Polygenic risk for severe psychopathology among Europeans is associated with major depressive disorder in Han Chinese women.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that several major psychiatric disorders are influenced by shared genetic factors. This shared liability may influence clinical features of a given disorder (e.g. severity, age at onset). However, findings have largely been limited to European samples; little is known about the consistency of shared genetic liability across ethnicities. METHOD: The relationship between polygenic risk for several major psychiatric diagnoses and major depressive disorder (MDD) was examined in a sample of unrelated Han Chinese women. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were generated using European discovery samples and tested in the China, Oxford, and VCU Experimental Research on Genetic Epidemiology [CONVERGE (maximum N = 10 502)], a sample ascertained for recurrent MDD. Genetic correlations between discovery phenotypes and MDD were also assessed. In addition, within-case characteristics were examined. RESULTS: European-based polygenic risk for several major psychiatric disorder phenotypes was significantly associated with the MDD case status in CONVERGE. Risk for clinically significant indicators (neuroticism and subjective well-being) was also associated with case-control status. The variance accounted for by PRS for both psychopathology and for well-being was similar to estimates reported for within-ethnicity comparisons in European samples. However, European-based PRS were largely unassociated with CONVERGE family history, clinical characteristics, or comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: The shared genetic liability across severe forms of psychopathology is largely consistent across European and Han Chinese ethnicities, with little attenuation of genetic signal relative to within-ethnicity analyses. The overall absence of associations between PRS for other disorders and within-MDD variation suggests that clinical characteristics of MDD may arise due to contributions from ethnicity-specific factors and/or pathoplasticity.

Using citrate-functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles to study the effect of particle size on zebrafish embryo toxicity.

TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) are photoactive, potentially producing toxicity in vivo in the presence of sunlight. We have previously demonstrated photodependent toxicity in zebrafish embryos exposed to TiO2 NPs. Here we investigate the effect of particle size on developing zebrafish exposed to 6, 12 and 15 nm citrate-functionalized anatase TiO2 NPs under either simulated sunlight illumination or in the dark. All three sizes of TiO2 NPs caused photo-dependent toxicity. Under simulated sunlight illumination, the acute toxicity of the 6 nm citrate-TiO2 NPs (120 h LC50 of 23.4 mg L(-1)) exceeded that of the 12 and 15 nm citrate-TiO2 NPs. Exposure to 6 nm particles under illumination also caused a higher incidence of developmental defects than the larger particles. These abnormalities included pericardial edema, yolk-sac edema, craniofacial malformation, and opaque yolk. To gain insight into the mechanisms of toxicity, we measured hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) generated by NPs in vitro and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in vivo. We found that on a mass basis, smaller particles generated higher levels of ROS both in vitro and in vivo, and the 6 nm citrate-TiO2 NPs induced more oxidative stress than larger particles in the zebrafish embryo. We examined oxidative DNA damage by measuring 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in zebrafish exposed to different-sized citrate-TiO2 NPs and found that 6 nm particles caused more DNA damage than did larger particles (12 and 15 nm) under illumination. Our results indicate a photo-dependent toxicity of citrate-TiO2 NPs to zebrafish embryos, with an inverse relationship between particle size and toxicity. Production of more ROS, resulting in more oxidative stress and more DNA damage, represents one possible mechanism of the higher toxicity of smaller citrate-TiO2 NPs. These results highlight the relationship between citrate-TiO2 NP size and toxicity/oxidative stress in developing zebrafish embryos.

Distinct developmental trajectories of autonomous behaviors and agency in rodents.

Behavioral interactions within the nuclear family may play a pivotal role in the emergence of autonomy and agency in mammals. While the emergence of a behavior may arise over weeks in line with nervous system maturation, individual events occur on sub-second time scales. This makes it uniquely challenging to track development in the lab where observations are made over minutes to hours or in ecological studies which lack individual specificity and sub-second precision. Here we study families of gerbils, a highly social rodent, raised in enlarged home-cage environments over weeks of development, using continuous video recordings to capture tens of millions of time points per family. Focusing on postnatal day 15 (when pups leave the nest) to day 30 (around the time when pups would disperse) we identify distinct developmental trajectories for both autonomous behaviors (exploration, food and water foraging), and social behaviors (huddling, approach, time spent together). Most of these behaviors emerge in concert with clear diurnal and crepuscular patterns and we find sex differences in both autonomous and social behaviors. Our work supports the emergence of distinct autonomous and social behavior phenotypes as the behavioral correlates of critical developmental periods of maturation of the rodent brain and can form the basis of future research on development from both neuroscience and behavioral biology perspectives.

A putative 'pre-nervous' endocannabinoid system in early echinoderm development.

Embryos and larvae of sea urchins (Lytechinus variegatus, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Dendraster excentricus), and starfish (Pisaster ochraceus) were investigated for the presence of a functional endocannabinoid system. Anandamide (arachidonoyl ethanolamide, AEA), was measured in early L. variegatus embryos by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. AEA showed a strong developmental dynamic, increasing more than 5-fold between the 8-16 cell and mid-blastula 2 stage. 'Perturb-and-rescue' experiments in different sea urchin species and starfish showed that AEA blocked transition of embryos from the blastula to the gastrula stage, but had no effect on cleavage divisions, even at high doses. The non-selective cannabinoid receptor agonist, CP55940, had similar effects, but unlike AEA, also blocked cleavage divisions. CB1 antagonists, AEA transport inhibitors, and the cation channel transient membrane potential receptor V1 (TrpV1) agonist, arachidonoyl vanillic acid (arvanil), as well as arachidonoyl serotonin and dopamine (AA-5-HT, AA-DA) acted as rescue substances, partially or totally preventing abnormal embryonic phenotypes elicited by AEA or CP55940. Radioligand binding of [(3)H]CP55940 to membrane preparations from embryos/larvae failed to show significant binding, consistent with the lack of CB receptor orthologs in the sea urchin genome. However, when binding was conducted on whole cell lysates, a small amount of [(3)H]CP55940 binding was observed at the pluteus stage that was displaced by the CB2 antagonist, SR144528. Since AEA is known to bind with high affinity to TrpV1 and to certain G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the ability of arvanil, AA-5-HT and AA-DA to rescue embryos from AEA teratogenesis suggests that in sea urchins AEA and other endocannabinoids may utilize both Trp and GPCR orthologs. This possibility was explored using bioinformatic and phylogenetic tools to identify candidate orthologs in the S. purpuratus sea urchin genome. Candidate TrpA1 and TrpV1 orthologs were identified. The TrpA1 ortholog fell within a monophyletic clade, including both vertebrate and invertebrate orthologs, whereas the TrpV1 orthologs fell within two distinct TrpV-like invertebrate clades. One of the sea urchin TrpV orthologs was more closely related to the vertebrate epithelial calcium channels (TrpV5-6 family) than to the vertebrate TrpV1-4 family, as determined using profile-hidden Markov model (HMM) searches. Candidate dopamine and adrenergic GPCR orthologs were identified in the sea urchin genome, but no cannabinoid GPCRs were found, consistent with earlier studies. Candidate dopamine D(1), D(2) or alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor orthologs were identified as potential progenitors to the vertebrate cannabinoid receptors using HMM searches, depending on whether the multiple sequence alignment of CB receptor sequences consisted only of urochordate and cephalochordate sequences or also included vertebrate sequences.

Steroid 5alpha-reductase deficiency in man: an inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism.

In male pseudohermaphrodites born with ambiguity of the external genitalia but with marked virilization at puberty, biochemical evaluation reveals a marked decrease in plasma dihydrotestosterone secondary to a decrease in steroid 5alpha-reductase activity. In utero the decrease in dihydrotestosterone results in incomplete masculinization of the external genitalia. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.

Robust symptom networks in recurrent major depression across different levels of genetic and environmental risk.

BACKGROUND: Genetic risk and environmental adversity-both important risk factors for major depression (MD)-are thought to differentially impact on depressive symptom types and associations. Does heterogeneity in these risk factors result in different depressive symptom networks in patients with MD? METHODS: A clinical sample of 5784 Han Chinese women with recurrent MD were interviewed about their depressive symptoms during their lifetime worst episode of MD. The cases were classified into subgroups based on their genetic risk for MD (family history, polygenic risk score, early age at onset) and severe adversity (childhood sexual abuse, stressful life events). Differences in MD symptom network structure were statistically examined for these subgroups using permutation-based network comparison tests. RESULTS: Although significant differences in symptom endorsement rates were seen in 18.8% of group comparisons, associations between depressive symptoms were similar across the different subgroups of genetic and environmental risk. Network comparison tests showed no significant differences in network strength, structure, or specific edges (P-value > 0.05) and correlations between edges were strong (0.60-0.71). LIMITATIONS: This study analyzed depressive symptoms retrospectively reported by severely depressed women using novel statistical methods. Future studies are warranted to investigate whether similar findings hold in prospective longitudinal data, less severely depressed patients, and men. CONCLUSIONS: Similar depressive symptom networks for MD patients with a higher or lower genetic or environmental risk suggest that differences in these etiological influences may produce similar symptom networks downstream for severely depressed women.

Efficacy of dose regimen and observation of herd immunity from a vaccine against Escherichia coli O157:H7 for feedlot cattle.

A clinical trial was conducted to test the effect of a vaccine product containing type III secreted proteins of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the probability that feedlot steers shed E. coli O157:H7 in feces. Six hundred eight same-source steers were utilized. Of these, 480 steers were assigned randomly to 60 pens (eight head per pen) and to one of four vaccination treatments (120 cattle per treatment, two head per treatment per pen). The four treatments were (i) no vaccination; (ii) one dose, vaccinated once at reimplant (day 42); (iii) two doses, vaccinated on arrival (day 0) and again at reimplant (day 42); and (iv) three doses, vaccinated on arrival (day 0), on day 21, and again at reimplant (day 42). The remaining 128 steers were assigned randomly to 12 pens within the same feedlot to serve as unvaccinated external controls. The probability of detecting E. coli O157:H7 among cattle receiving different doses of vaccine was compared with that of unvaccinated external control cattle, accounting for clustering by repeated measures, block, and pen and fixed effects of vaccine, corn product, and test period. Vaccine efficacy of receiving one, two, and three doses of vaccine was 68, 66, and 73%, respectively, compared with cattle in pens not receiving vaccine. Cattle receiving three doses of vaccine were significantly less likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 than unvaccinated cattle within the same pen. Unvaccinated cattle housed with vaccinated cattle were 59% less likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 than cattle in pens not receiving vaccine, likely because they benefited from herd immunity. This study supports the hypothesis that vaccination with this vaccine product effectively reduces the probability for cattle to shed E. coli O157:H7. There was no indication that the vaccine affected performance or carcass quality. In addition, we found that vaccinating a majority of cattle within a pen offered a significant protective effect (herd immunity) to unvaccinated cattle within the same pen.

Effect of a vaccine product containing type III secreted proteins on the probability of Escherichia coli O157:H7 fecal shedding and mucosal colonization in feedlot cattle.

Preharvest intervention strategies to reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle have been sought as a means to reduce human foodborne illness. A blinded clinical trial was conducted to test the effect of a vaccine product on the probability that feedlot steers, under conditions of natural exposure, shed E. coli O157:H7 in feces, are colonized by this organism in the terminal rectum, or develop a humoral response to the respective antigens. Steers (n = 288) were assigned randomly to 36 pens (eight head per pen), and pens were randomized to vaccination treatment in a balanced fashion within six dietary treatments of an unrelated nutrition study. Treatments included vaccination or placebo (three doses at 3-week intervals). Fecal samples for culture (n = 1,410) were collected from the rectum of each steer on pretreatment day 0 and posttreatment days 14, 28, 42, and 56. Terminal rectum mucosal (TRM) cells were aseptically collected for culture at harvest (day 57 posttreatment) by scraping the mucosa 3.0 to 5.5 cm proximal to the rectoanal junction. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated and identified with selective enrichment, immunomagnetic separation, and PCR confirmation. Vaccinated cattle were 98.3% less likely to be colonized by E. coli O157:H7 in TRM cells (odds ratio = 0.014, P < 0.0001). Diet was also associated with the probability of cattle being colonized (P = 0.04). Vaccinated cattle demonstrated significant humoral responses to Tir and O157 lipopolysaccharide. These results provide evidence that this vaccine product reduces E. coli O157:H7 colonization of the terminal rectum of feedlot beef cattle under conditions of natural exposure, a first step in its evaluation as an effective intervention for food and environmental safety.

Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain NP51 on Escherichia coil O157:H7 fecal shedding and finishing performance in beef feedlot cattle.

A 2-year study was conducted during the summer months (May to September) to test the effectiveness of feeding Lactobacillus acidophilus strain NP51 on the proportion of cattle shedding Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the feces and evaluate the effect of the treatment on finishing performance. Steers (n = 448) were assigned randomly to pens, and pens of cattle were assigned randomly to NP51 supplementation or no supplementation (control). NP51 products were mixed with water and applied as the feed was mixed daily in treatment-designated trucks at the rate of 10(9) CFU per steer. Fecal samples were collected (n = 3,360) from the rectum from each animal every 3 weeks, and E. coli O157:H7 was isolated by standard procedures, using selective enrichment, immunomagnetic separation, and PCR confirmation. The outcome variable was the recovery of E. coli O157:H7 from feces, and was modeled using logistic regression accounting for year, repeated measures of pens of cattle, and block. No significant differences were detected for gain, intakes, or feed efficiency of control or NP51-fed steers. The probability for cattle to shed E. coli O157:H7 varied significantly between 2002 and 2003 (P = 0.004). In 2002 and 2003, the probability for NP51-treated steers to shed E. coli O157:H7 over the test periods was 13 and 21%, respectively, compared with 21 and 28% among controls. Over the 2 years, NP51-treated steers were 35% less likely to shed E. coli O157: H7 than were steers in untreated pens (odds ratio = 0.58, P = 0.008). This study is consistent with previous reports that feeding NP51 is effective in reducing E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding in feedlot cattle.

Genetic effects influencing risk for major depressive disorder in China and Europe.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common, complex psychiatric disorder and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite twin studies indicating its modest heritability (~30-40%), extensive heterogeneity and a complex genetic architecture have complicated efforts to detect associated genetic risk variants. We combined single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) summary statistics from the CONVERGE and PGC studies of MDD, representing 10 502 Chinese (5282 cases and 5220 controls) and 18 663 European (9447 cases and 9215 controls) subjects. We determined the fraction of SNPs displaying consistent directions of effect, assessed the significance of polygenic risk scores and estimated the genetic correlation of MDD across ancestries. Subsequent trans-ancestry meta-analyses combined SNP-level evidence of association. Sign tests and polygenic score profiling weakly support an overlap of SNP effects between East Asian and European populations. We estimated the trans-ancestry genetic correlation of lifetime MDD as 0.33; female-only and recurrent MDD yielded estimates of 0.40 and 0.41, respectively. Common variants downstream of GPHN achieved genome-wide significance by Bayesian trans-ancestry meta-analysis (rs9323497; log10 Bayes Factor=8.08) but failed to replicate in an independent European sample (P=0.911). Gene-set enrichment analyses indicate enrichment of genes involved in neuronal development and axonal trafficking. We successfully demonstrate a partially shared polygenic basis of MDD in East Asian and European populations. Taken together, these findings support a complex etiology for MDD and possible population differences in predisposing genetic factors, with important implications for future genetic studies.

Cloning and characterization of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates the toxicity of 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds in vertebrates. To further establish zebrafish as a vertebrate model to study the molecular mechanism of TCDD toxicity, we have isolated and characterized the cDNA encoding the zebrafish aryl hydrocarbon receptor (zfAhR2). Analysis of the deduced protein sequence revealed the 1027 amino acid protein is approximately 200 amino acids longer than previously isolated receptors. zfAhR2 is homologous to previously cloned PAS proteins within the basic helix-loop-helix and PAS domains. The C-terminal domain of zfAhR2 diverges from the mammalian AhR at position 420, and does not contain a Q-rich domain. zfAhR2 mRNA is first detected by Northern blot analysis at 24 h post fertilization, and expression increases throughout early development. Treatment of zebrafish embryos and zebrafish liver cells with graded doses of TCDD results in a dose-dependent increase in zfAhR2 mRNA. The time course for zfAhR2 and cytochrome P4501A mRNA induction by TCDD are similar. In vitro produced zfAhR2 protein dimerizes with the rainbow trout aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (rtARNTb) and binds dioxin response elements derived from the rainbow trout CYP1A gene. Finally, transient coexpression of zfAhR2 and rtARNTb in COS-7 cells results in a TCDD dose-related increase in transcription driven by the rainbow trout CYP1A promoter and enhancer.

Identification and expression of alternatively spliced aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) cDNAs from zebrafish with distinct functions.

In order to further establish zebrafish as a vertebrate model for studying the mechanism of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxicity it is necessary to characterize the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (AhR/ARNT) signaling pathways in this species. In this study, three zfARNT2 cDNAs were isolated, expressed, and characterized and named zfARNT2b, zfARNT2c, and zfARNT2a. zfARNT2b, zfARNT2c, and zfARNT2a encode proteins with theoretical molecular weights of 81, 79, and 45 kDa, respectively. zfARNT2b and zfARNT2a proteins are identical over the first 403 amino acids but differ in their C-terminal domains as a result of alternative mRNA splicing. zfARNT2c is nearly identical to zfARNT2b, with the exception of an in frame 15 amino acid deletion adjacent to the basic region of zfARNT2c. Using quantitative RT-PCR methods the tissue distribution of each zfARNT2 isoform was determined. In COS-7 cells expressing zfARNT2b and zfAhR2, 10 nM TCDD causes a nine-fold induction of a dioxin responsive reporter gene. In COS-7 cells expressing zfARNT2a or zfARNT2c, TCDD does not induce reporter gene expression. In contrast, all three zfARNT2 proteins induce reporter gene activity under control of hypoxia responsive elements when cotransfected with the zebrafish endothelial specific PAS protein 1. DNA gel shift analysis suggests that the decreased function of zfARNT2a is due to inefficient binding of zfARNT2a/zfAhR2 complexes to dioxin responsive elements. These results also indicate that alternative mRNA splicing results in formation of ARNT proteins with distinct functional properties.

Coordinate induction of acyl-CoA binding protein, fatty acid binding protein and peroxisomal beta-oxidation by peroxisome proliferators.

Acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) and fatty acid binding protein (FABP) are important intracellular lipid binding proteins. The purpose of the present experiments was to test the hypothesis that peroxisome proliferators induce ACBP in rat hepatocytes as has been shown previously for FABP. The effects of two structurally dissimilar peroxisome proliferators perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and clofibric acid (CPIB) were examined in primary rat hepatocyte cultures in a chemically defined media. Both compounds alter lipid metabolism in primary rat hepatocytes in a similar fashion, although PFDA is more potent than CPIB at inducing peroxisomal beta-oxidation. In addition, PFDA and CPIB compete with long-chain fatty acids for binding to FABP but do not compete with long-chain acyl-CoA esters for binding to ACBP. The concentration of ACBP and FABP was increased in peroxisome proliferator-treated hepatocytes relative to vehicle controls within 48 h of treatment. Evidence is given to support increases in ACBP and FABP mRNA being the cause of the increased protein levels by peroxisome proliferators. In addition, the peroxisome proliferators PFDA, perfluorooctanoic acid and ciprofibrate induced hepatic ACBP following in vivo administration to rats indicating that this phenomena is not exclusive to in vitro systems. Therefore, ACBP appears to be a member of the peroxisome proliferator loci, a group of lipid metabolizing proteins, including FABP, which are regulated by peroxisome proliferators such as fibric acids and perfluorinated fatty acids.

Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure alters radial arm maze performance and hippocampal morphology in female AhR mice.

Perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been reported to alter spatial learning in rats tested on a radial arm maze (RAM). TCDD is believed to exert most of its effects through binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). To determine whether the AhR mediates TCDD-induced alterations in spatial learning, we tested male and female AhR-knockout (AhR-/-), heterozygous (AhR+/-) and wild-type (AhR+/+) mice on the RAM. AhR+/- male and female mice were time mated, and treated dams were dosed with 5 microg TCDD/kg body weight on day 13 of gestation. When offspring reached adulthood, male and female AhR+/+, AhR+/- and AhR-/- mice from TCDD-exposed and unexposed litters were tested on the eight-arm RAM. After testing, we examined hippocampal morphology as visualized by the Timm's silver sulfide stain. TCDD-exposed female AhR+/- mice made more errors than their respective controls on the RAM and exhibited a decrease in the size of the intra- and infrapyramidal mossy fiber (IIP-MF) field of the hippocampus. None of the other TCDD-exposed groups differed from their respective control groups with regard to maze performance or hippocampal morphology. The reduction of IIP-MF field indicates a possible morphological basis for the learning deficit that was observed in the female AhR+/- mice. It is hypothesized that the effect of TCDD exposure is AhR dependent and that TCDD may alter GABAergic activity in the hippocampus of female mice during development.

Partial androgen resistance associated with secondary 5 alpha-reductase deficiency: identification of a novel qualitative androgen receptor defect and clinical implications.

We studied a family in which three brothers were born with ambiguous genitalia and had poor virilization at puberty. One patient (II-5) required less surgery to repair his hypospadias and is lean, muscular, and hairy compared to his brothers (II-1, II-2). Their adult levels of plasma testosterone (T) range from 765-2250 ng/dl. The plasma T to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) ratios were 29 (n = 5) in patient II-1, 25 (n = 2) in patient II-2, and 14 (n = 2) in patient II-5, compared to 12 +/- 3 (SD) in normal men. The mean urinary etiocholanolone to androsterone ratios were 1.9 (n = 2) in patient II-1, 2.0 in patient II-2, and 1.3 in patient II-5, compared to 0.87 +/- 0.34 in normal men. The mean urinary ratios of 5 beta-tetrahydrocorticosterone to 5 alpha-tetrahydrocorticosterone were 0.98 (n = 2) in patient II-1, 1.25 in patient II-2, and 0.71 in patient II-5, compared to 0.53 +/- 0.22 in normal men. Genital skin fibroblasts (GSF) from patient II-1 had unusually low 5 alpha-reductase (5 alpha-R) activity (0.3 pmol/mg protein X h; n = 6), but those of patient II-5, a normal brother (II-3), and a sister (II-4; with impaired development of sexual hair) had normal values of 6.5 (n = 2), 9 (n = 3), and 9 (n = 2) pmol/mg protein X h, respectively. The maximum specific DHT receptor-binding activity (Bmax) and the rate constant of dissociation (k) of DHT-receptor complexes in the GSF from each of these individuals were normal, but the apparent equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) for DHT were 1.16 +/- 0.28 (n = 4) in II-1, 0.39 +/- 0.20 (n = 6) in the sister, and it was 0.19 +/- 0.09 (n = 3) in the unaffected brother and 0.22 +/- 0.09 nM (n = 26) in normal men. The Bmax with the synthetic, nonmetabolizable androgen, methyltrienolone (R1881), and the k of R1881-receptor complexes were normal, but the Kd for R1881 in the GSF of II-1 was 1.4 nM (n = 2), compared to 0.16 +/- 0.05 (n = 8) in normal men, and prolonged exposure to R1881 failed to augment (up-regulate) the basal R1881-binding activity in his cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Male pseudohermaphroditism secondary to 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: gender role change with puberty.

A 31-yr-old male pseudohermaphrodite is reported with 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. Laboratory data revealed a plasma testosterone of 228 ng/100 ml, a plasma androstenedione of 620 ng/100 ml, and an abnormal androstenedione to testosterone ratio. Plasma estradiol was 4.6 ng/100 ml and plasma estrone was 22 ng/100 ml. This subject was born in a hospital, incontrovertibly declared to be a female, and unambiguously raised as a girl by his parents for the first 17 yr of his life. At age 14 yr, he was able to change to a male gender role with ease. As an adult, he is a well adjusted, happily married man with a successful professional career. Surgical correction of bilateral cryptorchidism and hypospadias was carried out at age 14 yr. At age 30 yr, he developed a teratocarcinoma-seminoma of the right testis with retroperitoneal node metastases. After orchiectomy and retroperitoneal node dissection, he was placed on chemotherapy and is presently free of metastases.

Evidence for an unidentified ACTH-induced steroid hormone causing hypertension.

The hypothesis that hyperaldosteronism is not the sole cause of hypertension in dexamethasone-suppressible hyperaldosteronsim was tested in an 18-year-old male. After six years of little or no treatment, the hypertension and mild hyperaldosteronism were promptly decreased by a small dose of dexamethasone. During dexamethasone treatment, when aldosterone secretion was suppressed to less than normal and he was normotensive, steroids were given by constant infusion in an attempt to reproduce the hypertension of the dexamethasone-free state. Neither five days of aldosterone or 18-hydroxydesoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) at 1 mg/day, nor desoxycorticosterone (DOC) at 30 mg/day caused hypertension. However, sodium retention and potassium loss was observed during aldosterone and DOC infusion. Hypertension was produced within five days during infusion with ACTH or oral metyrapone. The hypertensive effect of the latter was abolished by addition of aminoglutethimide treatment. These studies suggest that a steroid other than aldosterone, 18-OH-DOC, or DOC may be the cause of the ACTH-induced hypertension in this patient. The aminoglutethimide data suggest that the ACTH effect on blood pressure is due to a steroid, and the metyrapone studies suggest that the steroid may be an 11-desoxysteroid. Urine and blood collected under ACTH stimulation and metyrapone treatment may be a rich source from which we may characterize this hormone.

Decreased urinary C19 and C21 steroid 5 alpha-metabolites in parents of male pseudohermaphrodites with 5 alpha-reductase deficiency: detection of carriers.

The urinary 5 beta/5 alpha ring A-reduced metabolites of C19 and C21 steroids from obligate carrier parents of male pseudohermaphrodites with 5 alpha-reductase deficiency were analyzed by gas chromatography. Etiocholanolone/androsterone, 11 beta-hydroxyetiocholanolone/11 beta-hydroxyandrosterone, tetrahydrocortisol/allotetrahydrocortisol, and tetrahydrocorticosterone/allotetrahydrocorticosterone were the paired 5 beta/5 alpha-metabolite ratios measured. Increased mean 5 beta/5 alpha ratios were found for all paired metabolites compared to mean ratios in normal subjects. In men, the highest index of discrimination of the carrier state was the tetrahydrocorticosterone/allotetrahydrocorticosterone ratio, while in women, the etiocholanolone/androsterone ratio was more diagnostic. In obligate carrier men, plasma testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone levels were normal, as were testosterone/dihydrotestosterone ratios. These studies demonstrate a generalized defect in 5 alpha-reductase activity involving C19 and C21 steroid metabolism in obligate carrier parents and provide further confirmation of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance in this condition. The data from parents of sporadic cases of male pseudohermaphrodites with primary 5 alpha-reductase deficiency suggest that there is a carrier rate within the general population, although the exact frequency remains unknown.

6 beta-Hydroxycortisol excretion in hypercortisolemic states.

Urinary 6beta-hydroxycortisol (6betaOHF) excretion was measured and compared with free cortisol and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17OH) excretion in normal children, patients with Cushing's syndrome or disease (CSD), and patients during cortisol therapy. Normal 6betaOHF excretion in children was 0.23 +/- 0.03 mg/m2/24 h (mean +/- SE). No sex difference was found. ACTH infusion (40 U/day for 5 days) and high dose cortisol altered the 6 betaOHF:17OH ratio so that it was indistinguishable from the ratio seen in CSD. The fact that both Cushing's disease and high dose cortisol therapy caused the same change in the 6 betaOHF:17OH ratio suggests that cortisol and not ACTH induced 6beta-hydroxylase in hypercortisolemic subjects. Since the 6betaOHF:17OH ratio in CSD patients was always well above the normal range, measurement of 6betaOHF excretion was a better and more rapid test for chronic hypercortisolemia than urinary 17OH or free cortisol. Thus, measurement of urinary 6betaOHF is suggested as a good diagnostic test for hypercortisolemic states.

Steroid 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in a 65-year-old male pseudohermaphrodite: the natural history, ultrastructure of the testes, and evidence for inherited enzyme heterogeneity.

We report a 65-yr-old male pseudohermaphrodite with steroid 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in whom there was no medical intervention before, during, or after puberty, enabling us to observe the natural history of this condition. The affected subject has an android build, with more facial and body hair than in previously described affected adults. Although the subject was raised as a girl, a male gender identity evolved with the events of puberty, but social factors have delayed the complete expression of a male gender role. Plasma levels of dihydrotestosterone and the in vivo conversion of radiolabeled testosterone to dihydrotestosterone were decreased. There was an elevated urinary etiocholanolone to androsterone ratio, typical of the syndrome. Characterization of 5 alpha-reductase enzyme activity in cultured genital skin fibroblasts demonstrated a pattern of enzyme activity distinctly different from three previously described families with this condition. There was decreased enzyme affinity for testosterone and NADPH. Also, the stability of the enzyme to elevated temperature was not protected by NADPH, resulting in rapid disappearance of enzyme activity after inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide. Electron microscopic evaluation of the testes was carried out.