Predicting the risk of rebleeding after capsule endoscopy in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding - External validation of the RHEMITT Score.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Prediction of rebleeding after small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) is challenging. The recently described RHEMITT score includes 7 variables: chronic kidney disease (CKD); heart failure (HF); P1/P2 lesions (Saurin's classification); major bleeding; incomplete examination; smoking and endoscopic treatment. This tool has been shown to accurately predict the risk of recurrence after a SBCE study. The primary aim of this study was to perform an external validation of the RHEMITT score. METHODS: Retrospective cohort-study, which consecutively included all patients submitted to SBCE (Mirocam®) for OGIB between January 2017 and December 2018. Rebleeding was defined as: (1) a drop in hemoglobin>2g/dL or (2) Melena or hematochezia. The RHEMITT score was calculated and subsequently the accuracy of the score for the prediction of rebleeding was assessed. RESULTS: One-hundred and sixty patients were enrolled. Mean age was 65.8±13.6years and 58.1% (n=93) were female. The mean follow-up time was 20 (SD 9) months. Rebleeding occurred in 14.4% (n=23). Rebleeding at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months was 6.3%, 12.0%, 14.2% and 15.5% respectively. There was a significant association between the RHEMITT score and rebleeding (p <0.001). The area under the (AUC) ROC curve was 0.756 (p<0.001). Rebleeding occurred earlier in intermediate and high-risk patients (RHEMITT score >3) being at 6-months 13.6% and 24 months 28.4% (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The present study carried out in an external validation cohort confirms the usefulness and accuracy of the RHEMITT score in predicting rebleeding after SBCE.

Duodenal Crohn's Disease Complicated by Pancreatitis and Common Bile Duct Obstruction.

INTRODUCTION: Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by segmental and transmural involvement of any portion of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. Duodenal CD is a rare clinical entity, with the majority of the patients being symptomless - its diagnosis requires a high level of clinical suspicion. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 29-year-old male patient with a 2-month history of weight loss, epigastric pain and postprandial vomiting. He underwent upper endoscopy, which revealed a circumferential duodenal ulcer causing non-transposable luminal stenosis and was medicated with proton pump inhibitors. While awaiting gastroenterology consultation, he presented at the emergency department for sudden onset of abdominal pain with dorsal irradiation, nausea and vomiting. Laboratory tests showed anaemia and increased liver enzymes, amylase and lipase. Abdominal computed tomography showed ectasia of the common bile duct (CBD) and intrahepatic biliary tract and a small amount of gas in the main pancreatic duct associated with duodenal thickening. The case was interpreted as probable CD complicated by pancreatitis and obstruction of the CBD, and he was hospitalized under antibiotic therapy and hydrocortisone with improvement of the condition. After discharge, he underwent colonoscopy that revealed several ulcers in the ileum and magnetic resonance imaging that showed distension of the stomach with reduction of the calibre of the transition from the duodenal bulb to the second portion of the duodenum in a 10- to 15-mm extension, as well as associated dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts and CBD and diffuse and regular ectasia of the main pancreatic duct. Combination therapy with azathioprine and infliximab was initiated; the patient presented clinical response at 12 weeks and endoscopic/imaging remission at 9 months. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Hepatobiliary and pancreatic manifestations are common in CD patients involving multiple mechanisms. In this case report, we pre-sent a patient with duodenal CD complicated with pancreatitis and CBD obstruction due to distortion phenomena by duodenal stenosis, a condition that is rarely described.

INTRODUÇÃO: A Doença de Crohn (DC) é caracterizada pelo envolvimento segmentar e transmural de qualquer porção do trato gastrointestinal desde a boca até ao ânus. A DC duodenal é uma entidade clínica rara, sendo que a maioria dos doentes são assintomáticos − o seu diagnóstico requer um alto grau de suspeição clínica. APRESENTAÇÃO DO CASO: Doente do sexo masculino com 29 anos, apresentou quadro com 2 meses de evolução de perda de peso, dor epigástrica e vómitos pós-prandiais. Realizou endoscopia digestiva alta, que revelou úlcera duodenal circunferencial causando estenose luminal não transponível, tendo sido medicado com inibidor da bomba de protões. Enquanto aguardava pela consulta de Gastroenterologia, recorreu ao serviço de urgência por dor abdominal com irradiação dorsal com início súbito, náuseas e vómitos. Os exames laboratoriais revelaram anemia, aumento dos testes hepáticos e aumento da lípase e amílase. A tomografia computadorizada abdominal mostrou ectasia da via biliar principal (VBP) e dos ductos biliares intra-hepáticos e pequena quantidade de gás no ducto pancreático principal associado a marcado espessamento duodenal. Interpretado como provável DC complicada por pancreatite e obstrução da VBP, foi internado sob antibioterapia e hidrocortisona com melhoria clínica. Após a alta, realizou colonoscopia que revelou várias úlceras no íleo terminal e ressonância magnética que mostrou marcada distensão do estômago com redução do calibre da transição do bulbo duodenal para a segunda porção do duodeno em 10­15 mm extensão; associadamente, dilatação dos ductos biliares intra-hepáticos e da VBP e ectasia difusa e regular do ducto pancreático principal. O doente iniciou terapêutica combinada com azatioprina e infliximab apresentando resposta clínica às 12 semanas e remissão endoscópica/imagiológica aos 9 meses. DISCUSSÃO/CON-CLUSÃO: Manifestações hepatobiliares e pancreáticas são comuns em doentes com DC tendo por base múltiplos mecanismos. Neste caso, mostramos um doente com DC duodenal complicada com pancreatite e obstrução da VBP por distorção causada por estenose duodenal, condição raramente descrita.

Screening for latent tuberculosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease under antitumor necrosis factor: data from a Portuguese center.

INTRODUCTION: Portugal is one of the countries with the highest tuberculosis (TB) burden in the European Union. Patients who are receiving antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment should be screened and treated for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of LTBI and the number of active TB cases in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with anti-TNF agents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study from a Portuguese center that included patients with IBD who started anti-TNF treatment between 2013 and 2017. LTBI screening was considered positive in case of positive tuberculin skin test, positive/indeterminate interferon gamma release test, or history of exposure to TB irrespective of the results of the screening. RESULTS: One hundred and seventeen patients were included, 56% female, mean age 40 years; 91% had Crohn's disease; infliximab was initiated in 79%, adalimumab in 21%, and golimumab in 1%. Of these, 37 (32%) presented LTBI - tuberculin skin test was positive in 18 (49%) patients; interferon gamma release test was positive in 14 (38%) patients and undetermined in seven (19%); and there was a history of exposure in 12 (32%) patients. All patients screened with LTBI were on isoniazid for 9 months. During follow-up (mean 21.6 months), one patient under infliximab developed pleural TB 5 years after receiving treatment with isoniazid. None of the patients with negative LTBI screening developed active TB. CONCLUSION: In this sample of patients with IBD, the prevalence of LTBI before starting anti-TNF treatment was significant (32%), but only one patient had active TB after LTBI treatment.