Toxic potential evaluation of liquid effluents discharged into nature by the university hospital centers (UHC) and mixed wastewater treatment station (WWTS) at Ouagadougou-Burkina Faso.

In Burkina Faso, several investigations have raised suspicions that hospital liquid effluents are the source of contaminants in porbeagle-culture products and surface water in urban and peri-urban areas. This study aimed to evaluate the hygienic quality of hospital liquid effluents discharged into nature by the UHC Bogodogo (UHC-BOG), Yalgado Ouédraogo (UHC-YO), and the WWTS of Kossodo (WWTS-KOS). Thus, 15 samples of liquid effluents (five per site) discharged into nature were collected. Within the physicochemical parameters, the pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), suspended solids (TSS), conductivity, copper, iron, hafnium, silver, mercury, lead, and cadmium of these samples were determined using standard methods. The mean values of pH were 8.84 ± 0.42,8.06 ± 0.54, and 8.55 ± 0.53 for WWTS-KOS, UHC-BOG, and UHC-YO, respectively. Conductivity values were 1956.80 ± 81.30, 812.80 ± 45.22, and 956.00 ± 39.96 µS/cm, respectively. TSS were 338.20 ± 38.80, 45.00 ± 5.79, and 187.80 ± 27.58 mg/L, respectively. COD were 274.80 ± 20.46, 35.00 ± 5.52, and 139.80 ± 25.53 mg/L, respectively. BOD5 were 186.40 ± 68.68, 26.20 ± 4.82, and 81.80 ± 15.63 mg/L, respectively. Mercury values were 1.93 ± 0.38, 4.04 ± 0.38, and 14.37 ± 1.65 µg/L, respectively. Lead values were 434.70 ± 202.42, 310.50 ± 4.09, and 367.43 ± 94.01 µg/L, respectively. Cadmium values were 79.59 ± 19.48, 109.94 ± 8.43, and 80.26 ± 7.85 µg/L, respectively. Copper values were 27.66 ± 3.33, 30.84 ± 1.65, and 28.32 ± 2.36 mg/L, respectively. Iron was detected only on the STEP-KOS with an average of 71.01 ± 37.83 mg/L. Hafnium values were 50.27 ± 4.49 and 51.58 ± 4.61 mg/L for WWTS-KOS and UHC-BOG, respectively. Silver values were 34.26 ± 3.06 for WWTS-KOS. On the three sites, the differences found were significant (p < 0.05). Liquid hospital effluents from Ouagadougou discharged into nature on the whole do not compile with the Burkinabè normative values for the discharge of wastewater into the environment.

Smokeless tobacco use: its prevalence and relationships with dental symptoms, nutritional status and blood pressure among rural women in Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: Sub-Saharan women use smokeless tobacco (SLT) more than smoked tobacco. Among Western African countries, the estimated weighted prevalence of SLT use in rural women was found to be the highest in Burkina Faso (after Sierra Leone). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of SLT use and its associated factors among rural women in Burkina Faso by using nationally representative data. METHODS: We used data from the 2013 STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) study, which provided sociodemographic, clinical (anthropometric, systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP] and dental symptoms), biological (total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting blood sugar), and tobacco and alcohol consumption data. Data for 1730 rural women were used, and we performed Student's chi-squared and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The prevalence of current SLT use was 13.8% (95% CI: 12.2-15.5). Significant risks for SLT use were the presence of dental symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.59; p < 0.001), undernourishment (aOR = 1.78; p < 0.01), decreased waist circumference (aOR = 0.98; p < 0.05), decreased DBP (aOR = 0.97; p < 0.01), increased SBP (aOR = 1.01; p < 0.05), and increased differential blood pressure (aOR = 1.01; p < 0.05). The co-use of alcohol was also a significant risk factor (aOR = 2.80; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of current SLT use was high among rural women in Burkina Faso, and significant concerns for users included alcohol co-use, the occurrence of dental symptoms, undernourishment, and an increase in differential blood pressure. National Public Health interventions are needed to reduce SLT use and its health-related concerns.

[Shared psychotic disorder about a case at the Yalgado Ouedraogo University hospital center (Burkina Faso)]. / Trouble delirant induit a propos d'un cas au centre hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouedraogo (Burkina Faso).

The shared psychotic disorder is a rare psychiatric entity classified in the ICD10 induced delusional disorders and corresponds to the induction by a psychotic subject of a delusion to a subject without any mental disorder. The protagonists are regularly elements of a couple or a family, which then characterizes the "family madness". We report a rare case of delusional disorder induced by a schizophrenic patient to her husband.

Le trouble psychotique partagé est une entité psychiatrique rare classé dans la CIM10 parmi les troubles délirants induits et correspond à l'induction par un sujet psychotique d'un délire à un sujet indemne de tout trouble mental. Les protagonistes sont régulièrement les éléments d'un couple ou d'une famille, ce qui caractérise alors la « folie à famille ¼. Nous rapportons un cas rare de trouble délirant induit par une patiente schizophrène à son mari.

[Anxiety and depression during chronic renal failure before end stage at the University hospital center Yalgado Ouedraogo of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)]. / Anxiété et dépression au cours de l'insuffisance rénale chronique avant le stade terminal au centre hospitalier universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).

AIM: We wanted to know the prevalence of depression and anxiety, as well as the associated factors in patients with chronic renal failure in Burkina Faso. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted from February to May 2016. We included all adult patients with moderate or severe chronic renal failure. The diagnosis of anxiety and depression was made using the Hamilton scales. Identification of factors associated with both conditions required bi- and multivariate analyzes. RESULTS: The study involved 191 patients, with a mean age of 53.2±14.2 years and a sex ratio of 1.4. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 42.4% and 66.5%, respectively. In 37.7% of cases, both anxiety and depression were noted. The mean age was 52.2±13.1 years for anxious patients and 53.5±13.3 years for the depressed. After multivariate analysis, female sex (odds ratio 2.2; adjusted P=0.014) was significantly associated with anxiety, and anxiety itself at depression (odds ratio 7.5; adjusted P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Anxiety and depression are very common during moderate or severe chronic renal failure in Burkina Faso. In view of their potentially serious consequences, there is a definite interest in their early detection by the nephrologist, especially in the female patient, and for early management.

[Factors associated with depressive symptoms in chronic hemodialysis patients of centre hospitalier universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo (Burkina Faso)]. / Facteurs associés à la symptomatologie dépressive chez les patients hémodialysés chroniques du centre hospitalier universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo (Burkina Faso).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors associated with depressive symptoms in chronic hemodialysis patients at centre hospitalier universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou (CHU-YO). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was cross sectional and descriptive, from June 2nd to July 30th, 2014. We included chronic hemodialysis patients of CHU-YO. The frequency of hemodialysis sessions was of every four to five days. The French version of Hamilton depression psychometric scale was used to assess depressive symptoms. The factors associated with depression were identified after descriptive and explanatory analysis. RESULTS: Depressive symptoms were identified in 140 of the 162 patients included in the study, or a prevalence of 86.4%. The average age of the 140 patients was 38.9±12.9years. In bivariate analysis, the risk of having depressive symptoms was 1.5 times for women, 1.7 times for patients with severe anemia, 1.5 times for hemodialysis catheter holders, 1.8 both in case of duration in hemodialysis less than six months. In multivariate analysis, gender and duration in hemodialysis were factors associated with the occurrence of depressive symptomatology. CONCLUSION: Our study confirms the high frequency of depressive symptoms in patients on hemodialysis. To improve the overall care of hemodialysis patients, we suggest routine screening for depressive symptoms and specific support.

Public perceptions of reproductive biotechnologies: the case of farm animal breeding and reproduction in France and the United Kingdom.

Results of previous qualitative and quantitative stages of the research project demonstrated that, although consumers had poor knowledge about breeding and reproduction procedures, they were concerned about the impact of breeding practices on their food items. They acknowledged breeding and reproduction to be at the very core of animal-based food chain process. Since however modern breeding programmers beg so much for genetics, their practices increasingly raised consumer concerns. This paper presents results of a research addressing this issue and based on interviews of livestock breeders and specialized scientists. This research was undertaken within the frame of an EU funded project (Sustainable Farm Animal Breeding and Reproduction Project, 2000-2003). Interviews were performed according to the methodology of focus groups and results were used to prepare a discussion guide, including definitions of breeding techniques such as artificial insemination, embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, and molecular genetics. Farm animal breeding and reproduction methods raised high level of concerns in conventional terms like safety, healthiness and quality of food, factory farming and related consequences on environment, international issues, and cost. Several propositions were presented that deal with modern farm animal breeding and reproduction, EU regulation of breeding procedures, education of consumers on breeding methods, and labelling of products on breeding and reproduction grounds.