Work-family balance and the subjective well-being of rural women in Sichuan, China.

BACKGROUND: Due to the great burden of family and the conflicts among family, society and career roles resulting from migrant working, rural women suffer more conflicts between work and family and need more social attention. Previous studies of the conflicts between family and work mainly focus on the group of career women, and there is a lack of the research on the conflicts between work and family of rural women, which needs to be systematically and further studied. METHODS: This study used a sample survey of 380 rural women in rural areas of Sichuan Province to measure rural women's cognition of work-family, coordination and handling of conflicts, post-conflict choices, and subjective well-being; the study constructs an ordered multi-class logistic regression model to explore the impact of work-family conflict on the subjective well-being of rural women in rural regions. RESULTS: The study result shows that: (1) The level of subjective well-being of rural women is generally high, and 70% of women feel satisfied or very satisfied. (2) The factor which impacts the subjective well-being among rural women most is work-interfering-with-family conflict, followed by work-family balance and confidence in conflict coordination. CONCLUSION: This study can enhance our understanding of rural women in rural areas, and provide a reference for formulating policies to improve people's life satisfaction.

[Comparison between charged aerosol detector and evaporative light scattering detector for analysis of sugar in Zhusheyong Yiqi Fumai and study on accuracy of methods].

Evaporative light scattering detector(ELSD) and charged aerosol detector(CAD) methods were established in this study for the content determination of four kinds of sugars in Zhusheyong Yiqi Fumai(YQFM), and the factors affecting the accuracy of CAD methods were discussed. HPLC-ELSD chromatographic separation was performed on a Shodex Asahipak NH2 P-50 column with acetonitrile-water(75∶25)as the mobile phase, with a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min~(-1), drift tube temperature of 80 ℃. The analysis by HPLC-CAD was performed on the same column with acetonitrile-water as mobile phase for gradient elution, with a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min~(-1), a neb temperature of 45 ℃, and power function(PF) of 1.3. The samples of YQFM were detected by ELSD and CAD respectively. It was found that YQFM was composed of fructose, glucose, sucrose and maltose. The linear relationship of the two methods was good, and the recoveries, reproducibility and stability of these four kinds of sugars measured by the two methods satisfied the requirements of methodology. Both CAD and ELSD detectors were accurate and reliable in detecting saccharides components in YQFM. In addition, it was revealed in this study for the first time that the PF parameter of CAD had an important influence on the accuracy of sugar determination and acted as the key parameter of CAD method. It was also found that for CAD, a non-linear detector, there was no significant difference between the results of linear regression and logarithmic regression.

Cyclic tensile machine with wide speed range for in situ neutron/X-ray scattering study on elastomers.

A tensile machine is designed for in situ scattering investigation of elastomers in the cyclic tensile process. The specimen is stretched by two linearly moving clamps in the opposite direction; thus, the center of the specimen is kept stationary during the tensile test. With this configuration, either X-ray scattering or neutron scattering can be carried out easily. A high speed direct current motor is used to drive the machine, providing a wide tensile speed range from 1.28 × 10-3 mm/s to 102.4 mm/s. Cyclic tension is achieved by program controlled motor rotation, and the engineering stress-strain curve can be saved automatically in each cycle. Moreover, an independent displacement sensor is used to check the possible accumulative error of position during cyclic tension. The orientation change of multiwall carbon nanotube filled silicon rubber is investigated by small angle neutron scattering to test the machine, which shows that the machine is capable of combining the cyclic tensile test with in situ scattering measurement.

Effects of rare-earth oxides on the microstructure and properties of Fe-based friction materials synthesized by in situ carbothermic reaction from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates.

In this work, we prepared an iron-based frictional material from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates by in situ carbothermic reaction with improved tribological properties. Effects of different amounts of rare-earth oxides on the microstructure and properties of the Fe-based friction materials were investigated. The microstructure of the Fe-based friction material consisted of an Fe matrix, hard particles (mainly TiC) and a lubricating phase (graphite). The moderate addition of rare-earth oxides improved the microstructure and properties of the Fe-based friction material significantly. Particularly, the friction coefficient decreased from 0.61 to 0.48-0.56 and the wear rate reduced from 7.8 × 10-7 cm3 J-1 to 2.6 × 10-7∼4.9 × 10-7 cm3 J-1. Addition of La2O3 (≤0.2 wt%) or CeO2 (≤0.4 wt%) contributed to sintering densification and improved the relative density, hardness and wear resistance. The dominant wear mechanism changes from severe abrasive wear and oxidative wear to mild oxidative wear. However, when rare-earth oxide addition was increased further, the microstructure, relative density, hardness, and wear performance of the Fe-based friction materials deteriorated. Consequently, the optimal additions of La2O3 and CeO2 were 0.2 wt% and 0.4 wt%, respectively.

Influence of Mn on the iron-based friction material directly prepared by in situ carbothermic reaction from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates.

In this work, we prepared an iron-based frictional material from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates by in situ carbothermic reaction with improved tribological properties. Effects of Mn content (1-4 wt%) on the microstructure and properties of iron-based friction material were investigated. The microstructure and properties of iron-based friction material with Mn are significantly improved. In particular, the friction coefficient decreases from 0.54 to 0.40-0.49 and the wear rate reduces from 1.899 × 10-7 cm3 J-1 to 0.229 × 10-7 cm3 J-1 - 1.309 × 10-7 cm3 J-1. Appropriate Mn addition (1-3 wt%) contributes efficiently to the sintering densification and increasing laminated pearlites. Comparatively, the density, hardness and wear resistance are improved. The dominant wear mechanism changes from severe abrasive wear to mild abrasive wear and oxidative wear is also enhanced. However, when Mn content increases to 4 wt%, the microstructure, relative density, hardness and wear performance of iron-based friction material are deteriorated. Consequently, the optimal addition of Mn is 3 wt% in the iron-based friction material.