[Surgical treatment of coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula with a saccular aneurysm]. / Trattamento chirurgico di una grande fistola coronarica tra arteria discendente anteriore e arteria polmonare, di grosso aneurisma sacculare e di coronaropatia severa trivasale.

A 60-year-old man with hypercholesterolemia and hypertension presented with acute coronary syndrome (SCA). The ECG showed lateral ischemia (T-wave inversion in V4-V6, D1 and aVL) and echocardiography showed normal left ventricular wall motion. Coronary angiography showed critical atherosclerotic lesions in the distal part of the left circumflex artery (LCx, culprit lesion), chronic total occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA), significant but not critical stenosis in the middle part of left anterior descending artery (LAD), and a coronary artery to pulmonary artery (PA) fistula originating from the proximal part of the LAD and emptying into the PA via a coronary saccular aneurysm (12 x 12 x 10 mm). A multidetector row computed tomography angiography (CTA) confirmed the coronary artery fistula, which was treated with surgical approach. The patient underwent aneurysmorrhaphy with CAF closure and coronary artery bypass grafting on the RCA and LCx. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 14. CTA was useful for understanding the spatial relation of the CAF and the connection with the PA.

Percutaneous coronary intervention for bifurcation coronary lesions using optimised angiographic guidance: the 18th consensus document from the European Bifurcation Club.

The 2023 European Bifurcation Club (EBC) meeting took place in Warsaw in October, and the latest evidence for the use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) to optimise percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) on coronary bifurcation lesions (CBLs) was a major focus. The topic generated deep discussions and general appraisal on the potential benefits of IVUS and OCT in PCI procedures. Nevertheless, despite an increasing recognition of IVUS and OCT capabilities and their recognised central role for guidance in complex CBL and left main PCI, it is expected that angiography will continue to be the primary guidance modality for CBL PCI, principally due to educational and economic barriers. Mindful of the restricted access/adoption of intracoronary imaging for CBL PCI, the EBC board decided to review and describe a series of tips and tricks which can help to optimise angiography-guided PCI for CBLs. The identified key points for achieving an optimal angiography-guided PCI include a thorough analysis of pre-PCI images (computed tomography angiography, multiple angiographic views, quantitative coronary angiography vessel estimation), a systematic application of the technical steps suggested for a given selected technique, an intraprocedural or post-PCI use of stent enhancement and a low threshold for bailout use of intravascular imaging.

Clinical and echocardiographic outcomes after percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale: a single center experience.

BACKGROUND: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) has a high estimated prevalence (25% of the general population) and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cryptogenic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA), as well as in the pathogenesis of migraine headache. This study evaluated the effectiveness of percutaneous transcatheter PFO closure with Amplatzer™ (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA) devices, from a large single-center experience. METHODS: From January 1998 to December 2014, 577 patients (243 males and 334 females, mean age 50 years, range 11-82 years) with documented PFO and history of at least one episode of cryptogenic stroke/TIA (N.=356) or occasional finding of previous ischemic lesions on MRI (N.=221) underwent percutaneous transcatheter closure of PFO using an Amplatzer™ Occluder (Abbott Laboratories). All the procedures were performed under general anesthesia or mild sedation and were assisted by transesophageal or intracardiac echocardiography. RESULTS: Procedural success was 100%. After a median follow-up period of 2.7 years with echocardiographic evaluations, the rate of recurrent adverse cerebral events was 0.4%. Two patients (0.4%) required a secondary procedure for significant residual shunt. Of 36 patients with minor residual shunt, 30 (83%) showed spontaneous shunt regression at follow-up. There was a consistent decrease after procedure in headache migraine, platypnea-orthodeoxia, fainting episodes, syncope, and coenesthesia phenomena. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter PFO closure is an effective and safe therapy for the prevention of thromboembolic events in the patients with cryptogenic stroke/TIA or an occasional finding of a positive cerebral MRI. Late follow-up shows device stability and clinical improvement in the majority of patients.

The 17th expert consensus document of the European Bifurcation Club - techniques to preserve access to the side branch during stepwise provisional stenting.

Provisional stenting has become the default technique for the treatment of most coronary bifurcation lesions. However, the side branch (SB) can become compromised after main vessel (MV) stenting and restoring SB patency can be difficult in challenging anatomies. Angiographic and intracoronary imaging criteria can predict the risk of side branch closure and may encourage use of side branch protection strategies. These protective approaches provide strategies to avoid SB closure or overcome compromise following MV stenting, minimising periprocedural injury. In this article, we analyse the strategies of SB preservation discussed and developed during the most recent European Bifurcation Club (EBC) meetings.

Treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions, part I: implanting the first stent in the provisional pathway. The 16th expert consensus document of the European Bifurcation Club.

Stepwise layered provisional stenting (PS) is the most commonly used strategy to treat coronary bifurcation lesions (CBL). The term 'stepwise layered' emphasises the versatility of this approach that allows the adjustment of the procedure plan according to the CBL complexity, starting with stent implantation in one branch and implantation of a second stent in the other branch only when required. A series of refinements have been implemented over the years to facilitate the achievement of predictable procedural results using this approach. However, despite its simplicity and versatility, operators using this technique require full knowledge of the pitfalls of each procedural step. Part I of this 16th European Bifurcation Club consensus paper provides a detailed step-by-step overview of the pitfalls and technical troubleshooting during the implantation of the first stent using the PS strategy for the treatment of CBL.

Treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions, part II: implanting two stents. The 16th expert consensus document of the European Bifurcation Club.

The European Bifurcation Club (EBC) supports a continuous review of the field of coronary artery bifurcation interventions and aims to facilitate a scientific discussion and an exchange of ideas on the management of bifurcation disease. The recent focus of meetings and consensus statements has been on the technical issues in bifurcation stenting, recognising that the final result of a bifurcation procedure and the long-term outcome for our patients are strongly influenced by factors, including preprocedural strategy, stenting technique selection, performance of optimal procedural steps, the ability to identify and correct complications and finally, and most important, the overall performance of the operator. Continuous refinement of bifurcation stenting techniques and the promotion of education and training in bifurcation stenting techniques represent a major clinical need. Accordingly, the consensus from the latest EBC meeting in Brussels, October 2021, was to promote education and training in bifurcation stenting based on the EBC principle. Part II of this 16th EBC consensus document aims to provide a step-by-step overview of the pitfalls and technical troubleshooting during the implantation of the second stent either in the provisional stenting (PS) strategy or in upfront 2-stent techniques (e.g., 2-stent PS pathway and double kissing crush stenting). Finally, a detailed overview and discussion of the numerous modalities available to provide continuous education and technical training in bifurcation stenting techniques are discussed, with consideration of their future application in enhancing training and practice in coronary bifurcation lesion treatment.

Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

We report a case of branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) that occurred after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A 59-year-old man with no other previous diseases presented visual acuity deterioration in the left eye 24 hours after PCI. Fundus examination revealed ischemia at the temporal branch of the retinal artery associated with inner layer edema. Prompt treatment was performed with ocular digital massage and paracentesis of the anterior chamber. However, at discharge, the patient had a persistent visual loss with a central scotoma that persisted at 35-day follow-up without improvement of the visual acuity. The patient did not suffer from any other systemic complications. Retinal infarction should be considered a potential complication of PCI. Patients and health care providers should be aware of any visual signs. Permanent visual disability can be prevented by immediate diagnosis and prompt intervention.

Anomalous right coronary artery origin from pulmonary artery associated with aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and Vieussens' arterial ring: a very rare association and case.

We report a very rare case of anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery associated with severe aortic stenosis, severe mitral regurgitation, and Vieussens' arterial ring (VAR). Diagnosis was made accidentally during preoperative coronary angiography and confirmed by multidetector computed tomography. Surgery was performed with aortic valve replacement, mitral valve annuloplasty, right coronary artery reimplantation into the ascending aorta, and VAR resection. .

Update on the Classification and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Pediatric Cardiorenal Syndromes.

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is defined as a disorder resulting from the abnormal interaction between the heart and kidney, in which acute or chronic dysfunction of one organ may lead to acute and/or chronic dysfunction of the other. The functional interplay between the heart and kidney is characterized by a complex bidirectional symbiotic interaction, regulated by a wide array of both genetic and environmental mechanisms. There are at least five known subtypes of CRS, based on the severity of clinical features and the degree of heart/renal failure. The fourth subtype (cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (CRS4)) is characterized by a primary chronic kidney disease (CKD), which in turn leads to a decreased cardiac function. Impairment of renal function is among the most important pathophysiological factors contributing to heart failure (HF) in the pediatric age group, and cardiovascular complications could be one of the most important causes of mortality in pediatric patients with advanced CKD. In this context, a loss of glomerular filtration rate directly correlates with both the progression of cardiovascular complications in CRS and the risk of HF. This review describes the interaction pathways between the heart and kidney and the recently identified pathophysiological mechanisms underlying pediatric CRS, with a special focus on CRS4, which encompasses both primary CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Percutaneous coronary intervention for bifurcation coronary lesions: the 15th consensus document from the European Bifurcation Club.

The 15th European Bifurcation Club (EBC) meeting was held in Barcelona in October 2019. It facilitated a renewed consensus on coronary bifurcation lesions (CBL) and unprotected left main (LM) percutaneous interventions. Bifurcation stenting techniques continue to be refined, developed and tested. It remains evident that a provisional approach with optional side branch treatment utilising T, T and small protrusion (TAP) or culotte continues to provide flexible options for the majority of CBL patients. Debate persists regarding the optimal treatment of side branches, including assessment of clinical significance and thresholds for bail-out treatment. In more complex CBL, especially those involving the LM, adoption of dedicated two-stent techniques should be considered. Operators using such techniques have to be fully familiar with their procedural steps and should acknowledge associated limitations and challenges. When using two-stent techniques, failure to perform a final kissing inflation is regarded as a technical failure, since it may jeopardise clinical outcome. The development of novel technical tools and drug regimens deserves attention. In particular, intracoronary imaging, bifurcation simulation, drug-eluting balloon technology and tailored antiplatelet therapy have been identified as promising tools to enhance clinical outcomes. In conclusion, the evolution of a broad spectrum of bifurcation PCI components has resulted from studies extending from bench testing to randomised controlled trials. However, further advances are still needed to achieve the ambitious goal of optimising the clinical outcomes for every patient undergoing PCI on a CBL.

Atherosclerotic spontaneous coronary artery dissection (A-SCAD) in a patient with COVID-19: case report and possible mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) may be atherosclerotic (A-SCAD) or non-atherosclerotic (NA-SCAD) in origin. Contemporary usage of the term 'SCAD' is typically synonymous with NA-SCAD. COVID-19 could induce a vascular inflammation localized in the coronary adventitia and periadventitial fat and contribute to the development of an A-SCAD of a vulnerable plaque in a susceptible patient. CASE SUMMARY: In this report we describe a case of a COVID-19 patient with past cardiac history of CAD who was admitted for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Coronary angiography demonstrated the culprit lesion in the proximal LAD that presented with a very complex and unusual morphology, indicative of an A-SCAD. The diagnosis of A-SCAD was supported by the presence of a mild stenosis in the same coronary segment in the last angiogram performed 3 years previously. He was successfully treated by PCI, had a favourable course of the COVID-19 with no symptoms of pneumonia, and was discharged from the hospital after two negative tests for SARS-CoV-2. DISCUSSION: A higher index of suspicion of A-SCAD is needed in patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 presenting with ACS. The proposed approach with 'thrombolysis first' for treating STEMI patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection could be unsafe in the case of underlying A-SCAD.

Subacute Left Ventricular Free Wall Rupture after Delayed STEMI Presentation During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is causing delayed ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) presentations associated with now unusual postinfarction complications. We describe a delayed (5-day) STEMI presentation because the patient feared contracting COVID-19 in the hospital. The patient experienced an extensive anterolateral STEMI complicated by subacute left ventricular free wall rupture that required a rapid surgical repair. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Percutaneous coronary intervention in left main coronary artery disease: the 13th consensus document from the European Bifurcation Club.

The 2017 European Bifurcation Club (EBC) meeting was held in Porto (Portugal) and allowed a multidisciplinary international faculty to review and discuss the latest data collected in the field of coronary bifurcation interventions. In particular, the topic of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on left main coronary artery (LM) disease was highlighted as a contemporary priority. Herein, we summarise the key LM anatomy features, the diagnostic modalities and available data that are relevant for a patient's procedural management. Since the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing PCI on LM disease may depend on both PCI team organisation and PCI performance, the optimal catheterisation laboratory set-up and the rationales for device and technique selection are critically reviewed. The best lesion preparation modalities, the different DES implantation technique choices and the strategies to be considered during PCI on unprotected LM for optimal PCI results are reviewed step by step.

[Updated SICI-GISE position paper on institutional and operator requirements for transcatheter aortic valve implantation]. / Update del documento di posizione della Società Italiana di Cardiologia Interventistica (SICI-GISE) sui requisiti minimi per ospedali ed operatori che eseguono procedure di impianto transcatetere di protesi valvolare aortica.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has revolutionized the management of patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis and has become the standard of care for inoperable patients and the preferred therapy for those at increased surgical risk with peculiar clinical and anatomic features. Technology advances, growing experience and accumulating data prompted the update of the 2011 Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology (SICI-GISE) position paper on institutional and operator requirements to perform TAVI. The main objective of this document is to provide a guidance to assess the potential of institutions and operators to initiate and maintain an efficient TAVI program.

First clinical experience with a paclitaxel derivate-eluting polymer stent system implantation for in-stent restenosis: immediate and long-term clinical and angiographic outcome.

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that antiproliferative drugs such as paclitaxel lower the amount of intimal hyperplasia after stent implantation. We report the first clinical experience of 7-hexanoyltaxol (QP2)-eluting polymer stent system (QuaDS) implantation for in-stent restenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifteen consecutive patients with elective indication to percutaneous coronary intervention for in-stent restenosis were treated with the QuaDS-QP2 stent implantation. The QuaDS-QP2 stent was successfully implanted in all but 2 target lesions. In one lesion, the restenotic segment could not be completely covered by the stent, and in another lesion, a bare metal stent was implanted distally to the QuaDS-QP2 stent. One patient suffered from postprocedural non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (NQWMI). No other adverse events were observed during hospital stay. Six- and 12-month angiographic and clinical follow-up was scheduled for all patients. At 6 months, 3 patients had target lesion revascularization (20%). Two patients had restenosis (13.3%); one experienced restenosis in a gap between 2 drug-eluting stents, and the other had stent occlusion leading to NQWMI. Minimal intimal hyperplasia was observed in all the segments covered by drug-eluting stents (late loss=0.47+/-1.01 mm with a loss index=0.17+/-0.39). At 12 months, 1 patient suffered from NQWMI, and 8 of 13 patients (61.5%) had angiographic restenosis (late loss=1.36+/-0.94 mm with a loss index=0.62+/-0.44). CONCLUSION: This first experience with QuaDS-QP2 stent implantation for in-stent restenosis revealed minimal intimal hyperplasia at the 6-month follow-up. However, the antiproliferative effect was not maintained at the 12-month follow-up, resulting in delayed occurrence of angiographic restenosis.

Effects of selective alpha1- and alpha2-adrenergic blockade on coronary flow reserve after coronary stenting.

BACKGROUND: Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is not normalized shortly after coronary stenting. We hypothesized that alpha-adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction acts to limit CFR. METHODS AND RESULTS: We assessed flow velocity by Doppler wires and cross-sectional area by angiography in 46 patients undergoing coronary culprit lesion stenting (81+/-4% stenosis). Hyperemia was induced by adenosine (24 micro g IC or 140 micro g/kg per minute IV) before and after stenting. Finally, either the alpha(1)-antagonist urapidil (10 mg IC) or the alpha(2)-antagonist yohimbine (3 mg IC) was randomly combined with adenosine. In 8 subjects with angiographically normal coronary arteries, CFR was increased from 3.21+/-0.30 to 3.74+/-0.43 by yohimbine and to 4.58+/-0.65 by urapidil, respectively (P=0.0001). Patients were divided according to the cutoff of CFR > or =3.0 (n=18) or <2.5 (n=28). Revascularization per se did not change CFR. However, 15 minutes after stenting, CFR decreased to 2.05+/-0.55 from CFR 3.64+/-0.58, whereas in patients with CFR 2.39+/-0.51, it remained unchanged. Yohimbine improved CFR to 3.26+/-0.42 and to 3.41+/-0.58 in patients with >3.0 and <2.05+/-0.55 baseline CFR, respectively. Urapidil improved CFR to 3.52+/-0.30 and 3.98+/-1.07, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Urapidil and yohimbine attenuated the CFR impairment occurring after revascularization by increasing both the epicardial vasodilator effect of adenosine and the blood flow velocity, thus suggesting that the adrenergic system plays an important role in limiting the capacity of the coronary circulation to dilate.

In-stent restenosis in small coronary arteries: impact of strut thickness.

UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVES; We sought to evaluate whether strut thickness may impact the restenosis rate after stent implantation in small coronary arteries. BACKGROUND: Small vessel size (<3.0 mm) is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of in-stent restenosis. It has been reported that vessel damage induced during stent deployment is an important factor in restenosis. METHODS: From our database, we selected all patients who had successful stenting in small native vessels, with angiographic follow-up available, between March 1996 and April 2001. The strut was defined as thin when <0.10 mm and thick when > or = 0.10 mm. According to these criteria, we identified two subgroups: a thin group and a thick group. RESULTS: A total of 821 (57%) of the 1,447 patients had angiographic follow-up available and were included in the analysis. The thin group included 400 patients with 505 lesions. The thick group included 421 patients with 436 lesions. The restenosis rate was 28.5% in the thin group and 36.6% in the thick group (p = 0.009; odds ratio [OR] 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09 to 1.90). The study group was classified into three subgroups according to the reference vessel diameter: < or = 2.50 mm, 2.51 to 2.75 mm and 2.76 to 2.99 mm. Strut thickness influenced the restenosis rate only in the subgroup with a reference vessel diameter between 2.76 and 2.99 mm, with rates of 23.5% in the thin group and 37% in the thick group (p = 0.006). By logistic regression analysis, predictors of restenosis were stent length (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.04; p = 0.001), strut thickness (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.29; p = 0.001) and diabetes mellitus (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.68; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports that strut thickness is an independent predictor of restenosis in coronary arteries with a reference diameter of 2.75 to 2.99 mm.