Effects of Fluorinated Functionalization of Linker on Quercetin Encapsulation, Release and Hela Cell Cytotoxicity of Cu-Based MOFs as Smart pH-Stimuli Nanocarriers.

Controlled delivery of target molecules is required in many medical and chemical applications. For such purposes, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which possess desirable features such as high porosity, large surface area, and adjustable functionalities, hold great potential as drug carriers. Herein, Quercetin (QU), as an anticancer drug, was loaded on Cu2 (BDC)2 (DABCO) and Cu2 (F4 BDC)2 )DABCO) MOFs (BDC=1,4-benzenedicarboxylate and DABCO=1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane). As these Cu-MOFs have a high surface area, an appropriate pore size, and biocompatible ingredients, they can be utilized to deliver QU. The loading efficiency of QU in these MOFs was 49.5 % and 41.3 %, respectively. The drug-loaded compounds displayed sustained drug release over 15 days, remarkably high drug loading capacities and pH-controlled release behavior. The prepared nanostructures were characterized by different characterization technics including FT-IR, PXRD, ZP, TEM, FE-SEM, UV-vis, and BET. In addition, MTT assays were carried out on the HEK-293 and HeLa cell lines to investigate cytotoxicity. Cellular apoptosis analysis was performed to investigate the cell death mechanisms. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to analyze the interactions between MOFs and QU. Moreover, the stability of MOFs was also investigated during and after the drug release process. Ultimately, kinetic models of drug release were evaluated.

Synthesis and Application of MOF-808 Decorated with Folic Acid-Conjugated Chitosan as a Strong Nanocarrier for the Targeted Drug Delivery of Quercetin.

Herein, MOF-808 (MOF = metal-organic framework) based on zirconium tricarboxylate was synthesized to investigate the influence of decorating groups of folic acid-conjugated chitosan (CS-FA) on drug-delivery efficiency. Quercetin (QU) was loaded on nondecorated MOF-808 and then decorated with a folic acid-chitosan conjugate. The properties and activities of modified MOF-808 were compared with unmodified MOF-808. QU@MOF-808@CS-FA exhibited favorable drug-release properties, high drug-loading capacity, efficient targeting capability, and pH-dependent release behavior, highlighting the critical role of organic modification. A variety of characterization techniques were used to characterize MOF nanoparticles, including Fourier transform infrared, powder X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, ζ potential, and 1H NMR. Additionally, Monte Carlo simulation calculations were carried out to examine the interactions between the structures of MOF-808 and QU. An in vitro cytotoxicity test was conducted, and the results identified that QU@MOF-808@CS-FA demonstrated more superior therapeutics than QU@MOF-808 on FR-positive MCF7 cancerous cells. On the basis of the results, QU@MOF-808@CS-FA is a promising drug carrier by selective targeting and sustained release.

Smart Multifunctional UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles with Outstanding Drug-Loading/Release Potential for the Targeted Delivery of Quercetin.

Herein, UiO-66 and its two functional analogs (with -NO2 and -NH2 functional groups) were synthesized, and their potential ability as pH stimulus nanocarriers of quercetin (QU), an anticancer agent, was studied. UiO-66 is a low-toxicity, biocompatible metal-organic framework with a large surface area and good stability, which can be prepared through a facile and inexpensive method. Before and after drug loading, various analyses were conducted to characterize the synthesized nanocarriers. Moreover, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to investigate their structures and interactions with quercetin. The most promising drug loading potential and prolonged drug release (over 25 days) were observed in QU@UiO-66-NO2 with 37% drug loading content, which was the best-tested sample that exhibited a higher release rate under acidic conditions (pH = 5) than that in normal cells (pH = 7.4). This behavior is known as pH-stimulus-controlled ability. The cell treatment with free QU, UiO-66-R, and QU@UiO-66-R (R = -H, -NO2, and -NH2) was performed, and an MTT assay was conducted on HEK-293 and MDA-MB-231 cells for the cytotoxicity study. Additionally, the kinetic modeling of drug release was investigated on the basis of the analysis of the drug release profiles.

MOF-801 as a Nanoporous Water-Based Carrier System for In Situ Encapsulation and Sustained Release of 5-FU for Effective Cancer Therapy.

Nanoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been gaining a reputation for their drug delivery applications. In the current work, MOF-801 was successfully prepared by a facile, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly approach through the reaction of ZrCl4 and fumaric acid as organic linkers to deliver 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The prepared nanostructure was fully characterized by a series of analytical techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. MOF-801 could be used for the delivery of the anticancer drug 5-FU due to its high surface area, suitable pore size, and biocompatible ingredients. Based on in vitro loading and release studies, a high 5-FU loading capacity and pH-dependent drug release behavior were observed. Moreover, the interactions between the structure of MOFs and 5-FU were investigated through Monte Carlo simulation calculations. An in vitro cytotoxicity test was done, and the results indicated that 5-FU@MOF-801 was more potent than 5-FU on SW480 cancerous cells, indicating the highlighted role of this drug delivery system. Finally, the kinetics of drug release was investigated.

Modulating Carbon Dioxide Storage by Facile Synthesis of Nanoporous Pillared-Layered Metal-Organic Framework with Different Synthetic Routes.

A Zn(II)-based paddle wheel pillared-layered metal-organic framework, [Zn2 (DBrTPA)2(DABCO)].(DMF)2 (MUT-4), containing 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and 2,5-dibromoterephthalic acid (DBrTPA) has been successfully synthesized with different synthetic methods, including solvothermal, sonochemical, and their mixing methods, some of which are energy-efficient, rapid, and room-temperature synthetic procedures. Structural characterization of MUT-4 with single-crystal X-ray crystallography showed that it crystallizes in the tetragonal I41/acd space group. MUT-4 has shown higher performance than known MOFs in the CO2 adsorption such as UiO-66, UiO-66-NH2, UiO-66-NO2, PCN-66, ZIF-68, UiO-67, bio-MOF-11, MIL-101, MOF-177, ZIF-8, and ZIF-82. It has shown even better CO2 adsorption performance in comparison to the previously reported DMOFs such as DMOF-1 and other DMOF analogues such as NO2-DMOF-1, NH2-DMOF-1, Br-DMOF-1, and Azo-DMOF-1. Furthermore, it has performed even better than modified known MOFs. Also, the carbon dioxide storage capacity of MUT-4 obtained using several different synthetic routes shows a significant difference. Thus, this study exhibited that CO2 gas adsorption of MUT-4 could be modulated by optimizing its synthetic methods.

Magnetic UiO-66-NH2 Core-Shell Nanohybrid as a Promising Carrier for Quercetin Targeted Delivery toward Human Breast Cancer Cells.

In this study, a magnetic core-shell metal-organic framework (MOF) nanocomposite, Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2, was synthesized for tumor-targeting drug delivery by incorporating carboxylate groups as functional groups onto ferrite nanoparticle surfaces, followed by fabrication of the UiO-66-NH2 shell using a facile self-assembly approach. The anticancer drug quercetin (QU) was loaded into the magnetic core-shell nanoparticles. The synthesized magnetic nanoparticles were comprehensively evaluated through multiple techniques, including FT-IR, PXRD, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, BET, UV-vis, ZP, and VSM. Drug release investigations were conducted to investigate the release behavior of QU from the nanocomposite at two different pH values (7.4 and 5.4). The results revealed that QU@Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2 exhibited a high loading capacity of 43.1% and pH-dependent release behavior, maintaining sustained release characteristics over a prolonged duration of 11 days. Furthermore, cytotoxicity assays using the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and the normal cell line HEK-293 were performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of QU, UiO-66-NH2, Fe3O4-COOH, Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2, and QU@Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2. Treatment with QU@Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2 substantially reduced the cell viability in cancerous MDA-MB-231 cells. Cellular uptake and cell death mechanisms were further investigated, demonstrating the internalization of QU@Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2 by cancer cells and the induction of cancer cell death through the apoptosis pathway. These findings highlight the considerable potential of Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2 as a targeted nanocarrier for the delivery of anticancer drugs.

Neural-based modeling adsorption capacity of metal organic framework materials with application in wastewater treatment.

We developed a computational-based model for simulating adsorption capacity of a novel layered double hydroxide (LDH) and metal organic framework (MOF) nanocomposite in separation of ions including Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions. The simulated adsorbent was a composite of UiO-66-(Zr)-(COOH)2 MOF grown onto the surface of functionalized Ni50-Co50-LDH sheets. This novel adsorbent showed high surface area for adsorption capacity, and was chosen to develop the model for study of ions removal using this adsorbent. A number of measured data was collected and used in the simulations via the artificial intelligence technique. Artificial neural network (ANN) technique was used for simulation of the data in which ion type and initial concentration of the ions in the feed was selected as the input variables to the neural network. The neural network was trained using the input data for simulation of the adsorption capacity. Two hidden layers with activation functions in form of linear and non-linear were designed for the construction of artificial neural network. The model's training and validation revealed high accuracy with statistical parameters of R2 equal to 0.99 for the fitting data. The trained ANN modeling showed that increasing the initial content of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions led to a significant increment in the adsorption capacity (Qe) and Cd(II) had higher adsorption due to its strong interaction with the adsorbent surface. The neural model indicated superior predictive capability in simulation of the obtained data for removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from an aqueous solution.

Comparison of the response of the right ventricle with endovascular occlusion and surgical closure in adults with atrial septal defect one year after intervention.

BACKGROUND: Use of the Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) for the closure of secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) has recently become the procedure of choice, while earlier the only treatment for ASD was surgical closure. This study compares the right ventricular indices of the ASO group with the surgical closure group one year after intervention in adults. METHODS: From January 2008 to February 2010, 38 patients with isolated atrial septal defect of the secundum type one year after surgical (n = 20, age = 27 ± 4 years, 13 females, 7 males) or Amplatzer septal occluder closure (n = 18, age = 25 ± 4 years, 12 females, 6 males) were studied. At the same time, thirty-one age-matched normal subjects (age = 26 ± 6 years, 23 females, 9 males) were included as the control group. Strain and strain rate of the right ventricle were measured. RESULTS: The mean values of strain of the midportion were -26% ± 11.7%, -8.9% ± 4.2%, and 24.5% ± 7.4% (P < 0.001). Strain rates of the midportion were -2.19 ± 0.6 s(-1), -1.2 ± 0.4 s(-1), -1.9 ± 0.6 s(-1) (P < 0.001) in ASO, surgery, and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the right ventricle might show better performance in the ASO than the surgery group in adults with ASD in midterm follow-up.