Impact of the ConRed program on different cyberbulling roles.

This article presents results from an evaluation of the ConRed cyberbullying intervention program. The program's impacts were separately determined for the different roles within cyberbullying that students can take, i.e., cyber-victims, cyber-bullies, cyber-bully/victims, and bystanders. The ConRed program is a theory-driven program designed to prevent cyberbullying and improve cyberbullying coping skills. It involves students, teachers, and families. During a 3-month period, external experts conducted eight training sessions with students, two with teachers and one with families. ConRed was evaluated through a quasi-experimental design, in which students from three secondary schools were separated into experimental and control groups. The sample comprised 875 students, aged between 11 and 19 years. More students (n = 586) were allocated to the experimental groups at the specific insistence of the management of all schools; the remainder (n = 289) formed the control. Repeated measures MANOVA showed that cyber victims, cyber aggressors and cyberbully/victims reduced their involvement in cyberbullying. Moreover, cyber-victims and bystanders adjusted their perceptions about their control of personal information on the Internet, and cyber aggressors and bystanders reduced their Internet dependence. The ConRed program had stronger effects on male participants, especially in heightening their affective empathy.

The emotional impact of bullying and cyberbullying on victims: a European cross-national study.

Past research has demonstrated the effects of bullying can be severe and long term for the individuals involved. The main aim of this study is to analyze the emotional impact on victims of traditional bullying, both direct and indirect forms, and of cyberbullying through mobile phones and the Internet. A sample of 5,862 adolescents from three different countries, Italy (N = 1,964), Spain (N = 1,671), and England (N = 2,227), responded to a questionnaire that asked if they had experience of various forms of bullying, and the consequent emotional impact. The results show that both traditional bullying and cyberbullying have a significant prevalence in the samples. Emotional responses are linked to types of bullying. Analysis of answers identified specific emotional profiles for the different types of bullying and cyberbullying. Direct bullying and cyberbullying via mobile phone showed similar profiles, and also indirect bullying and cyberbullying using the Internet. Similarities and differences between profiles are discussed and some hypotheses are presented to explain the results. In addition, school grade, gender, country, and severity of bullying episodes were related to the specific emotional profiles of each type of bullying.

A cross-national comparison of aggressors, victims and defenders in preschools in England, Spain and Italy.

There is a small, but growing, body of research investigating peer-victimisation between preschoolers, an age which has been identified as being important both theoretically and practically for the development of interventions. This study compares aggressive and defending behaviour and victim status of preschoolers in three European countries; England, Spain and Italy. The results provide further confirmation that some children behave aggressively towards their peers during preschool in each of the countries studied. There are similarities between preschool children involved in peer-victimisation in the three countries in terms of the roles taken, sex differences and the types of aggressive behaviours used and experienced by the children. There were differences in the profiles of children identified as taking the roles by teachers and peers. Overall, it was found that those children identified by peers or teachers as being aggressive were more likely to be male, rated as physically strong and more likely to be rejected by classmates. Also, in general, the targets of peer-victimisation differed depending on the reporter. Peer-nominated victims were not identifiable in terms of gender, popularity or physical strength. Teacher-nominated victims were more likely to be socially rejected and physically weak. There are several subtle differences between the countries which deserve further investigation. The findings are discussed in relation to furthering our understanding of the development of peer-victimisation in preschools and the need for interventions which address this phenomenon.

Analysis of p.Tyr307Asn variant in the LRP10 gene in Parkinson's disease in southern Spain.

Lipoprotein receptor-related protein 10 (LRP10) has been proposed as a novel causative gene for autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD), and the c.919T>A (p.Tyr307Asn) variant has been identified as possibly involved in the development of familial PD and PD with dementia. We screened for the p.Tyr307Asn variant in a southern Spain population of 679 PD patients, of who 129 were familial cases, and 1217 unrelated healthy controls. A total of 3 carriers of the LRP10 p.Tyr307Asn variant were identified: 1 PD patient and 2 healthy controls. Together with the absence of a family history of PD, this finding might suggest a low penetrance variant as well as a limited role for p.Tyr307Asn in PD in our cohort. Nevertheless, a family history of Alzheimer's disease in the LRP10 p.Tyr307Asn carriers provides evidence for a possible association with dementia.

The long-term effects of coping strategy use in victims of bullying.

The ways in which children appraise and cope with school bullying are likely to influence the long-term outcomes experienced. To examine this possibility, 219 Spanish undergraduate students (73 male, 146 female) aged between 18 and 40, completed an adapted version of the Retrospective Bullying Questionnaire (RBQ; Schäfer et al., 2004) and a distress scale (Rivers, 1999). Results indicated that neither coping strategies reported by victims of bullying nor the match between control appraisal and coping strategy influenced levels of distress experienced as adults. Control, threat and challenge appraisals did, however, influence long-term distress. Explanations for these effects are discussed, and include the possibility that appraisals may directly influence levels of distress and the quality of emotions experienced by victims during the actual bullying episode. Active strategies were perceived by students to be effective in dealing with bullying, whereas those centered on avoiding the conflict, or which involved aggression, were considered ineffective.

Corrección de la miopía mediante cirugía Lasik / Myopia correction by LASIK surgery

OBJETIVO: identificar resultados refractivos y las complicaciones tras la corrección de la miopía mediante Lasik. MÉTODOS: se dividieron los 241 ojos que se operaron por Lasik en cuatro grupos según grado de miopía y astigmatismo. Tras un estudio oftalmológico preoperatorio completo y después de ser intervenidos quirúrgicamente, se evaluó la agudeza visual en los miopes y astigmatas, así como las complicaciones, intraoperatorias y posoperatorias durante el primer mes con seguimiento de tres meses. RESULTADOS: se mantuvo la agudeza visual previa corregida y no se detectaron complicaciones graves o irreversibles. CONCLUSIONES: Lasik es una técnica segura y útil para la corrección de la miopía, permite mejorar la agudeza visual espontánea y disminuir la corrección óptica.

OBJECTIVE: identify refractive results and complications following myopia correction by LASIK. METHODS: 241 eyes which had been operated on by LASIK were divided into 4 groups based on the degree of myopia and astigmatism. Patients underwent a complete preoperative ophthalmological study before they were operated on. After surgery, myopic and astigmatic patients were evaluated for visual acuity, as well as intraoperative and postoperative complications during the first month and in a three-month follow-up period. RESULTS: previous corrected visual acuity was preserved and no serious or irreversible complications were detected. CONCLUSIONS: LASIK is a safe myopia correction technique useful to improve spontaneous visual acuity and reduce optical correction.

Caracterización del endotelio corneal en pacientes con indicación de cirugía de catarata / Characterization of the corneal endothelium in patients requiring cataract surgery

Objetivo: describir la morfología del endotelio corneal en pacientes con indicación de cirugía de catarata. Métodos: se estudiaron 200 ojos de 127 pacientes, 86 mujeres y 41 hombres, con indicación de cirugía de catarata en una investigación de tipo descriptiva y transversal realizada entre octubre y diciembre de 2011. Se examinaron los pacientes en lámpara de hendidura buscando alteraciones de la morfología del endotelio y se les realizó microscopia especular con el Topcon SP3000P. Se analizaron las imágenes y se evaluaron la densidad celular, el coeficiente de variabilidad, la hexagonalidad celular y la paquimetría. Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino con 86 pacientes y en los dos grupos la mayoría tenían entre 60 y 79 años. La densidad celular media fue de 2 238,19 cél/mm2, disminuyó significativamente con la edad y no tuvo diferencias con el sexo. El coeficiente de variabilidad, la hexagonalidad y la paquimetría no tuvieron diferencias significativas con la edad, ni con el sexo. Las guttas corneales predominaron en las féminas (103; 76,9 por ciento) con diferencia significativa entre los sexos. Conclusiones: a mayor edad hay disminución de la densidad celular, así como un aumento del coeficiente de variabilidad sin diferencias entre sexos. Se comprueba la estrecha relación entre la disminución de la densidad celular y el aumento de la paquimetría. Además, se muestran los parámetros de normalidad del endotelio corneal en pacientes con indicación de cirugía de catarata en nuestro medio

Objective: to describe the morphology of corneal endothelium in patients requiring cataract surgery.Methods: adescriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 200 eyes from 127 patients distributed into 86 females and 41 males, who required cataract surgery. All the patients were examined with slit-lamp method to look for corneal guttas and were performed Topcon specular microscopy SP3000P. Images were analyzed and the cell density, the variability coefficient, the cell hexagonality and pachymetry were all evaluated. Results: females predominated with 86 patients in both groups and most aged 60-79 years. The average cell density was 2238.19 cell/mm2 that significantly decreased with the age increase, and it did not show any differences between the sexes. The average variability coefficient, hexagonality and pachymetry did not show significant differences in terms of age and sex. The presence of corneal guttas predominated in females (103; 76.9 percent.) but the difference between the sexes was significant.Conclusions: as the age increases, the cell density diminishes but the variability coefficient increases and there are no differences between the sexes. The close relationship between the decreased cell density and the increased pachymetry is proved. Additionally, the study presents the normal parameters of the corneal endothelium in patients requiring cataract surgery in our setting

Queratometrías por pentacam y método de la historia clínica en hipermétropes con cirugía refractiva previa / Keratometries with use of Pentacam and of the medical history method in hypermetropic patients with previous refractive surgery

Objetivo: comparar las queratometrías obtenidas por el pentacam en ojos hipermétropes operados con excimer láser y la obtenida a través del método de la historia clínica.Métodos: estudio prospectivo realizado en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, desde marzo a junio del 2011, en 50 ojos de 25 pacientes hipermétropes operados de LASIK, donde se calculó la queratometría promedio mediante el método de la historia clínica y se comparó con los valores de queratometría brindados por el pentacam: valor del ápex corneal de los mapas a color: True Net Power (valor queratométrico total central) y Equivalent K Reading Power (lectura queratométrica equivalente), así como el valor queratométrico total a 3,0 mm y las lecturas equivalentes del programa Holladay Report. Se calculó la queratometría preoperatoria media por la historia clínica y se comparó con la queratometría preoperatoria estimada aportada por el pentacam. El análisis estadístico se realizó con la prueba T para datos pareados, con una significación del 95 porciento.Resultados: los valores entre los que no hubo diferencias estadísticas con respecto al obtenido por el método de la historia clínica, fueron la Equivalent K Reading power (lectura queratométrica equivalente), la queratométrica total y las lecturas queratométricas equivalentes a 3,4 y 4,5 diámetro, siendo la de 4,5 mm la más exacta. Las queratometrías preoperatorias no mostraron diferencias.Conclusiones: el pentacam aporta poderes corneales que no difieren de los obtenidos por el método de historia clínica en ojos hipermétropes que tengan cirugía previa con excimer láser

Objective: to compare keratometries measured by Pentacam in operated hypermetropic eyes with Excimer Laser and that of the medical history method.Methods: aprospective study conducted in 50 hypermetropic eyes of 25 patients operated on by LASIK at Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from March to June of 2011. The average keratometry through the medical history method was estimated and compared with the keratometry values provided by Pentacam : value of the corneal apex of color maps, True Net Power (total central keratometric value) and Equivalent K-reading Power(equivalent keratometric reading) as well as the total keratometric value of 3.0 mm and the equivalent readings of Holladay Report program. The mean preoperative keratometry of the medical history was estimated and then compared with the preoperative keratometry measured by Pentacam. The statistical analysis was based on paired t test, using 95 percent significance level.Results: the values that did not show significant statistical differences in comparison with that of the clinical history method were the Equivalent K-reading Power (equivalent keratometric readings), the total keratometric value and the equivalent keratometric readings of 3.4 and 4.5 diameters, being 4.5 mm the most exact. No differences were seen in the preoperative keratometries.Conclusion: Pentacam provides corneal powers that did not differ statistically from those of the clinical history method in hypermetropic eyes having previous surgery with Excimer laser

Endotelio corneal de riesgo en pacientes con indicación de cirugía de catarata / Risky corneal endothelium in patients with indication of cataract surgery

Objetivo: identificar el riesgo de edema relacionado con los parámetros morfofuncionales del endotelio corneal en pacientes con indicación de cirugía de catarata. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en 200 ojos de pacientes en la consulta preoperatoria de cirugía de catarata. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, sexo, riesgo de edema, pleomorfismo y polimegatismo para lo cual se examinó a cada uno de ellos con microscopia especular. Además se examinaron en lámpara de hendidura en busca de la presencia de guttas corneales. Resultados: se obtuvo una edad media de 70,7 años y existió un predominio de las mujeres (67,7 por ciento) frente a los hombres (32,3 por ciento). No hubo riesgo de edema en un 80,5 por ciento y sí lo hubo en 39 ojos para un 19,5 por ciento. Se relacionó el polimegatismo y la edad estando presente en 176 ojos para un 88,0 por ciento y con un predominio del estadio leve en todos los grupos de edades con un 80,5 por ciento. El pleomorfismo estuvo presente en 186 ojos (93 por ciento) y de ellos 103 (51,5 por ciento) se encontraron en el estadio leve y 78 (39,0 por ciento) en el moderado. Conclusiones: la disminución de la densidad celular no es el único parámetro que indica que un endotelio es de riesgo para una cirugía de catarata, otros como el polimegatismo, el pleomorfismo, así como la presencia de guttas; también son de importancia

Objective: to identify the risk of edema associated with the morphological and functional parameters of the corneal endothelium in those patients with indication of cataract surgery. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was performed in 200 eyes from the patients attending the preoperative cataract surgery service. The studied variables were age, sex, risk of edema, pleomorphism and polymegatism. Each patient was examined with the specular microscopy and also a slit-lamp examination was made to look for cornea guttata. Results: the average age of the group was 70.7 years, with females predominating (67.7 percent) over males (32.3 percent). There was no risk of edema in 80.5 percent of cases whereas the risk was present in 19.5 percent (39 eyes). Polymegatism and age were associated, being this problem present in 176 eyes for 88 percent of the total number and predominant in its mild staging in all the age groups for 80.5 percent. Pleomorphism affected 186 eyes (93 percent) and 103 of them (51.5 percent) was at the mild staging and 78 (39 percent) at the moderate staging. Conclusions: reduction in the cell density is not the only parameter indicative of a risky endothelium for a cataract surgery, since others such as polymegatism, pleomorphism and presence of cornea guttata are also important

Factores asociados a la implicación en bullying: un estudio en Nicaragua / Factors associated with involvement in bullying: a study in Nicaragua

El bullying escolar es uno de los principales problemas que afecta a la calidad de las relaciones interpersonales entre iguales en las escuelas y en general a la calidad de la convivencia. A nivel europeo, existen resultados científicos que indican su naturaleza, características y factores relacionados con su implicación. Sin embargo, en los países pobres y en desarrollo, donde el problema es aún más grave, hay un alto grado de desconocimiento de este problema. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer qué factores pueden estar influyendo en la aparición de la intimidación en una muestra representativa de escuelas primarias en Managua y su área metropolitana. Para ello se ha entrevistado a 3042 niños y niñas que asisten a las escuelas primarias de la capital nicaragüense utilizando instrumentos similares a los utilizados en Europa. Un análisis de regresión logística multinomial señala que ser chico, manifestar conductas y actitudes antisociales y mantener contacto con drogas son tres factores relacionados con el rol de agresor. Relaciones interpersonales negativas ejercen una influencia significativa sobre la implicación en este fenómeno, ya sea como víctima, agresor o agresor victimizado. Los resultados se discuten en relación a los perfiles y figuras del agresor y víctima de bullying en estudios internacionales focalizando las diferencias respecto de países desarrollados (AU)

School bullying is one of the main problems affecting the quality of peer relationships in schools and in general the coexistence. At European level, there are scientific findings that indicate its nature, characteristics and factors related to its involvement. However, in poor and developing countries, where the problem is more serious, there is a high degree of awareness on this matter. The present study aimed to identify what factors may be influencing the occurrence of bullying in a representative sample of primary schools in the Nicaraguan capital. For this propose, 3042 students from Managua and its metropolitan area were explored with instruments comparable to those used in Europe. A multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that being a boy, to show antisocial behaviors and attitudes and contact with drugs were the three factors most related with the role of aggressor, as well as negative relationships had a significant influence on involvement in this phenomenon, either as a victim, aggressor or victimized aggressor. Results are discussed in relation to the profiles of aggressor and victim of bullying in international studies focusing on differences in developed countries (AU)

Motivación y satisfacción de los pacientes miopes sometidos a cirugía LASIK / Motivation and satisfaction of myopic patients undergoing LASIK surgery

Analizar la motivación y los niveles de satisfacción de los pacientes miopes sometidos a la cirugía refractiva con excímer láser. Se realizó una encuesta a 126 pacientes miopes (241 ojos), que asistieron a la consulta de cirugía refractiva en el Hospital Militar Dr Carlos Juan Finlay, los cuales fueron intervenidos con cirugía refractiva LASIK, con el propósito de analizar sus principales motivaciones y el grado de satisfacción obtenido después de transcurridos 3 meses de realizada la cirugía. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: datos personales, motivación por la cirugía, refracción, agudeza visual, efectos secundarios y grado de satisfacción en general, así como su relación con las demás variables analizadas. La edad media de los encuestados fue de 30 años (de 20 a 54 años). Se encontró una mayor frecuencia de miopes en el sexo femenino (68,2 por ciento). La graduación previa fue de un rango de -1,50 D a -12 D de equivalente esférico, y en el momento de la encuesta en más del 90 por ciento de los pacientes era inferior a ± 1D. La motivación principal en el 82,9 por ciento de los pacientes fue mejorar la agudeza visual, en el 9,9 por ciento, la comodidad, en el 2,4 por ciento la intolerancia a lentes de contacto, en el 1,2 por ciento mejorar la imagen, y en el 1,6 por ciento por acceso a puestos de trabajo, así como la diferencia de la visión entre un ojo y otro. El grado de satisfacción de los encuestados fue: 96,3 por ciento muy contento, 2,8 por ciento bastante contento, 0,4 por ciento algo descontento y 0,4 por ciento muy descontento. El grado de satisfacción estuvo relacionado con la graduación previa del paciente. Los pacientes mßs contentos fueron los que se operaron para mejorar la agudeza visual. De forma general el grado de satisfacción (mßs del 98 por ciento) fue elevado. El grado de satisfacción de los pacientes intervenidos con LASIK fue aceptable o alto en la mayoría de los casos.

To analyze motivation and levels of satisfaction of myopic patients who under went Excimer laser refractive surgery. One hundred and twenty six myopic patients (241 eyes), who had gone to the Refractive Surgery service and operated on by LASIK refractive surgery at Dr Carlos J Finlay Military Hospital, were surveyed to analyze their main motivation and the level of satisfaction three months after surgery. The following variables were included personal data, motivation for surgery, refraction, visual acuity, side effects and general level of satisfaction as well as their relation with the other analyzed variables. The average age of surveyed patients was 30 years (20 to 54 years). Myopic females were more common (68,2 percent). The previous prescription ranged -1,50 to -12 D of spheral equivalent, and at the time of survey, it was under ± 1D. The main motivation found in 82.9 percent of patients was improvement of their visual acuity; 9,9 percent wanted more comfortability, 2,4 percent expressed intolerance to contact lenses, 1,2 percent desired to improve their image and 1,6 percent needed it to get access to new jobs, as well as vision differences between the eyes. The level of satisfaction was as follows: 96,3 percent of the surveyed people were very pleased, 2,8 percent pretty satisfied, 0,4 percent was little satisfied and 0,4 percent very unsatisfied. The level of satisfaction was related to the previous prescription of the eyes of the patient. The most satisfied patients were those who had undergone surgery to improve their visual acuity. Generally speaking, the level of satisfaction was high (over 98 percent). The level of satisfaction of the operated patients with LASIK was acceptable or high in most of cases.

Resultados topográficos en pacientes portadores de lentes de contacto / Topographic results achieved patients wearing contact lens

Analizar los resultados topográficos en pacientes portadores de lentes de contacto y candidatos a cirugía refractiva con excimer láser, en el Hospital Carlos Juan Finlay; determinar el comportamiento según edad y sexo; conocer el tipo de lente de contacto empleado y su tiempo de uso; conocer el comportamiento según la edad y el sexo; identificar la relación del patrón topográfico corneal inducido en portadores de lentes de contacto con el moldeamiento corneal y el queratocono. Es un estudio retrospectivo de las topografías de los candidatos para cirugía refractiva durante los últimos 2 años, de 80 pacientes (todos ellos portadores de lentes de contacto). Para las exploraciones se emplearon los topógrafos OPTIKON AMF510P y el HUMPHREY. A todos se les realizó un examen oftalmológico completo (refracción manifiesta, biomicroscopia, queratometría, paquimetría y topografía corneal). Se compararon los resultados y su estabilidad. También se analizó la edad, el sexo, el tipo de lentes de contacto, así como su tiempo de utilización. Se trataron 158 ojos, de ellos 83 presentaron un patrón topográfico normal, 58 moldeamiento corneal inducido por el uso de lentes de contacto y en 17 se evidenció queratocono. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 27 años. El astigmatismo corneal medio en los pacientes con queratocono fue de -3,25 dioptrías, y de -1,12 dioptrías en pacientes con moldeamiento corneal. La lectura del meridiano más plano en pacientes con queratocono fue de 46,75 dioptrías, y en moldeamiento corneal 43,25 dioptrías. En los queratoconos el meridiano más curvo fue de 54,75 dioptrías, y en el moldeamiento corneal 46,00 dioptrías. El tipo de lente de contacto, así como su tiempo de uso influyen en la aparición del moldeamiento corneal inducido y el queratocono subclínico, y ambos presentaron un patrón topográfico similar.

To analyze the topographic results achieved in patients wearing contact lens, who were candidates to refractive surgery with Excimer laser at Carlos J Finlay hospital; to determine the behaviour according to age and sex; to find out the type of contact lens used and the length of wear; and to identify the relationship of the induced corneal topographic pattern in contact lens wearers with corneal warpage and ketatoconus. A retrospective study of the corneal topography of candidates to refractive surgery in the last 2 years was performed in 80 patients (contact lens wearers). OPTIKON AMF510P and HUMPHREY topographers were the instruments to screen the patients. All of them were performed a complete ophthalmological exam (manifest refraction, biomicroscopy, keratometry, pachymetry and corneal topography). Results and their stability were compared. Also age, sex, type of lenses and length of wear were analyzed. One hundred and fifty eight eyes were treated, 83 of them presented with normal topographic pattern whereas 58 had contact lens-induced corneal warpage and 17 suffered keratoconus. The average age of patients was 27 years. Mean corneal astigmatism in patients with keratoconus was -3,25 D and in patients with corneal warpage -1,12 D. The reading of the most even meridian in patients with keratocomus was 46,75 dioptries and with corneal warpage was 43,25 D. As to keratoconus, the most curved meridian reading was 54,75 dioptres and in corneal warpage was 46 dioptres. The type of contact lens and the length of wear has an effect on the occurrence of induced corneal warpage and subclinical keratoconus, and both recorded a similar topographic pattern.

Definitions of bullying: a comparison of terms used, and age and gender differences, in a fourteen-country international comparison.

The study of school bullying has recently assumed an international dimension, but is faced with difficulties in finding terms in different languages to correspond to the English word bullying. To investigate the meanings given to various terms, a set of 25 stick-figure cartoons was devised, covering a range of social situations between peers. These cartoons were shown to samples of 8- and 14-year-old pupils (N = 1,245; n = 604 at 8 years, n = 641 at 14 years) in schools in 14 different countries, who judged whether various native terms cognate to bullying, applied to them. Terms from 10 Indo-European languages and three Asian languages were sampled. Multidimensional scaling showed that 8-year-olds primarily discriminated nonaggressive and aggressive cartoon situations; however, 14-year-olds discriminated fighting from physical bullying, and also discriminated verbal bullying and social exclusion. Gender differences were less appreciable than age differences. Based on the 14-year-old data, profiles of 67 words were then constructed across the five major cartoon clusters. The main types of terms used fell into six groups: bullying (of all kinds), verbal plus physical bullying, solely verbal bullying, social exclusion, solely physical aggression, and mainly physical aggression. The findings are discussed in relation to developmental trends in how children understand bullying, the inferences that can be made from cross-national studies, and the design of such studies.

La competencia emocional de agresores y víctimas de bullying / Emotional competence and bullying

Los estudios sobre bullying vienen alertando en los últimos años sobre la necesidad de profundizar en la dimensión emocional y moral de los implicados, en aras de comprender la génesis y la evolución de este fenómeno en las escuelas. El presente estudio teórico pretende analizar es-tas dimensiones desde el modelo de la Competencia Emocional desarrollado por Carolyn Saarni (1999). Este modelo permite indagar en las habilidades emocionales que presentan estos niños y niñas a partir de una visión funcionalista y contextual de la experiencia emocional, analizándola en relación al modo en que somos capaces de establecer relaciones interpersonales equilibradas y satisfactorias. En concreto, se revisan tres grandes grupos de habilidades emocionales en víctimas y agresores de bullying, como son la atribución emocional, la dimensión moral de la experiencia emocional y el afrontamiento emocional. A la luz de los estudios revisados, se concluye respecto de las dificultades que los agresores de bullying muestran en tareas sociomorales, mientras que en las víctimas los estudios dirigen su atención hacia la regulación emocional y el afrontamiento. Se describen pautas para la intervención directa mediante estímulo y reeducación emocional con estos chicos y chicas (AU)

In the last years, the studies on bullying are underlining the need to study the emotional and moral dimension of children involved in bullying in order to explain the origin and development of this phenomenon. The present theoretical study will analyze these dimensions following the model of Emotional Competence developed by Carolyin Saarni (1999). This functionalist and contextual approach allows investigating the emotional abilities of the person in relation to the way we are able to initiate and maintain symmetrical and satisfactory interpersonal relationships. In particular three groups of emotional skills of victims and bullies are revised: the emotional attribution, the moral dimension of the emotional experience and, the emotion regulation skills. Taking into account the most relevant results of the studies, this work concludes about the difficulties that bullies present in sociomoral tasks, meanwhile victims present problems in emotion regulation and coping strategies. Key elements for direct intervention programs with bullies and victims are addressed (AU)

Inteligencia emocional percibida e implicación en diversos tipos de acoso escolar / Perceived emotional intelligence and involvement in several kinds of bullying

La inteligencia emocional es un constructo que se ha incorporado en los últimos años al campo de la psicología de la educación. No obstante, pocas investigaciones han abordado el tema en el marco de la dinámica social de las aulas escolares. Estudios previos ponen de manifiesto que el meta-conocimiento sobre las propias competencias emocionales, inteligencia emocional percibida (IEP), es un elemento diferencial entre los escolares que se implican o no en fenómenos de acoso escolar (bullying). El presente estudio trata de ir más allá y profundizar en lo que acontece cuando estos fenómenos de acoso están mediados por el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (cyberbullying). La muestra estuvo formada por 5759 estudiantes adolescentes andaluces. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que si bien la IEP discrimina el tipo de implicación en el acoso escolar, no ocurre lo mismo en el cyberbullying. Se discuten los resultados con relación a las posibles diferencias en gestión emocional entre los fenómenos de acoso escolar y cyberbullying (AU)

The emotional intelligence construct has been introduced in recent years to the field of educational psychology. However, only a few researches have examined this topic in relation to social relationship dynamics in school contexts. Some previous studies have shown that meta-mood about one’s own emotions, perceived emotional intelligence (PEI), can distinguish students involved in bullying from those not involved. Specifically, this study aims to look further into this issue by focusing on cyberbullying situations where bullying is mediated by the use of information and communication technologies. Participants were 5759 adolescent students from Andalucia (South of Spain). The results show that PEI can discriminate between the roles young people play in traditional bullying but not for cyberbullying. These results are discussed according to possible differences in emotional management across bullying and cyberbullying

A cross-national comparison of aggressors, victims and defenders in preschools in England, Spain and Italy

There is a small, but growing, body of research investigating peer-victimisation between preschoolers, an age which has been identified as being important both theoretically and practically for the development of interventions. This study compares aggressive and defending behaviour and victim status of preschoolers in three European countries; England, Spain and Italy. The results provide further confirmation that some children behave aggressively towards their peers during preschool in each of the countries studied. There are similarities between preschool children involved in peer-victimisation in the three countries in terms of the roles taken, sex differences and the types of aggressive behaviours used and experienced by the children. There were differences in the profiles of children identified as taking the roles by teachers and peers. Overall, it was found that those children identified by peers or teachers as being aggressive were more likely to be male, rated as physically strong and more likely to be rejected by classmates. Also, in general, the targets of peer-victimisation differed depending on the reporter. Peer-nominated victims were not identifiable in terms of gender, popularity or physical strength. Teacher-nominated victims were more likely to be socially rejected and physically weak. There are several subtle differences between the countries which deserve further investigation. The findings are discussed in relation to furthering our understanding of the development of peer-victimisation in preschools and the need for interventions which address this phenomenon (AU)

En la actualidad existe un pequeño, aunque creciente, cuerpo de investigación científica referida a la victimización entre preescolares, edad identificada como de gran importancia tanto teórica como práctica para el desarrollo. Este estudio compara las conductas de agresión y defensa con el estatus social de grupo en muestras de preescolares de tres países europeos: Inglaterra, España e Italia. Los resultados aportan evidencia de comportamiento agresivo de unos escolares hacia otros en cada uno de los países estudiados. Hay similitudes entre los preescolares victimizados por sus iguales en los tres países estudiados en términos de los roles adoptados, el sexo, el tipo de agresión ejecutada y padecida, así como en la identificación que realizan los compañeros sobre los roles jugados. Se encontraron diferencias en identificación y atribución de roles, realizada por los maestros y por los iguales. Y sobre todo, se ha encontrado que los preescolares identificados por sus iguales o por sus maestros como agresores tienden a ser varones, valorados como físicamente más fuertes y con mayor tendencia a ser rechazados por sus compañeros de aula. Pero en general, la elección del preescolar objeto de agresión por sus iguales, parece depender de quién haga la nominación. La nominación como víctimas de sus iguales no parece identificable en términos de género, popularidad y desarrollo físico. Los maestros tienden a nominar como víctimas de sus compañeros a preescolares a los que perciben como socialmente rechazados y físicamente débiles. Hemos encontrado diferencias entre países que requieren investigación confirmatoria. Los resultados se discuten en relación a la necesidad de una mayor comprensión de la victimización entre iguales en los años preescolares para una más idónea intervención del fenómeno (AU)

Inteligencia lógica y rendimiento académico en matemáticas: un estudio con estudiantes de Educación Básica y Secundaria de Chile / Logical intelligence levels and math performance: a study on pri-mary and secondary Chilean students

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un estudio en la población escolar chilena llevados a cabo en una muestra representativa del colectivo de estudiantes de Educación Básica y Media (N=4446), sobre un Test de Inteligencia Lógica Superior (TILS). Los resultados del análisis de las propiedades psicométricas indican que la escala TILS resulta ser un instrumento unidimensional, con adecuada consistencia interna. El análisis de los resultados de su aplicación, en la muestra de estudiantes chilenos, permite observar diferencias significativas en el nivel de inteligencia lógica en función de la edad, sexo y dependencia administrativa del establecimiento al cual asisten los estudiantes. Los puntajes de inteligencia lógica a nivel nacional presentan una distribución normal y se logró establecer los baremos de puntajes diferenciales por edad y dependencia administrativa, así como el impacto de la inteligencia lógica en los resultados académicos. Efectivamente, se ha observado una correlación positiva y significativa de la inteligencia lógica con el desempeño académico general y especialmente con el rendimiento en la asignatura de matemáticas. Igualmente se ha examinado las diferencias de la población ordinaria y un grupo de estudiantes talentosos (N=493), y se constató que éstos últimos presentan niveles de inteligencia lógica significativamente mayores (AU)

This article presents and analyses the results of a Superior Logical Intelligence Test (TILS) to a sample (N = 4446) representative of the Chilean primary and secondary school population. Psychometric analysis shows that the TILS is a one-dimensional instrument with adequate internal consistency. The results of the application to Chilean students reveal significant differences in level of administrative support of the institution students attend (a factor related to socio-economic level). The distribution of the national logical intelligence scores was normal, and it was possible to establish the scales of the differential scores according to age and level of administrative support. The study revealed a positive and meaningful correlation between logical intelligence and overall academic performance, especially in the area mathematics. Likewise, the differences between the general population and a group of talented students (N = 493) were examined, and the latter group was shown to possess significantly higher levels of logical intelligence (AU)

Emociones de agresores y víctimas de cyberbullying: un estudio preliminar en estudiantes de secundaria / Emotions of perpetrators and victims of cyberbullying: A preliminary study of secondary school pupils

Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) han generado nuevos escenarios de comunicación. No obstante, dichos escenarios no están libres de dinámicas relacionales perversas, existentes también en los escenarios tradicionales de comunicación, tales como la intimidación y el acoso entre iguales (cyberbullying). Además, algunas de las características de estos nuevos escenarios podrían facilitar el establecimiento de este tipo de agresiones. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la percepción emocional de los escolares implicados en cyberbullying a través de Internet. La muestra de estudio estuvo compuesta por 830 estudiantes de 10 centros de Educación Secundaria Obligatorio (ESO) de la ciudad de Córdoba (España). El instrumento de evaluación utilizado fue el “Cuestionario Cyberbullying” (ortega, Calmaestra & Mora-Merchán, 2007). Los resultados confirman que, al igual que ocurre en el bullying tradicional, víctimas y agresores poseen una percepción emocional distinta sobre el sufrimiento de la victima. Los datos sugieren que agresores y agresores victimizados podrían mostrar un sesgo o déficit en la percepción emocional que los haría burdos y poco sensibles a los sentimientos de la víctima (AU)

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have generated new forms of communication. As in traditional communication scenarios, potentially harmful relational dynamics, such as intimidation and harassment between peers (cyberbullying), may facilitate the establishment of these forms of aggression. This study analyzes the emotional perceptions of the pupils involved in cyberbullying via the Internet. Participants were 830 pupils from 10 secondary schools in Cordoba (Spain). The instrument used was “Cuestionario Cyberbulling” (Ortega, Calmaestra & Mora-Merchán, 2007). Results confirmed that, as in traditional bullying, bullies and victims show different emotional perceptions about the victim´s suffering. Data suggest that bullies and aggressive-victims may show an emotional perception deficit that could mean they are insensitive to the victim´s feeling (AU)

Bullying en los países pobres: prevalencia y coexistencia con otras formas de violencia / Bullying in poor countries: Prevalence and coexistence with other forms of violence

La prevalencia del bullying ha sido estudiada en muchos países y lugares del mundo, pero principalmente del mundo desarrollado, siendo escasas las investigaciones que exploran poblaciones de los países pobres o en vías de desarrollo, lugares en los que los problemasde violencia están incluso más acentuados. Es por ello que consideramos de especial relevancia estudiar el bullying en un país pobre como es Nicaragua. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un estudio realizado con una muestra representativa de estudiantes de Educación Secundaria de Managua y área metropolitana, mostrando la prevalencia del bullying, la coexistencia con otras formas de violencia y la relación con la edad y el sexo de los estudiantes (AU)

Bullying prevalence has been studied in many places in the world, however mainly in developed countries. Therefore, investigations are limited when exploring the phenomenon in poor and developing countries populations, in which the violence problems are even more prominent. Consequently, we consider of special relevance studying bullying in apoor country such is Nicaragua. In this article, we present the results of an investigation developed with a representative sample of 2,813 secondary students in Managua and its metropolitan area (Nicaragua), showing the bullying prevalence, the coexistence with other forms of violence and the relation to age and sex of the students (AU)

Violencia sexual entre compañeros y violencia en parejas adolescentes / Sexual harassment among peers and adolescent dating violence

El presente estudio ha analizado la presencia de violencia sexual entre compañeros y en las parejas adolescentes y jóvenes. Específicamente se han estudiado las diferencias por sexo, edad y estadio de la relación sentimental tanto en violencia sexual entre iguales como en las parejas, en una muestra de 490 adolescentes (55,7% chicos, 44,3% chicas, edad media 16.08 años). Los resultados descriptivos mostraron la misma incidencia de violencia sexual entre iguales y en las parejas. Respecto al sexo, los chicos presentaron mayor implicación como agresores de sus iguales y de sus parejas, pero no se encontraron diferencias con relación a los índices de victimización. Se encontró un efecto importantedel estadio de la relación: la violencia sexual entre iguales fue más frecuente entre los que se encontraban en “relaciones casuales” y “grupos mixtos” mientras que la violencia sexual entre parejas fue más frecuente entre los que se encontraban en “relaciones serias”. Para la edad, solo se encontraron diferencias en la violencia sexual entre parejas, siendo que los chicos y chicas más mayores resultaron más implicados que los más pequeños (AU)

This paper presents a study about peer and dating sexual harassment among adolescents. Specifically, differences by sex, age and the developmental stage of the romantic relationships were analyzed in both, peer and dating sexual harassment in a sample of 490 adolescents (55,7% boys and 44,3% girls, mean age 16.08). Descriptive data showed that the presence of peer and dating sexual harassment was similar. Boys were more perpetrators in both, peer and dating contexts but no differences by sex were found for victimization indexes. An important effect of the developmental-stage of the relationships was found: peer sexual harassment were more frequent in “casual” and “mixed gender” stage whereas dating sexual harassment was more frequent in “serious relationship”. For age, just differences in dating sexual harassment were found: older adolescents were more involved than younger ones (AU)