Inequities in Adverse Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes: The Effect of Maternal Race and Nativity.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of race and ethnicity on differences in maternal and perinatal outcomes among U.S.-born and foreign-born women, as well as racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes within these groups. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed singleton pregnancies (n = 11,518) among women delivering at Boston Medical Center from January 2010-March 2015. Outcomes of interest included preterm birth, early preterm birth, cesarean delivery, hypertensive disorders, diabetes, low birth weight at term (LBW, < 2500 g), NICU admission and intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD). Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals comparing outcomes between U.S.- and foreign-born women were calculated and stratified by race. Obstetric outcomes among Black and Hispanic women were compared to those of white women within both U.S.- and foreign-born groups. RESULTS: Preterm birth, hypertensive disorders, LBW and NICU admission were more likely to occur among U.S.-born women and their neonates compared to foreign-born women. Controlling for sociodemographic characteristics did not significantly impact these disparities. Among foreign-born women, Black women had a higher prevalence of many maternal and neonatal complications, while Hispanic women had a lower prevalence of some complications compared to white women. Black woman and infants consistently exhibit worse outcomes regardless of their nativity, while Hispanic women foreign-born women experience less disparate outcomes. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Overall, women born in the United States are at higher risk of several adverse perinatal outcomes compared to foreign-born women. Racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes exist in both groups. However, the complex interplay between biopsychosocial influences that mediate these inequities appear to have different effects among U.S- and foreign- born women. A better understanding of these factors can be used to combat disparities and improve outcomes for all women.

Effect of pregnancy on uterine-sparing pelvic organ prolapse repair.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The impact of pregnancy on pelvic organ prolapse following surgical repair is not well understood. We describe five cases of pregnancy following uterine-sparing surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse. We analyzed the changes in women's Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) scores. We hypothesized there would be significant improvement in anterior and apical prolapse after surgery and no recurrence of prolapse after pregnancy. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the electronic medical record for cases of uterine-sparing apical suspension performed between January 2004 and December 2012 at Boston Medical Center. Student's t-test for paired design was used to compare the change in POP-Q score at points Aa, Ba and C obtained at preoperative, postoperative and postpartum visits. RESULTS: Subjects in our series demonstrated significant improvement in their prolapse at all POP-Q points of interest between the pre- and postoperative visits, particularly at point C. There was a slight increase in POP-Q score from the postoperative visit to the postpartum visit, but this change was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are consistent with previous literature, suggesting that the results of uterine-sparing apical prolapse repair are maintained after pregnancy. Women may be counseled to consider surgical prolapse repair even if they have not completed childbearing.

Pap Smear and Mammogram Screening Rates in a Refugee and General OB/GYN Clinic: A Retrospective Review.

Although multiple studies have shown that resettled refugee women are less likely to receive preventative cancer screenings like pap smears and mammograms, a small number have demonstrated the opposite. This retrospective chart review, conducted between January 2017 and October 2018, compares pap smear and mammogram rates of patients seen in a refugee-specific OB/GYN clinic with patients from the general OB/GYN clinic at the same institution. Data from 298 patients (149 refugee and 149 general clinic patients matched by age and date-of-visit) were analyzed. Pap smear screening rates were 90.60% in the refugee group and 73.83% in the general group [p < 0.009, aOR 3.46 (1.36-8.81)], while mammogram screening rates were 36.84% and 38.60%, respectively (p = 0.46). The provision of holistic services meeting refugee women's unique needs can effectively increase pap smear screening rates.

Rides for Refugees: A Transportation Assistance Pilot for Women's Health.

Transportation barriers can limit access to healthcare for refugee and asylum seeking women. This study assesses the efficacy of a healthcare-directed rideshare application for overcoming these barriers at an urban health clinic. A pilot study was conducted at Boston Medical Center's Refugee Women's Health Clinic from June 2018 to February 2019. Women with gynecologic visits reporting transportation difficulties were offered rides. The primary outcome was no-show rates. Secondary outcomes included cost, and patient/provider experiences. Of 102 eligible visits, 31 reported transportation insecurity and received rides. Those women had a 6% no-show rate, compared to 30% in women denying transportation barriers, and 50% amongst unreachable women (p < 0.0001). The intervention cost $2033 and generated $30,337 in charges. Minimal adverse experiences were reported. Healthcare-directed rideshare applications are an effective and cost-efficient strategy for refugee and asylum seeking women to access essential health services.