall performance) and functional domain-specific (eg, control skills) assessment of commonplace activities; (2) to conduct initial psychometric evaluation of the Capacity Assessment of Prosthetic Performance for the Upper Limb (CAPPFUL). DESIGN: Internal consistency of CAPPFUL and interrater reliability for task, functional domain, and full-scale (sub)scores among 3 independent raters were estimated. Known-group validity was examined comparing scores by amputation level. Convergent validity was assessed between CAPPFUL and 2 hand dexterity or function tests; discriminant validity was assessed against self-reported disability. SETTING: Six prosthetic rehabilitation centers across the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects (N=60) with UL amputation using a prosthesis. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Not applicable. RESULTS: Interrater reliability was excellent for scoring on the task, domain, and full-scale scores (intraclass correlation coefficients=.88-.99). Internal consistency was good (α=.79-.82). Generally, subjects with higher UL amputation levels scored lower (worse) than subjects with lower UL amputation levels. CAPPFUL demonstrated strong correlations with measures of hand dexterity or functioning (rs=-.58 to .72) and moderate correlation with self-reported disability (r=-.35). CONCLUSIONS: CAPPFUL was designed as a versatile, low-burden measure of prosthesis performance for any UL functional prosthetic device type and any UL amputation level. CAPPFUL assesses overall performance and 5 functional performance domains during completion of 11 tasks that require movement in all planes while manipulating everyday objects requiring multiple grasp patterns. Psychometric evaluation indicates good interrater reliability, internal consistency, known-group validity, and convergent and discriminant validity.

Perceived control of anxiety as a moderator in the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and problematic alcohol use among adolescents.

The current study examined perceived control over anxiety as a moderator in the relationship between AS and (1) alcohol use frequency and (2) binge drinking frequency among 80 community-recruited adolescents (Mage = 15.40; 40% female). Eighty-five percent of adolescents reported consuming an alcohol beverage, while 39.5% reported binge drinking. Results indicated significant interactions between AS and perceived control. More specifically, when perceived control was low, higher anxiety sensitivity was related to increased frequency of alcohol use days, but not with binge drinking days. Alternatively, when perceived control over anxiety was high, elevated anxiety sensitivity was associated with a decreased in binge drinking days, but not with alcohol use days. Findings suggest that influence of perceived control over anxiety may be another important, malleable factor that should be considered in future etiological and intervention-oriented work targeting anxiety sensitivity and alcohol misuse among adolescence.

Alcohol motivations associated with frequency of alcohol use, binge drinking, and alcohol problems among active duty junior enlisted soldiers and non-commissioned officers.

Problematic alcohol use is a serious threat to the behavioral health of active-duty Service Members (ADSM), resulting in numerous calls from governmental agencies to better understand mechanistic factors contributing to alcohol misuse within the military. Alcohol use motives are reliable predictors of alcohol-related behaviors and are considered malleable targets for prevention and intervention efforts. However, empirical research indicates that drinking motives vary across contextually distinct populations. Although some research has been conducted among veteran and reservist populations, limited work has been specifically focused on ADSM and no research has evaluated motives and alcohol metrics among ADSM based on military rank. Participants for the current study included 682 ADSM recruited from a large military installation in the U.S. Structural equation modeling evaluated associations between four drinking motives (i.e., enhancement, social, conformity, coping) and three alcohol misuse metrics (i.e., alcohol frequency, binge frequency, alcohol problems). Three models were evaluated: one full (combined) model and two separate models based on military rank - junior enlisted (i.e., E1-E4) and non-commissioned officers (NCOs) (i.e., E5-E9). Results for junior enlisted ADSM indicated that coping and enhancement motives were most strongly associated with all alcohol misuse metrics. However, among NCOs, results indicated that alcohol problems were only associated with coping motives. Notably, results also indicated that alcohol use motives accounted for substantively more variance across all alcohol-related metrics among NCOs. Findings generally support extant military-related literature indicating use of alcohol for coping (e.g., with anxiety) as the motivation most consistently associated with increased alcohol misuse. However, novel findings highlight enhancement motives - using alcohol to attain some positive internal reward - as another, often stronger, motivation impacting alcohol use outcomes. Further, findings highlight notable distinctions between alcohol use motives (i.e., coping vs. enhancement) and the impact of alcohol use motives (i.e., effect size) on alcohol metrics between junior enlisted and NCOs.

Cluster-b personality disorder traits and impulsivity: Indirect associations with alcohol use severity through positive alcohol expectancies.

Prior theory and research suggest that both Cluster-B personality pathology and trait impulsivity are indirectly associated with alcohol use through positive alcohol expectancies. Yet, no prior study has investigated whether features of each of the Cluster-B personality disorders (PDs) (i.e., antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic) and rash impulsiveness are indirectly associated with alcohol use severity through positive alcohol expectancies. In a cross-sectional design, social drinkers (N = 200; 51% female; Mage = 26 years) completed self-report measures of trait (rash) impulsivity, Cluster-B personality disorder (PD) traits, positive alcohol expectancies, and alcohol use severity. Simple and serial mediation analyses were used to test positive alcohol expectancies and the association between trait impulsivity and alcohol expectancies as potential mediators of personality disorder trait relations with alcohol use severity. Simple mediation analyses evidenced that trait impulsivity and traits specific to each of the Cluster-B (PDs) were indirectly associated with alcohol use severity through positive alcohol expectancies. Serial mediation analyses further evidenced that the Cluster-B (PD) traits were indirectly associated with alcohol use severity via positive alcohol expectancies both uniquely from and together with trait impulsivity. Current findings are novel and suggest that positive alcohol expectancies may be important to connecting the rashly impulsive aspects of Cluster-B (PDs) with greater alcohol use severity. However, current findings also suggest that features of the Cluster-B (PDs) probably increase risk for alcohol use disorder due to other reasons (e.g., other aspects of personality or forms of impulsivity). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Measurement validity of the six-factor model of psychological well-being in a military sample: Implications for measuring well-being in service members.

Subjective well-being is a positive psychological construct that has important implications for the U.S. Military's goal to develop service members' strengths and support their overall thriving and downstream resilience. Despite this, the concept of well-being has not been well studied in military populations who have unique work demands, stressors, and autonomy/agency in daily life compared to civilians. To address this shortcoming in the literature, the present study assessed Ryff's measures of psychological well-being (PWB) in 1,333 U.S. service members prior to the deployments in the Middle East. Various methods attempting to validate the theoretical model purported by Ryff were unsuccessful, and exploratory factor analyses did not result in a novel model for this population. Future research should continue to evaluate proposed models of soldier well-being and propose novel theories, as well as measures, to assess this important construct. Implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Prospective associations between sleep disturbances and cannabis use among Veterans: A behavioral economic approach.

BACKGROUND: Veterans often use cannabis for sleep despite limited evidence of its efficacy. Moreover, how sleep disturbances impact cannabis use longitudinally is unclear. We applied a behavioral economic framework to examine whether sleep disturbances and cannabis demand (i.e., relative value) were related risk-factors for future cannabis use and problems. METHODS: Veterans deployed post-9/11/2001 who reported past 6-month cannabis use at baseline (n = 126) completed surveys on their sleep disturbances, demand via the Marijuana Purchase Task (MPT), and cannabis use. Mediation analyses using Hayes' PROCESS Macro and zero-inflated negative binomial models tested indirect effects of baseline sleep disturbances on 12-month cannabis use frequency, quantity, and problems via 6-month cannabis demand (i.e., intensity, Omax, Pmax, and breakpoint). RESULTS: Only Omax (i.e., maximum expenditure for cannabis) was a significant mediator for 12-month cannabis use quantity and problems when examined concurrently with other demand indices after controlling for covariates. Intensity (i.e., purchase at zero cost) was a significant mediator for 12-month cannabis use frequency when examined concurrently with other demand indices in models controlling for lifetime cannabis use, but not past 30-day use at baseline. CONCLUSION: Cannabis demand, specifically intensity and Omax, may help to identify Veterans with sleep disturbances who are at increased risk for escalating their cannabis use. Subsequent research should assess the extent that sleep disturbances impact cannabis demand in the context of withdrawal, which will inform novel prevention and intervention strategies geared toward reducing negative cannabis-related outcomes among Veterans.

Longitudinal associations between impulsivity and alcohol and cannabis use frequency, quantity, and problems among military veterans.

OBJECTIVE: Impulsivity is an established etiological risk factor for alcohol- and cannabis-related outcomes. However, limited work has focused on longitudinal associations between multiple trait impulsivity facets and indices of alcohol and cannabis use among military veterans-a contextually distinct population that evidence unique impulsive personality traits and substance use patterns. METHOD: A structural equation model (SEM) examined longitudinal associations between five UPPS-P impulsivity facets measured at baseline and six indices of alcohol and cannabis use (i.e., frequency, quantity, and problems) measured at 1-year follow-up among 361 returning Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) veterans. RESULTS: Findings indicated baseline sensation seeking was significantly positively associated with 1-year alcohol use frequency (ß = .18); baseline negative urgency was positively associated with alcohol use problems (ß = .31); and baseline lack of perseverance (ß = .25) and sensation seeking (ß = .21) were positively associated with 1-year cannabis use problems. None of the baseline impulsivity facets were associated with 1-year alcohol use quantity, cannabis use frequency, or cannabis use quantity. CONCLUSIONS: Results provide preliminary support that impulsivity may play a unique role in understanding alcohol- and cannabis-related problems over time among veterans. Further, results suggest that specific impulsivity facets are prospectively associated with cannabis problems (i.e., lack of perseverance and sensation seeking) and alcohol problems (i.e., negative urgency). Findings reinforce the importance of differentially evaluating impulsivity-substance use associations within contextually distinct populations (e.g., adolescent, veteran), and highlight potentially meaningful intervention targets among veterans. However, replication is needed with stronger temporal controls and more diverse veteran subsamples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

A psychometric evaluation of the Marijuana Problems Index among college students: Confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance by gender.

Although the Marijuana Problems Index (MPI) is widely used in studies with college student samples to reflect a unidimensional measure of cannabis-related problems, no studies have assessed the psychometric properties of the MPI in a college student population. The present study sought to resolve this gap in a sample of 879 college students reporting past-year cannabis use. Confirmatory factor analyses were used to test the factor structure of the unidimensional 23- and 18-item MPI and measurement invariance across gender. Bivariate correlations between the final factors, cannabis use history/frequency, and other substance use outcomes were used to examine concurrent and discriminant validities (i.e., vs. noncannabis outcomes). The 18-item (but not the 23-item) MPI demonstrated good model fit, measurement invariance across gender, adequate internal reliability, as well as concurrent and discriminant validities. Results support the use of the 18-item MPI over the 23-item MPI for conceptualizing problematic cannabis use, including the testing of gender-specific differences, among college students. Findings also reinforce the importance of evaluating the psychometric properties of widely used measures across samples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Coping strategy utilization among posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and substance use co-occurrence typologies: A latent class analysis.

OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of research on primary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and substance use among trauma-exposed populations. To guide the development of more effective prevention efforts, the current study sought to identify underlying coping mechanisms that impact PTSD-substance use co-occurrence. METHOD: A person-centered analytic approach (latent class analysis) examined PTSD-substance use co-occurrence typologies (classes) and identified theoretically adaptive (e.g., active coping) and maladaptive (e.g., denial) coping strategies that differentiated between classes among a sample of 1,270 trauma-exposed participants (Mage = 20.71, 73.5% female, 45.7% White). RESULTS: Latent class analysis identified five distinct typologies, reflective of extant epidemiological and etiological work. Generally, behavioral disengagement and self-blame coping increased the likelihood of being in more severe PTSD-illicit substance use (e.g., cocaine) comorbidity classes. Positive reframing and planning differentiated between low and moderate illicit substance typologies with moderate PTSD severity. Venting, acceptance, and self-distraction differentiated between asymptomatic and moderate PTSD severity typologies with low illicit substance use. CONCLUSIONS: Findings identify general coping strategies associated with increased likelihood of being in more severe comorbidity typologies, as well as several unique coping strategies associated with risk of transitioning between low/moderate PTSD and illicit substance use classes. Relevant interventions (e.g., trauma psychoeducation, guilt-reduction therapy, psychological first aid) that may be targets for future prevention-oriented work are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Examining relations of polytraumatization typologies with positive memory count and phenomenology.

Background and Objectives: Most individuals experience multiple potentially traumatizing events (PTEs); hence, it is important to consider count and types of PTEs (polytraumatization) in relation to post-trauma health. Notably, no research has examined polytraumatization typologies in relation to positive memory count and phenomenology. We examined (1) latent subgroupings of individuals based on PTE endorsements; and (2) relation of the optimal latent class solution to positive memory count and phenomenology. Design: Participants were 203 trauma-exposed adults (Mage = 35.40; 61.10% females); we used PTEs endorsed on the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 as indicators for analyses. Results: Latent class analyses indicated a three-class solution differing in quantity and quality of PTE types: Low Experience, Predominant Interpersonal PTEs, and Predominant Non-Interpersonal PTEs. Further, more positive memories predicted membership in the Low Experience vs. other classes; greater sensory details of a positive memory predicted membership in the Low Experience vs. the Predominant Interpersonal PTEs Classes; and greater accessibility of a positive memory predicted membership in the Predominant Interpersonal PTEs vs. the Predominant Non-Interpersonal PTEs Classes. Conclusions: Results indicated three meaningful subgroups endorsing differing levels/types of PTEs; count, sensory details, and accessibility of positive memories, pending further investigation, may differentiate these subgroups.

Desire to drink as a function of laboratory-induced social stress among adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Research consistently demonstrates a link between social anxiety and alcohol-related problems; however, the majority of work has been retrospective, and conducted with adults. Despite an extensive literature highlighting coping-related motives as an underlying mechanism, real-time work presents mixed findings, and no published research has examined an adolescent sample using experimental psychopathology techniques. METHODS: The current study tested whether (1) history of social anxiety symptoms positively correlated with alcohol-related cognitions following laboratory-induced social stress, (2) state anxiety was positively correlated with alcohol-related cognitions, and (3) whether the nature of the stressor (performance versus rejection) impacted the strength of identified relations, in a sample of community-recruited adolescents reporting recent alcohol use. Participants (n = 114; Mage = 16.01; 64% girls) were randomly assigned to either a performance- or rejection-oriented task. RESULTS: Findings indicated that history of social anxiety symptoms was positively correlated with state anxiety elicited by both tasks. Further, history of social anxiety symptoms was not related to change in desire to drink, but was positively related to the belief that alcohol 'would make me feel better.' State anxiety was positively related to both desire to drink and relief outcome expectancies across both tasks. Finally, the nature of the task did not moderate responding. LIMITATIONS: Single site, community sampling confines interpretations, and the tasks did not fully perform as expected. CONCLUSIONS: Further study is needed; however, the current findings support the contention that socially-oriented distress may be a developmentally-relevant, malleable target for prevention efforts aimed at problematic alcohol use among adolescents.

An experimental investigation of peer rejection and social anxiety on alcohol and cannabis use willingness: Accounting for social contexts and use cues in the laboratory.

OBJECTIVE: Evidence suggests that social anxiety (SA) is a risk factor for problematic alcohol and cannabis use, particularly during states of social stress. Unfortunately, laboratory studies to date have overlooked decision-making mechanisms (e.g., use willingness) and contextual features of commonly used social stress tasks that may clarify what is driving these links. The current study begins to address this gap by testing the effects of SA and laboratory-induced peer rejection on acute alcohol and cannabis use willingness within a simulated party setting. METHOD: 80 emerging adults (18-25 years; 70% women) endorsing lifetime alcohol and cannabis use were randomly assigned to experience rejection or neutral social cues. They rated their willingness to use alcohol and cannabis before and after cue exposure within the simulated party. A hierarchical regression tested the main and interaction effects of SA symptoms and experimental condition (Rejection vs. Neutral) on alcohol and cannabis use willingness, controlling for past-year use frequency and willingness to accept any offers (e.g., food and nonalcoholic drinks). RESULTS: There were statistically significant main (but not interaction) effects of SA and experimental condition on cannabis use willingness. Higher SA and Rejection exposure were each associated with greater cannabis use willingness. There were neither main nor interaction effects on alcohol willingness. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that elevated SA increases cannabis use willingness across social contexts, regardless of Rejection exposure, while Rejection exposure increases use willingness similarly across levels of SA. Together, findings reinforce the need to consider social-contextual factors and polysubstance use in laboratory settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of bodily arousal on desire to drink alcohol among trauma-exposed college students.

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol consumption on college campuses is a major public health concern. Extant literature has identified trauma exposure as a robust risk factor for problematic alcohol use in this at-risk population. However, the mechanisms underlying this association are less well-studied. Research indicates that bodily arousal is a fundamental feature of trauma exposure, and posits that internal stimuli (e.g., heart pounding) at the time of trauma may manifest into conditioned cues that can trigger posttraumatic responding and related symptomatology, including alcohol use. However, past work supporting these assertions has used paradigms purposefully designed to evoke memories of the trauma, making it difficult to ascertain whether the mechanism driving subsequent alcohol craving is the explicit memory cue or the associated bodily arousal. METHODS: The current study examined whether an implicit, trauma-relevant cue of bodily arousal (via voluntary hyperventilation) - independent of any explicit memory cue - would elicit increased desire to drink among 104 (Mage = 20.30; 61.5% female) trauma-exposed undergraduates. RESULTS: Results found no statistically significant difference in change in alcohol craving between the hyperventilation and control tasks. However, secondary analyses indicated that trauma type (i.e., interpersonal/non-interpersonal) may play an influential role in this relationship. More specifically, individuals reporting interpersonal trauma as their most traumatic event evidenced a significantly greater increase in desire to drink following hyperventilation compared to the non-interpersonal index trauma group. DISCUSSION: Generally, these findings suggest that bodily arousal may only serve as an implicit, trauma-relevant interoceptive cue that increases desire to drink within a specific subset of trauma-exposed college students (i.e., individuals indexing interpersonal trauma). Replication and extension are needed to further understand the influence of bodily arousal on subsequent alcohol use behavior, which will be critical to PTSD-alcohol use modeling and, ultimately, help in informing prevention- and treatment-oriented intervention efforts aimed at reducing problematic alcohol use on college campuses.

Effect of trauma-related stress after alcohol consumption on perceived likelihood of negative consequences and willingness to drive.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes are a major preventable cause of death in the United States. One potential factor that may modulate the influence of alcohol on driving-related cognitions and decision-making is trauma-related stress. Indeed, in addition to compelling research indicating that both acute trauma-related stress and acute alcohol consumption may independently affect driving-related risky decision-making, there is reason to believe that the combination of these antecedents may have an exacerbating effect. METHODS: The current study evaluated the influence of induction of acute trauma-related stress (via script-driven imagery) after alcohol consumption (0.06% Breath Alcohol Concentration [BrAC]) on driving-related cognitions - perceived likelihood of negative consequences and willingness to drive - among 25 trauma-exposed (currently symptomatic) adult drinkers from the community (M = 24.08; 36.0% female). RESULTS: Participants who were acutely exposed to trauma-related stress after alcohol consumption evidenced lower perceived likelihood of being pulled over by a police officer (ηp2 = 0.38, large effect size) and lower perceived likelihood of getting in an accident (ηp2 = 0.17, medium-to-large effect size) relative to participants exposed to a neutral cue; conversely, participants exposed to trauma-related stress after alcohol consumption evidenced greater willingness to drive (d = 1.16, large effect size) than participants exposed to a neutral cue. CONCLUSIONS: Generally, findings suggest that individuals with a trauma history that are acutely exposed to trauma-related stressors (e.g., reminders of their traumatic experience) may be particularly vulnerable to poorer driving-related decision-making after alcohol consumption. Results provide a meaningful target for the development of intoxicated driving prevention and intervention efforts geared specifically for individuals with trauma history.

Associations of perceived drinking motives of parents and friends on adolescents' own drinking motives.

Adolescents form perceptions of why their parents and friends drink alcohol that may impact adolescents' own drinking motives. This study tested whether perceived drinking motives of parents and friends are associated with adolescents' own drinking motives. Participants included community-recruited adolescents 14-17 years (N = 105; 63.8% female) who drank alcohol in the past year. Perceived parent and friend motives both related to adolescent drinking motives at the bivariate level; however, only friend motives remained statistically significant in the final hierarchical regression models controlling for relevant covariates (e.g., alcohol frequency). Findings support a social-cognitive modeling pathway in the development of adolescents' own drinking motives and highlight the perception of why others drink as a potential intervention target.

Alcohol and Marijuana Polysubstance Use: Comparison of PTSD Symptom Endorsement and Severity Patterns.

A growing body of work links posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and substance use. Unfortunately, much of the literature has examined associations in isolation (e.g., alcohol only). Failure to account for simultaneous or concurrent substance use may limit conclusions that can be drawn from existing research, including the extent to which specific substances contribute differentially to PTSD symptom patterns. The current study examined differences in PTSD symptom profiles between individuals using one or both of the most commonly co-administered psychoactive substances - alcohol and marijuana. Trauma-exposed participants (N = 533; Mage = 21.15) comprised two mutually-exclusive groups: past-month alcohol-only use (n = 334) or past-month alcohol and marijuana use (n = 199). Cluster-level and symptom-level profile analyses evaluated mean differences and shape (parallelism) of PTSD symptom severity profiles between the groups. Follow-up analyses examined symptom-specific difference in PTSD symptom endorsement and severity. Overall, individuals using marijuana and alcohol evidenced greater PTSD negative cognition (30.8% greater) and hyperarousal (26.4% greater) symptom severity. Alcohol and marijuana users were more likely to endorse, and report greater severity of, mood-related PTSD negative cognition symptoms (e.g., anhedonia, negative affect) and externalizing hyperarousal symptom (e.g., irritability/aggression, risky behaviors) than alcohol-only users. Findings highlight important PTSD differences between individuals that are often lumped into homogenous categories of isolated substance users. Findings provide preliminary support for an 'additive' self-medication model between PTSD and polysubstance use. Lastly, findings indicate that mood-related negative cognition symptoms and externalizing hyperarousal symptoms may be important targets for PTSD-polysubstance use intervention.