[Advances in traditional Chinese medicine treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via farnesoid X receptor].

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is a chronic metabolic condition with rapidly increasing incidence, becoming a public health issue of worldwide concern. Studies have shown that farnesoid X receptor(FXR)-based modulation of downstream targets can improve liver function and metabolic status in the patients with NAFLD and may be a potential drug target for treating this di-sease. Great progress has been achieved in the development of drugs targeting FXR for the treatment of NAFLD. A number of studies have explored the traditional Chinese medicine and their active ingredients for the treatment of NAFLD via FXR considering the high safety and efficacy and mild side effects. This paper systematically describes the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicines in the treatment of NAFLD via FXR and the downstream targets, aiming to provide precise targets for the drug development and clinical treatment of NAFLD.

Associations between environmental exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and nodular goiter risk: A case-control study.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread and persistent environmental contaminants, but their association with nodular goiter (NG) remains unknown. The present case-control study of 179 NG cases and 358 matched normal controls aimed to investigate the association between PBDEs and risk of NG. The plasma concentrations of 8 PBDEs congeners (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209) were determined by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Conditional logistic regression model was used to evaluate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between each PBDEs congener and NG. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was used to evaluate the association between overall levels of 8 PBDEs mixture and NG. The results of logistic model suggested that increased risk of NG was associated with elevated concentrations of all PBDEs congeners, except for BDE-209. In BKMR model, the risk of NG increased with the increase in overall exposure level of 8 PBDEs mixture. Compared to when all PBDEs mixture were at their median value, the risk of exposure-response function for NG increased by 0.34 units when all PBDEs were at their 75th percentile. In women, the results showed similar trends after additional adjustment for age at menarche and menopausal status. These findings provide novel epidemiological evidence for the prevention of NG. However, larger prospective studies are required to address the associations between PBDEs exposure and NG risk.

Screening of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant active compounds from Terminalia chebula fruits by spectrum-effect relationship and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.

Screening and identification of active components from traditional Chinese medicines is rather challenging due to the diversity and complexity of chemical components. Herein, a comprehensive strategy based on a spectrum-effect relationship model and LC-MS analysis was developed to screen active components from Terminalia chebula fruits. The water extract of T. chebula fruits was subjected to macroporous resin column and then eluted successively with water and 30%, 50%, 70%, and 95% ethanol. The 30% ethanol eluate fractions of eighteen batches from T. chebula fruits were used for the spectrum-effect relationship study. The IC50 values for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activities were measured, LC fingerprints were established, and 15 common peaks were specified. The spectrum-effect relationship between common peaks and IC50 values was investigated by principal component analysis, gray relational analysis, partial least square and multiple linear regression. The 30% ethanol eluate fraction was further characterized by LC-MS analysis. The chromatographic peaks (Peaks 1, 2, 3, 5, 12, 14, 15) making great contributions to the efficacy were screened through a spectrum-effect relationship model, and sixteen components were further identified. The results suggested that the proposed strategy is simple and effective for acquiring active components from a complex matrix.

Associations between essential microelements exposure and the aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer.

Aim of this study was to evaluate the association between multiple essential microelements exposure and the aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The concentrations of 10 essential microelements in urine [cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), zinc (Zn), and iodine (I)] were measured in 608 patients newly diagnosed with PTC, including 154 males and 454 females. Chi square test and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used to compare general characteristics among males and females. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between essential microelements and PTC clinicopathologic characteristics in single- and multi-microelement models. In this study, we only observed that the frequency of lymph node metastasis in males was higher than in females, and males had higher levels of zinc than females, but males had lower levels of iodine than females. It was found that high levels of Fe were associated with decreased risk of PTC tumor size > 1 cm, capsular invasion, and advanced T stage (T3/4a/4b). High levels of Co and Mo were associated with decreased risk of capsular invasion and lymph node metastasis, respectively. However, high levels of Mn and Sr were associated with increased risk of capsular invasion and multifocality respectively, and both were associated with increased risk of advanced T stage (T3/4a/4b). These findings indicated that certain essential microelements might have potential effects on PTC progression and aggressiveness. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

(-)-Loliolide, the most ubiquitous lactone, is involved in barnyardgrass-induced rice allelopathy.

Neighbor detection and allelochemical response are important mediators in plant-plant interactions. Although there is increasing knowledge about plant allelochemicals released in response to the presence of competitors and involved in neighbor-derived signaling, less is known about which signaling chemicals are responsible for the neighbor-induced allelochemical response. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that (-)-loliolide, a carotenoid metabolite, acts as a signaling chemical in barnyardgrass-rice allelopathic interactions. The production of the rice allelochemicals momilactone B and tricin was increased in the presence of five biotypes of barnyardgrass. (-)-Loliolide was found in all the biotypes of barnyardgrass and their root exudates and rhizosphere soils. There were significant positive relationships between rice allelochemicals and (-)-loliolide concentrations across the biotypes of barnyardgrass. Furthermore, (-)-loliolide elicited the production of momilactone B and tricin. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed regulatory activity of (-)-loliolide on the diterpenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. The expression of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of momilactone B (CPS4, KSL4, and MAS) and tricin (CYP75B3 and CYP75B4) was up-regulated by (-)-loliolide. These findings suggest that (-)-loliolide acts as a signaling chemical and participates in barnyardgrass-rice allelopathic interactions. Allelopathic rice plants can detect competing barnyardgrass through the presence of this signaling chemical and respond by increasing levels of their allelochemicals to achieve an advantage for their own growth.

Neuronal HMGB1 in nucleus accumbens regulates cocaine reward memory.

Cocaine is a common abused drug that can induce abnormal synaptic and immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS). High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is one kind of inflammatory molecules that is expressed both on neurons and immune cells. Previous studies of HMGB1 in the CNS have largely focused on immune function, and the role of HMGB1 in neurons and cocaine addiction remains unknown. Here, we show that cocaine exposure induced the translocation and release of HMGB1 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons. Gain and loss of HMGB1 in the NAc bidirectionally regulate cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. From the nucleus to the cytosol, HMGB1 binds to glutamate receptor subunits (GluA2/GluN2B) on the membrane, which regulates cocaine-induced synaptic adaptation and the formation of cocaine-related memory. These data unveil the role of HMGB1 in neurons and provide the evidence for the HMGB1 involvement in drug addiction.

Cytotoxicity of chemical constituents from Torricellia tiliifolia DC. on Spodoptera litura (SL-1) cells.

In this study, we evaluated cytotoxicity of chemicals isolated from Torricellia tiliifolia DC. on Spodoptera litura (SL-1) cell line. Among the isolated compounds, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, and syringaresinol inhibited SL-1 cell survival in both dose- and time-dependent manners. Meanwhile, the in vivo insecticidal activity test revealed that 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde showed obvious insecticidal activities. These two compounds exhibited toxicity to SL-1 cells by inducing cellular morphological changes including shape change, cell shrinkage, vacuolation, cell membrane blebbing and chromatin condensation and apoptosis. 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde showed the most effect on mitochondrial membrane depolarization at 24h and 72h respectively and induced the apoptosis at a late time point 72h. Our results suggest that 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde inhibit SL-1 survival by inducing apoptosis.

Identification and Characterization of Bacillus cereus SW7-1 in Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae).

The bacterial diseases of silkworms cause significant reductions in sericulture and result in huge economic loss. This study aimed to identify and characterize a pathogen from diseased silkworm. SW7-1, a pathogenic bacterial strain, was isolated from the diseased silkworm. The strain was identified on the basis of its bacteriological properties and 16S rRNA gene sequence. The colony was round, slightly convex, opaque, dry, and milky on a nutrient agar medium, the colony also exhibited jagged edges. SW7-1 was Gram-positive, without parasporal crystal, and 0.8-1.2 by 2.6-3.4 µm in length, resembling long rods with rounded ends. The strain was positive to most of the physiological biochemical tests used in this study. The strain could utilize glucose, sucrose, and maltose. The results of its 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that SW7-1 shared the highest sequence identity (>99%) with Bacillus cereus strain 14. The bacterial strain was highly susceptible to gentamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin and moderately susceptible to tetracycline and rifampicin. It exhibited resistance to other antibiotics. SW7-1 had hemolytic activity and could produce extracellular casease, lipase, and amylase. SW7-1 could reproduce septicemia-like symptoms with high mortality rate when re-fed to healthy silkworm. .The median lethal concentration (LC50) was 5.45 × 10(4) cfu/ml. Thus, SW7-1 was identified as B. cereus, which is a pathogen for silkworm and human infections are possible.

[Spectroscopic characteristics of DC excited atmospheric pressure glow discharges generated in a needle-plate electrode device and a needle-water electrode one].

Glow discharge characteristics in two discharge devices, i.e. in a needle-plate electrode geometry and a needle-water electrode one were compared by using spectroscopic method. Results show that the different emission regions were found in both discharges generated by the two devices. From the cathode to the anode, there are a cathode glow region, cathode dark glow, a positive column, and an anode glow region. The anode dark region can be clearly discerned in the glow discharge in the needle-plate electrode device, while it almost cannot be found in the needle-water electrode discharge. Comparing the current-voltage characteristics of the two glow discharges, it was found that the voltage across the electrodes decreases with increasing the discharge current in both discharge devices, while the voltage in the needle-water glow discharge is higher than that of the needle-plate one at the same current value. The current-voltage curves have a negative slope and their current densities lie in the range from 10-5 to 10-4 A? cm-2, which indicates that a normal glow discharge mechanism was involved in the two discharges. Comparing the optical spectra scanning from 300nm to 800nm and emitted from the whole normal glow discharge in the two electrode devices, similar spectral lines from the two discharges can be found on the optical emission spectrum, including the second positive system of nitrogen molecules (337.1nm) and the first negative system of nitrogen molecular ions (391.4nm). However, the intensity ratio of spectral lines is different. The intensity ratio (391.4nm to 337.1nm) and vibrational temperature were investigated at different locations. It was found that the intensity ratio of the needle-water electrode discharge is larger than that of the needle-plate electrode discharge at the same location. Furthermore, the vibrational temperature in the needle-water electrode discharge is higher than that of the needle-plate one at the same location.

Uncovering missing glycans and unexpected fragments with pGlycoNovo for site-specific glycosylation analysis across species.

Precision mapping of site-specific glycans using mass spectrometry is vital in glycoproteomics. However, the diversity of glycan compositions across species often exceeds database capacity, hindering the identification of rare glycans. Here, we introduce pGlycoNovo, a software within the pGlyco3 software environment, which employs a glycan first-based full-range Y-ion dynamic searching strategy. pGlycoNovo enables de novo identification of intact glycopeptides with rare glycans by considering all possible monosaccharide combinations, expanding the glycan search space to 16~1000 times compared to non-open search methods, while maintaining accuracy, sensitivity and speed. Reanalysis of SARS Covid-2 spike protein glycosylation data revealed 230 additional site-specific N-glycans and 30 previously unreported O-glycans. pGlycoNovo demonstrated high complementarity to six other tools and superior search speed. It enables characterization of site-specific N-glycosylation across five evolutionarily distant species, contributing to a dataset of 32,549 site-specific glycans on 4602 proteins, including 2409 site-specific rare glycans, and uncovering unexpected glycan fragments.

[Experimental investigation of electrical characteristics and vibrational temperature of barrier discharge in flowing argon].

The electrical characteristics and vibrational temperature were investigated as functions of gas gap width, driving frequency and gas flow rate in flowing argon by using a dielectric barrier discharge device with transparent water electrodes. Electrical measurement results show that the discharge with a smaller gas gap width has a higher value of peak current and consumes more power than that with a larger gap width. Both the peak value of discharge current and consumed power increase monotonically with increasing the driving frequency, and decrease with increasing the gas flow rate. Through analyzing the vibrational systems of nitrogen molecule by optical emission spectroscopy, it was found that the vibrational temperature has a similar trend with the peak value of discharge current and consumed power by changing the driving frequency, gas gap width and gas flow rate. These results are important to the industrial applications of atmospheric pressure barrier discharge in flowing gas.

[Vibrational temperature of plasma plume in atmospheric pressure air].

A tri-electrode discharge device was designed in a dielectric barrier discharge configurations to generate a fairly large volume plasma plume in atmospheric pressure air. The discharge characteristics of the plasma plume were investigated by an optical method. The discharge emission from the plasma plume was collected by a photomultiplier tube. It was found that the number of discharge pulse per cycle of the applied voltage increased with increasing the peak value of the applied voltage. The emission spectra of the plasma plume were collected by a spectrometer. The vibrational temperature was calculated by fitting the experimental data to the theoretical one. Results showed that the vibrational temperature of the plasma plume decreases with increasing the U(p). Spatially resolved measurement of the vibrational temperature was also conducted on the plasma plume with the same method. Results showed that the vibrational temperature increases firstly and then decreases with increasing distance from the nozzle. The vibrational temperature reachs its maximum when the distance is 5.4 mm from the nozzle. These experimental phenomena were analyzed qualitatively based on the discharge theory. These results have important significance for the industrial applications of the plasma plume in atmospheric pressure air.

[Comparative investigation of the discharge characteristics of a single needle jet and needle-plate jet].

In the present paper, discharge characteristics were studied in atmospheric pressure argon by a single needle jet and needle-plate jet through combination of optical measurement and electrical one. Results show that the length and cross-sectional area of the plasmas generated in the two jets increase with increasing the peak value of the applied voltage. The cross-sectional area generated by needle-plate jet is bigger than that of the single needle jet at the same voltage. A lower inception voltage is needed for the needle-plate jet compared with the single needle jet at the same U(p). Through the spectra emitted from the two jets, electron temperature and vibration temperature wee compared for the plasmas generated by the single needle jet and needle-plate jet, respectively. It can be found that the electron temperature and the vibrational temperature of the two jets increase with increasing U(p). The needle-plate jet has higher values of electron temperature and vibrational temperature than the single needle jet at the same U(p). These results have significant values for the industrial application of the atmospheric pressure plasma jet.

Penoxsulam-resistant barnyardgrass-mediated rhizosphere microbial communities affect the growth of rice.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of herbicide-resistant barnyardgrass is escalating in paddy fields, yet the interactions between resistant weeds and rice are largely unknown. The microbiota of herbicide-resistant barnyardgrass rhizosphere soil is critical for both barnyardgrass and rice fitness. RESULTS: Rice has different biomass allocation and root traits in the presence of penoxsulam-resistant versus penoxsulam-susceptible barnyardgrass or in their conditioned soil. Compared to susceptible barnyardgrass, resistant barnyardgrass led to an allelopathic increase in rice root, shoot, and whole-plant biomasses. Resistant barnyardgrass recruited distinct core and unique microbes in rhizosphere soil compared to susceptible barnyardgrass. In particular, resistant barnyardgrass assembled more Proteobacteria and Ascomycota to enhance plant stress tolerance. Furthermore, the root exudates from resistant and susceptible barnyardgrass were responsible for the assembly and establishment of the root microbial structure. Importantly, (-)-loliolide and jasmonic acid in root exudates were correlated with the core microbes in the rhizosphere soil. CONCLUSION: The interference of barnyardgrass with rice can be mediated by rhizosphere microbial communities. Biotype-specific variation in the ability to generate soil microbial communities appears to ameliorate the negative consequences for rice growth, providing an intriguing possibility for modulation of the rhizosphere microbiota to increase crop productivity and sustainability. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

The competitiveness measurement of new energy vehicle industry based on grey relational analysis.

This study constructs an evaluation index system based on demand competitiveness, basic competitiveness, industrial agglomeration, industrial competition, industrial innovation, supporting industries, and government policy competitiveness. The study selected 13 provinces with good development of the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry as the sample. Based on the competitiveness evaluation index system, an empirical analysis was conducted to evaluate the development level of the NEV industry in Jiangsu with grey relational analysis and three-way decisions. The results reveal: 1) Under the absolute level of temporal and spatial characteristic attributes, the development of Jiangsu's NEV industry is in a leading position in the country, and the competitiveness level is closer to that of Shanghai and Beijing; 2) Under the incremental level, Jiangsu's incremental level ranks in the upper and middle reaches of 13 provinces, second only to Shanghai; 3) Under the volatility level, Jiangsu's industrial development fluctuates greatly, and the level of volatility lies in the middle reaches of the country. There is a big gap with Shanghai; 4) From the perspective of overall temporal and spatial characteristics, Jiangsu's overall industrial development level is in the first echelon in China, second only to Shanghai and Beijing, indicating that Jiangsu's NEV industry has a relatively good overall development level.

Kin Recognition in an Herbicide-Resistant Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.) Biotype.

Despite increasing evidence of kin recognition in natural and crop plants, there is a lack of knowledge of kin recognition in herbicide-resistant weeds that are escalating in cropping systems. Here, we identified a penoxsulam-resistant barnyardgrass biotype with the ability for kin recognition from two biotypes of penoxsulam-susceptible barnyardgrass and normal barnyardgrass at different levels of relatedness. When grown with closely related penoxsulam-susceptible barnyardgrass, penoxsulam-resistant barnyardgrass reduced root growth and distribution, lowering belowground competition, and advanced flowering and increased seed production, enhancing reproductive effectiveness. However, such kin recognition responses were not occurred in the presence of distantly related normal barnyardgrass. Root segregation, soil activated carbon amendment, and root exudates incubation indicated chemically-mediated kin recognition among barnyardgrass biotypes. Interestingly, penoxsulam-resistant barnyardgrass significantly reduced a putative signaling (-)-loliolide production in the presence of closely related biotype but increased production when growing with distantly related biotype and more distantly related interspecific allelopathic rice cultivar. Importantly, genetically identical penoxsulam-resistant and -susceptible barnyardgrass biotypes synergistically interact to influence the action of allelopathic rice cultivar. Therefore, kin recognition in plants could also occur at the herbicide-resistant barnyardgrass biotype level, and intraspecific kin recognition may facilitate cooperation between genetically related biotypes to compete with interspecific rice, offering many potential implications and applications in paddy systems.

Rhein alleviates advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced inflammatory injury of diabetic cardiomyopathy in vitro and in vivo models.

In diabetic patients, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the most common causes of death. The inflammatory response is essential in the pathogenesis of DCM. Rhein, an anthraquinone compound, is extracted from the herb rhubarb, demonstrating various biological activities. However, it is unclear whether rhein has an anti-inflammatory effect in treating DCM. In our research, we investigated the anti-inflammatory properties as well as its possible mechanism. According to the findings in vitro, rhein could to exert an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing the production of NO, TNF-α, PGE2, iNOS, and COX-2 in RAW264.7 cells that had been stimulated with advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs). In addition, rhein alleviated H9C2 cells inflammation injury stimulated by AGEs/macrophage conditioned medium (CM). In vivo have depicted that continuous gavage of rhein could improve cardiac function and pathological changes. Moreover, it could inhibit the accumulation of AGEs and infiltration of inflammatory factors inside the heart of rats having DCM. Mechanism study showed rhein could suppress IKKß and IκB phosphorylation via down-regulating TRAF6 expression to inhibit NF-κB pathway in AGEs/CM-induced H9C2 cells. Moreover, the anti-inflammation effect of rhein was realized through down-regulation phosphorylation of JNK MAPK. Furthermore, we found JNK MAPK could crosstalk with NF-κB pathway by regulating IκB phosphorylation without affecting IKKß activity. And hence, the protective mechanism of rhein may involve the inhibiting of the TRAF6-NF/κB pathway, the JNK MAPK pathway, and the crosstalk between the two pathways. These results suggested that rhein may be a promising drug candidate in anti-inflammation and inflammation-related DCM therapy.

[Study on plasma parameters in diffuse discharge with semispherical electrod by optical emission spectrum].

The diffuse discharge plasma in air was observed in a dielectric barrier discharge with two semispherical water electrodes. The variations of vibration temperature, rotation temperature, and average electron energy as the function of the applied voltage were studied by emission spectroscopy. The vibration temperature and the rotation temperature were calculated through the second positive band system (C3Pi(u)-->B3Pi(g)) of N2+ and the first negative band system (B2 Sigma(u+)-->Chi2Sigma(g+)) of N(2+) respectively. The average electron energy was studied by intensity ratio of 391.4 and 337.1 nm. It was found that the rotation temperature increases with the applied voltage increasing, while the vibration temperature and the electron energy decrease.

Enantioselective construction of spiro-tetrahydroquinoline scaffolds through asymmetric catalytic cascade reactions.

An efficient and concise strategy has been successfully developed for merging spiro-tetrahydroquinoline with spiro-benzofuranone into a single new skeleton through asymmetric catalytic cascade reactions catalyzed by quinine-derived chiral bifunctional squaramide organocatalysts. In this approach, differently substituted spiro-tetrahydroquinoline derivatives were smoothly obtained with high yields, and excellent diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities (up to 99% yield, up to >20 : 1 dr, up to >99% ee, 40 examples) under mild reaction conditions.

Screening and identification of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Terminalia chebula fruits by immobilized enzyme on cellulose filter paper coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and molecular docking.

With the increasing demand of new drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), screening acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) has been proved to be an effective strategy for drug discovery. In present study, a novel strategy was developed to fish out AChE inhibitors from Terminalia chebula fruits based on immobilized AChE coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) and molecular docking. For AChE immobilization, cellulose filter paper (CFP) as the carrier was modified with chitosan to be introduced to amino groups, and then AChE was modified on the amino-modified CFP through a Schiff base reaction with glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. The CPF-immobilized AChE possessed advantages of a wider range for pH and temperature endurance, better storage stability, excellent reproducibility and reusability. The CPF-immobilized AChE was incubated with the extract of T. chebula fruits, and then the active components would form complexes with immobilized AChE. The complexes were further conveniently separated with inactive components by virtue of the instantaneous separation characteristic of CFP. Eventually, 25 (1-11, 13-26) potential AChE inhibitors were fished out and their structures were further identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS. Moreover, molecular docking was performed to discriminate non-specific compounds to AChE and explore binding mechanisms between potential inhibitors and AChE, and 25 compounds could be well embedded into active sites of AChE with affinities ranging from -9.9 to -6.4 kcal/mol. Inhibitory activities of screened active components on AChE were evaluated in vitro, and punicalagin, 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-ß-D-glucose (1,3,6-TGG), chebulinic acid and geraniin exhibited excellent AChE-inhibitory properties with IC50 values of 0.43 ± 0.03, 0.46 ± 0.02, 0.50 ± 0.03 and 0.51 ± 0.03 mM, respectively. The results indicated that the developed method was simple and efficient, and could be utilized to screen and identify potential AChE inhibitors from TCMs.