A review on the current application of light-emitting diodes for microalgae cultivation and its fiscal analysis.

Microalgae are the promising source of products having a low and high economic value that include feedstock and vitamin supplements. Presently, their cultivation is being carried out by using sunlight in the open raceway ponds. However, this process has disadvantages like fluctuations in irradiance of the sunlight due to climatic changes and bad weather. Artificial lights, exploiting light-emitting diodes are beneficial in increasing the volumetric productivity of the microalgal biomass as it provides continuous illumination in the photobioreactors and assist in the external and internal design. However, the application of light-emitting diodes accrues high input costs. Though the cost of light-emitting diodes was estimated long ago, there is no recent economic analysis of the same. This study aims to enlist the applications of light-emitting diodes in microalgal cultivation with reference to internally illuminated photobioreactors coupled with the evaluation of the cost and energy balance of the artificial lights. The calculation shows that the electrical energy cost incurred during the application of light-emitting diodes for microalgae cultivation is approximately USD 15.19 kg-1 DW. The collective fraction of electrical energy transformed into chemical energy (microalgae biomass) is around 6-8%. The cost of the light-emitting diodes can be decreased by the application of an Arduino-based automated control system to control the power supply to LEDs, photovoltaic powered photobioreactors and additional light. These techniques of input cost reduction have also been explored deeply in the present study. As estimated, they can reduce the cost of light-emitting diodes by 50%.HighlightsDiscussion on the current application of light-emitting diodes for microalgae cultivationA broad discussion on internally illuminated photobioreactors and their modificationsMicroalgae cultivation cost exploiting LEDs' is around USD 15.19 kg-1 DWNet conservation of electrical energy during the cultivation process is 6-8%Photovoltaic powered PBRs and Arduino microcontrollers will decrease cultivation cost.

Simultaneous removal of ternary heavy metal ions by a newly isolated Microbacterium paraoxydans strain VSVM IIT(BHU) from coal washery effluent.

In the present work, the removal of Cr (VI), Cd (II) and Pb (II) at 50 mg/L of each metal ion concentration was investigated by Microbacterium paraoxydans strain VSVM IIT(BHU). The heavy metal binding on the bacterial cell surface was confirmed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis also confirmed the reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III). Heavy metal removal dynamics was investigated by evaluating dimensionless, and the value of Nk (9.49 × 10-3, 9.92 × 10-3 and 1.23 × 10-2 for Cr (VI), Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions) indicated that the removal of heavy metals by bacterial isolate was mixed diffusion and transfer controlled. It was found that both the experimental and predicted values for isolated bacterial strain coincided with each other with a good R2 value in the L-M Algorithm range of 0.94-0.98 for the ternary metal ion system. The bacterial isolate presented a maximum heavy metal ion removal efficiency of 91.62% Cr (VI), 89.29% Pb (II), and 83.29% Cd (II) at 50 mg/L.

Moving towards the enhancement of extracellular electron transfer in electrogens.

Electrogens are very common in nature and becoming a contemporary theme for research as they can be exploited for extracellular electron transfer. Extracellular electron transfer is the key mechanism behind bioelectricity generation and bioremediation of pollutants via microbes. Extracellular electron transfer mechanisms for electrogens other than Shewanella and Geobacter are less explored. An efficient extracellular electron transfer system is crucial for the sustainable future of bioelectrochemical systems. At present, the poor extracellular electron transfer efficiency remains a decisive factor in limiting the development of efficient bioelectrochemical systems. In this review article, the EET mechanisms in different electrogens (bacteria and yeast) have been focused. Apart from the well-known electron transfer mechanisms of Shewanella oneidensis and Geobacter metallireducens, a brief introduction of the EET pathway in Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1, Sideroxydans lithotrophicus ES-1, Thermincola potens JR, Lysinibacillus varians GY32, Carboxydothermus ferrireducens, Enterococcus faecalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been included. In addition to this, the article discusses the several approaches to anode modification and genetic engineering that may be used in order to increase the rate of extracellular electron transfer. In the side lines, this review includes the engagement of the electrogens for different applications followed by the future perspective of efficient extracellular electron transfer.

FDM-based additive manufacturing of recycled thermoplastics and associated composites.

Hailed since the fourth industrial revolution, three-dimensional (3D) printing or additive manufacturing (AM) has been extensively implemented in various manufacturing sectors. This process is popular for generating regular products and incorporating innovative designs into the components like auxetic structures, such as fabrication of engineering products, customized implants and sophisticated biomedical devices. Over the years, one of the interesting outputs of this emerging technology is the reuse of waste thermoplastic materials to produce competent products through the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The strength of FDM components produced from thermoplastic waste is lower than that of virgin plastic FDM counterparts. So, there is a need to understand the significant changes in the recycled thermoplastic material during subsequent extrusions, which are chain scission, change in viscosity and breaking strength. The use of additives has been a promising solution to improve the performance of recycled material for 3D printing applications. Hence, this study aims to provide an overview of reusing plastic waste through FDM-based 3D printing. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the effect of processing on thermo-mechanical properties of recycled plastic FDM parts and the use of various additives to improve the overall quality. In addition, two case studies from open literature have been demonstrated to explain the use of FDM and associated technology for plastic recycling.

Defining the Antimalarial Activity of Cipargamin in Healthy Volunteers Experimentally Infected with Blood-Stage Plasmodium falciparum.

The spiroindolone cipargamin, a new antimalarial compound that inhibits Plasmodium ATP4, is currently in clinical development. This study aimed to characterize the antimalarial activity of cipargamin in healthy volunteers experimentally infected with blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum Eight subjects were intravenously inoculated with parasite-infected erythrocytes and received a single oral dose of 10 mg cipargamin 7 days later. Blood samples were collected to monitor the development and clearance of parasitemia and plasma cipargamin concentrations. Parasite regrowth was treated with piperaquine monotherapy to clear asexual parasites, while allowing gametocyte transmissibility to mosquitoes to be investigated. An initial rapid decrease in parasitemia occurred in all participants following cipargamin dosing, with a parasite clearance half-life of 3.99 h. As anticipated from the dose selected, parasite regrowth occurred in all 8 subjects 3 to 8 days after dosing and allowed the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship to be determined. Based on the limited data from the single subtherapeutic dose cohort, a MIC of 11.6 ng/ml and minimum parasiticidal concentration that achieves 90% of maximum effect of 23.5 ng/ml were estimated, and a single 95-mg dose (95% confidence interval [CI], 50 to 270) was predicted to clear 109 parasites/ml. Low gametocyte densities were detected in all subjects following piperaquine treatment, which did not transmit to mosquitoes. Serious adverse liver function changes were observed in three subjects, which led to premature study termination. The antimalarial activity characterized in this study supports the further clinical development of cipargamin as a new treatment for P. falciparum malaria, although the hepatic safety profile of the compound warrants further evaluation. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT02543086.).

Modeling of adsorption flux in nickel-contaminated synthetic simulated wastewater in the batch reactor.

In the present investigation, physico-chemical characterization of composite material revealed the presence of fluffy surface structure with crystalline look and negatively charged surface functional groups. The study of adsorption flux by using dimensionless numbers φ (2.62), Nk (62.68) and λ (1.17 × 10-5) proved that adsorption of nickel ions on the surface of composite material was mostly film diffusion-limited with maximum surface area coverage coupled with weakened surface tension. The results of intraparticle diffusivity and Boyd plot model showed that at the onset of process, film diffusion was the primary mechanism involved and at the later stage intraparticle diffusion played a critical role as rate governing step. The values of film (0.65 × 10-8 cm2 sec-1) and pore diffusivity (1.8 × 10-12 cm2 sec-1) coefficients showed that the adsorption process is dependent upon two different types of diffusion namely film and pore diffusion. Overall, transport and reshuffling mechanism had no substantial role in adsorption dynamics of nickel ions on the surface of composite material. Sorption isotherm and kinetics modeling showed higher values of regression coefficients for Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.99) and pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.99) compared to other models. This showed that sorption of nickel followed monolayer coverage with chemisorption at optimized process parameters like pH 6, biosorbent dose 0.1 g/L, temperature 50 °C, agitation rate180 rpm, adsorbate concentration100 mg/L and contact time 60 minutes. The positive value of enthalpy of adsorption (ΔH = + 10.41 kJ/mole) and entropy (ΔS = +58.19 J/mol K) showed that binding of nickel ions on the surface of the composite material was endothermic with improved randomness at solid-liquid interface. The negative value of (ΔG = -6.4 to -8.67 kJ/mol) showed spontaneous nature of nickel adsorption on composite material in the liquid phase.

Food waste to resource recovery: a way of green advocacy.

Due to the massive growth in population and urbanization, there has been a huge increase in the volume of food waste globally. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that around one-third of all food produced each year is wasted. Food waste leads to the emission of greenhouse gas and depletion of the soil fertility. Nevertheless, it has immense potential for the recovery of high-value energy, fuel, and other resources. This review summarizes the latest advances in resource recovery from food waste by using technologies that include food waste-mediated microbial fuel cell (MFC) for bioenergy production. In addition to this, utilization of food waste for the production of bioplastic, biogas, bioethanol, and fertilizer has been also discussed in detail. Competitive benefits and accompanying difficulties of these technologies have also been highlighted. Furthermore, future approaches for more efficient use of food waste for the recovery of valuable resources have been also offered from an interdisciplinary perspective.

Role of Algal-derived Bioactive Compounds in Human Health.

Algae is emerging as a bioresource with high biological potential. Various algal strains have been used in traditional medicines and human diets worldwide. They are a rich source of bioactive compounds like ascorbic acid, riboflavin, pantothenate, biotin, folic acid, nicotinic acid, phycocyanins, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), adrenic acid (ARA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), etc. Beta-carotene, astaxanthin, and phycobiliproteins are different classes of pigments that are found in algae. They possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. The sulfur-coated polysaccharides in algae have been used as an anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral agent. Scientists have exploited algal-derived bioactive compounds for developing lead molecules against several diseases. Due to the surge in research on bioactive molecules from algae, industries have started showing interest in patenting for the large-scale production of bioactive compounds having applications in sectors like pharmaceuticals, food, and beverage. In the food industry, algae are used as a thickening, gelling, and stabilizing agent. Due to their gelling and thickening characteristics, the most valuable algae products are macroalgal polysaccharides such as agar, alginates, and carrageenan. The high protein, lipid, and nutrient content in microalgae makes it a superfood for aquaculture. The present review aims at describing various non-energy-based applications of algae in pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. This review attempts to analyze information on algal-derived drugs that have shown better potential and reached clinical trials.

Utilizing novel Aspergillus species for bio-flocculation: A cost-effective approach to harvest Scenedesmus microalgae for biofuel production.

The present study aimed to isolate a bioflocculating fungal strain from wastewater collected from a local bike garage. The isolate showed maximum similarity to Aspergillus species. The fungus was identified as Aspergillus flavus species F_GTAF1 IU (accession no OP703382). The isolated fungus was evaluated in terms of biomass recovery efficiency in Scenedesmus Sp. GTAF01. The extent of algal fungal co-pelletization was evaluated as a function of the algae-to-fungi ratio, volume of fungal culture in broth, agitation rate, and pH. results showed that at fungal culture volume of 60 ░ %v/v, fungal culture volume of 1:3 ░ %w/w, 100 rpm, and pH 3, 93.6 ░ % biomass was obtained during the initial 5 h. At wavenumbers 1384 and 1024 cm-1 a significant alteration in the transmission percentage was observed in co-pellet compared to algae and fungal cells. This shows the significant role of C-H-H and C-N stretches in co-pellet formation. This study provides deep insight into effective microalgal harvesting along with the simultaneous extraction of lipids that can be used for the sustainable production of biodiesel.

An ecotourism suitability index for a world heritage city using GIS-multi criteria decision analysis techniques.

The concept of ecotourism has experienced a significant surge in popularity over the past two decades, primarily driven by the multitude of adverse impacts associated with mass tourism. The objective of the study was to develop a comprehensive ecotourism suitability index to guide policymakers in implementing tourism development policies. Given the considerable appeal of the study area to both local and international tourists, it is essential to conduct a systematic evaluation to pinpoint suitable areas for ecotourism development. This necessity arises from the study area's placement within a fragile ecosystem and its proximity to a UNESCO World Heritage site. We employed a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) integrated environment coupled with a fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methodology. The GIS-MCDA integrated framework leverages the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and a weighted linear combination that seeks to amalgamate many features and criteria to assess ecotourism potential by integrating 20 criteria into six separate categories: landscape, topography, accessibility, climate, forest and wildlife, and negative factors. Weights were allocated to each criterion and factor based on the expert's opinions of their impact on the development of ecotourism. The final ecotourism suitability index comprised five unique classes: very high, high, moderate, less, and not suitable. Results reveal that out of the total areas, 45.4 % (259 km2) are within the high and very high suitable classes. The sensitivity analysis suggested that ecotourism potentials are more favorable to forest and accessibility variables. The generated index can be utilized as a road map since validation verified a 64 % accuracy. Given the dearth of earlier research, this study provides vital support for the development of sustainable ecotourism projects in the study area.

A quality of life index for the rural periphery of Sri Lanka using GIS multi-criteria decision analysis techniques.

Spatial evaluation of the region is associated with the assessment of the Quality of Life (QoL). Despite numerous research endeavoring to define, measure, quantify, and map the quality of life, there exists a consistent fault in Sri Lanka. Hence, the objective of this study was to construct a QoL index and determine the spatial disparities of QoL from the Polpitigma town to its periphery. The assessment was conducted by employing 20 geographical factors that quantify QoL using the Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The evaluation assigned weights to each criterion based on the assessments of both local residents and experts, utilizing the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The findings indicated that cultural factors made a greater contribution compared to the environment,service functions,security and socioeconomic factors. Within the study area, the region with a higher quality of life (HQoL) only covered 4.5% (17.3 km2), whilst the lower QoL zone encompassed 63.8% (252 km2). And also, the distance from the town is a crucial factor in determining the spatial variations in QoL. The derived model can serve as a road map for local-level planning, as it has been validated and shown to have an accuracy of 74% through the Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Considering the lack of previous research in this field, this study offers a crucial contribution in enhancing the QoL for underprivileged communities in the study area by improving employment, income, and accessibility to physical infrastructure, public utility services, and cultural and recreational facilities. Especially the findings of this study can efficiently guide decisions for the distribution of financial resources to enhance the QoL in impoverished rural communities on the rural periphery of DS.

Heavy Metal Contamination in the Aquatic Ecosystem: Toxicity and Its Remediation Using Eco-Friendly Approaches.

Urbanization and industrialization are responsible for environmental contamination in the air, water, and soil. These activities also generate large amounts of heavy metal ions in the environment, and these contaminants cause various types of health issues in humans and other animals. Hexavalent chromium, lead, and cadmium are toxic heavy metal ions that come into the environment through several industrial processes, such as tanning, electroplating, coal mining, agricultural activities, the steel industry, and chrome plating. Several physical and chemical methods are generally used for the heavy metal decontamination of wastewater. These methods have some disadvantages, including the generation of secondary toxic sludge and high operational costs. Hence, there is a need to develop a cost-effective and eco-friendly method for the removal of heavy metal ions from polluted areas. Biological methods are generally considered eco-friendly and cost-effective. This review focuses on heavy metal contamination, its toxicity, and eco-friendly approaches for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated sites.

Enhancing disaster management by mapping disaster proneness and preparedness.

The focus of most disaster management programmes is to deploy resources-physical and human-from outside the disaster zone. This activity can produce a delay in disaster mitigation and recovery efforts, and a consequent loss of human lives and economic resources. It may be possible to expedite recovery and prevent loss of life by mapping out disaster proneness and the availability of resources in advance. This study proposes the development of two indices to do so. The Indian census data of 2001 is used to develop a methodology for creating one index on disaster proneness and one on resourcefulness for administrative units (tehsils). Findings reveal that tehsil residents face an elevated risk of disaster and that they are also grossly under-prepared for such events. The proposed indices can be used to map regional service provision facilities and to assist authorities in evaluating immediate, intermediate, and long-term disaster recovery needs and resource requirements.

Evaluation of the effects of input variables on the growth of two microalgae classes during wastewater treatment.

Wastewater treatment carried out by microalgae is usually affected by the type of algal strain and the combination of cultivation parameters provided during the process. Every microalga strain has a different tolerance level towards cultivation parameters, including temperature, pH, light intensity, CO2 content, initial inoculum level, pretreatment method, reactor type and nutrient concentration in wastewater. Therefore, it is vital to supply the right combination of cultivation parameters to increase the wastewater treatment efficiency and biomass productivity of different microalgae classes. In the current investigation, the decision tree was used to analyse the dataset of class Trebouxiophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Various combinations of cultivation parameters were determined to enhance their performance in wastewater treatment. Nine combinations of cultivation parameters leading to high biomass production and eleven combinations each for high nitrogen removal efficiency and high phosphorus removal efficiency for class Trebouxiophyceae were detected by decision tree models. Similarly, eleven combinations for high biomass production, nine for high nitrogen removal efficiency, and eight for high phosphorus removal efficiency were detected for class Chlorophyceae. The results obtained through decision tree analysis can provide the optimum conditions of cultivation parameters, saving time in designing new experiments for treating wastewater at a large scale.

Deciphering the gut microbiome in neurodegenerative diseases and metagenomic approaches for characterization of gut microbes.

The central nervous system has essential role in the regulation of the physiological condition of the human body. Gut microbes cause several types of gastrointestinal diseases like ulcer stomach and intestine and irritable bowel syndrome. Microbes present in the human gut can affect brain function by the release of neuroactive metabolites such as neurotransmitters, hormones, and other compounds. Gut microbial-derived metabolites also have an important role in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc. Vital communication between the gut microbes and the central nervous system is known as the microbiota-gut-brain axis. It provides a communication pathway between the gut and brain which is made up of the vagus nerve, immune system components, and neuroendocrine. Disturbance in gut microbiota composition can alter the central nervous system and enteric nervous system functions. Metagenomics has been employed for the identification, and characterization of gut microbes and microbial-derived metabolites. This review is focused on the gut microbes-brain relationship and the role of gut microbes in neurodegenerative diseases. This study is also focused on major metagenomic approaches and their role in gut microbes characterization.

Surgical Techniques and Outcomes in Patients With Intra-Cardiac Abscesses Complicating Infective Endocarditis.

Background: An intra-cardiac abscess is a serious complication of both native (NV-IE) and prosthetic valve infective endocarditis (PV-IE). Despite being an accepted indication for surgery, controversies remain regarding the optimal timing and type of operation. We aimed to report the outcomes of patients managed for intra-cardiac abscesses over more than a decade. Methods: Patients aged ≥18 years managed for intra-cardiac abscess between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2017 were identified from a prospectively collected IE database. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality in operated patients and secondary outcomes were freedom from re-infection, re-operation and long-term mortality comparing those patients with aortic root abscess who underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) and those who received aortic root replacement (ARR). Results: Fifty-nine patients developed an intra-cardiac abscess, and their median age was 55 (43-71) years; among them, 44 (75%) were men, and 10 (17%) were persons who injected drugs. Infection with beta-haemolytic streptococci was associated with NV-IE (p = 0.009) and coagulase-negative staphylococci with PV-IE (p = 0.005). Forty-four (75%) underwent an operation, and among those with aortic root abscess, 27 underwent AVR and 12 ARR. Thirty-day mortality was associated with infection with S. aureus (p = 0.006) but not the type or timing of the operation. Survival in operated patients was 66% at 1 year and 59% at 5 years. In operated patients, none had a relapse, although six developed late recurrence. Freedom from infection, re-operation and long-term mortality were similar in patients undergoing AVR compared to ARR. Conclusion: Patients diagnosed with intra-cardiac abscess who were not operated on had very poor survival. In those who underwent an operation, either by AVR or ARR based upon patient factors, imaging and intra-operative findings outcomes were similar.

Hexavalent-Chromium-Induced Oxidative Stress and the Protective Role of Antioxidants against Cellular Toxicity.

Hexavalent chromium is a highly soluble environmental contaminant. It is a widespread anthropogenic chromium species that is 100 times more toxic than trivalent chromium. Leather, chrome plating, coal mining and paint industries are the major sources of hexavalent chromium in water. Hexavalent chromium is widely recognised as a carcinogen and mutagen in humans and other animals. It is also responsible for multiorgan damage, such as kidney damage, liver failure, heart failure, skin disease and lung dysfunction. The fate of the toxicity of hexavalent chromium depends on its oxidation state. The reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) is responsible for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chromium intermediate species, such as Cr (V) and Cr (IV). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are responsible for oxidative tissue damage and the disruption of cell organelles, such as mitochondria, DNA, RNA and protein molecules. Cr (VI)-induced oxidative stress can be neutralised by the antioxidant system in human and animal cells. In this review, the authors summarise the Cr (VI) source, toxicity and antioxidant defence mechanism against Cr (VI)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Environmental impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a variant of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan city of China and has now transmitted over the world. Till the April 24, 2020, nearly 144,367,284 confirmed positive cases with 3,066,270 deaths worldwide. The recent studies have reported that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Several vaccines are available now. However, the vaccination process has not completed yet. Worldwide lockdown was initiated to restrict gathering, transport and industrial activities. Lockdown due to COVID-19 showed reduction in environmental pollution. The quality of air and water improved in metro cities and in rivers during COVID-19. This review not only provides the updated information related to impact of COVID-19 on air, water and noise pollution, generation of biomedical waste and global environmental sustainable development but also it covers the basic mechanism of COVID-19 transmission.

Recent trends in upgrading the performance of yeast as electrode biocatalyst in microbial fuel cells.

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an optimistic fuel cell technology that applies microorganism's biochemical catalytic activities in consuming organic substrate and produce electricity. In the past, several researchers have reported power generation from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but nowadays, most of the studies are centred around bacterial biofilms (prokaryotes) as anode biocatalyst. Yeast (a eukaryote) has also been applied as a biocatalyst in MFCs as they are non-pathogenic, easy to handle and tolerant to various environmental conditions. Yeast strains such as Arxula adeninvorans, Candida melibiosica, Hansenula polymorpha, Hansenula anomala, Kluyveromyces marxianus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been utilized in MFCs. This review summarizes the application of yeast as an anode biocatalyst together with a discussion on the mechanism of electron transfer from yeast cells to the anode and highlights the techniques applied in improving the efficiency of yeast-based MFCs. The recent challenges and benefits of utilizing yeast in MFCs have been also encapsulated in this review.

Applicability of two-dimensional surface model in bacterial biosorption system: an advanced approach in bioremediation of metal ions.

The surface of Bacillus VMSDCM (accession no. HQ108109) has been characterized at various pH values of the experimental solution. The boundary values of conditional parameter were used to develop a mathematical six lumped stochastic model for studying the surface chemistry of the bacterium cells. The results of the model were statistically analyzed to understand the strength of the proposed model. The simulation of the model was performed in Turbo C++ interface. The convergence values of the model were recorded and all the asymptotic points were neglected. The optimum values of model were reiterated to identify the intermittent values of maximum number of active sites, concentration of hydrides and hydroxides of calcium and magnesium and difference between the theoretical and experimental count of active sites. The values of zeta potential indicated towards the ionization of negatively charged surface functional groups at higher values of pH. The results of the present investigation revealed the fact that changes in the values of conditional parameter (pH) may create a drift in design parameters of a batch or continuous column reactor, fabricated for biosorption-cum-bioaccumulation of metal ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) across liquid phase.