Effect of reducing saturated fat intake on cardiovascular disease in adults: an umbrella review.

Introduction: Our objective was to explore the effect of the reduction of saturated fat (SAF) intake on cardiovascular disease, mortality and other health-related outcomes in adults. Methods: We conducted an umbrella review, searching Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and LILACS databases for systematic reviews from December 1, 2012, to December 1, 2022. We have included meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies. We extracted effect sizes (95%CI), heterogeneity (I 2), and evidence quality rating based on the population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes. Results: 21 meta-analyses were included (three were from RCTs, and 18 were from cohort studies). Among meta-analyses of RCTs, 15 of the 45 associations were significant. The effect of reduction in SAF intake on combined cardiovascular events (RR 0.79, 95%CI 0.66-0.93) was graded as having moderate certainty of evidence. We found no effect on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cancer deaths, and other cardiovascular events. Among meta-analyses of cohort studies, five of the 19 associations were significant. There was an increase in coronary heart disease mortality (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.21) and breast cancer mortality (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.09-2.09) in participants with higher SFA intake compared to reduced SFA. We found no effect on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and other cardiovascular events. Conclusion: This umbrella review found the reduction in SAF intake probably reduces cardiovascular events and other health outcomes. However, it has little or no effect on cardiovascular mortality and mortality from other causes. More high-quality clinical trials with long-term follow-up are needed.Systematic review registration: CRD42022380859.

Acceptance of a third COVID-19 vaccine dose, vaccine interchangeability, and clinical trial enrolment among parents of children 12-17 years in Lima, Perú.

Objectives: To characterize factors associated with parental willingness for their children participation in a COVID-19 vaccine trial, use of different COVID-19 vaccines and acceptance of a third vaccine dose. Methods: Parents of children aged 12-17 years in Lima, Perú were asked to complete an online questionnaire via social networks, from November 9, 2021, to April 23, 2022. We calculated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals to compare factors with the mentioned outcomes. Results: From 523 parents responding, 374 completed the survey. 90.4% would give their children a third vaccine dose, 36.6% would allow their children participation in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial, and 33.2% would accept different vaccine brands between doses. Parental belief that COVID-19 vaccine studies met quality standards was associated with acceptance of a third booster dose (adjusted PR 3.25; 95% CI1.57-6.74; p = 0.002), enrolment in a COVID-19 clinical trial (adjusted PR 4.49; 95% CI1.25-16.06; p = 0.02), and acceptance of different COVID-19 vaccine brands between doses (adjusted PR 10.02; 95% CI1.40-71.95; p = 0.02). Conclusion: Most parents would accept a third vaccine booster dose, approximately a third would participate in COVID-19 vaccine trials. Believing COVID-19 vaccines studies fulfilled quality standards was associated with the study outcomes. It is necessary to inform about the rigorous processes for the development of COVID-19 vaccines to generate confidence in parents to accept these vaccine-related outcomes.

[Percutaneous management of severe hemoptysis in a patient after fontan surgery]. / Manejo percutáneo de hemoptisis severa en paciente posoperada de cirugía de fontan.

We present the case of a patient with a history of single ventricle, tricuspid atresia, double outlet of the left ventricle and hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery ring. The patient was treated with Glenn's surgery at the age of 7 and at age 16, the patient received fenestrated extracardiac Fontan surgery. After 1 month of Fontan surgery she presented severe hemoptysis without adequate response to medical management. Percutaneous closure of aortopulmonary fistulas with coils was performed, with favorable evolution, without presenting recurrences of hemoptysis.

Short-, mid-, and long-term complications after multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children over a 24-month follow-up period in a hospital in Lima-Peru, 2020-2022.

Objective: To determine the short-, mid-, and long-term complications after multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) over a 24-month follow-up period in a hospital in Lima, Peru, 2020-2022, and to explore differences according to the immunomodulatory treatment received and type of SARS-CoV-2 virus circulating. Methods: Ambispective 24-month follow-up study in children <14 years of age diagnosed with MIS-C at the Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM). Results: A total of 62 children were admitted with MIS-C. The most common short-term complications and serious events were intensive care unit (ICU) admission, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) due to respiratory failure, and shock; predominantly during the second pandemic wave (lambda predominance) and in children that received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) plus a corticosteroid. Two patients died during the first wave due to MIS-C. During prospective follow-up (median of 24 months; IQR: 16.7-24), only 46.7% of patients were followed for >18-24 months. Of the total, seven (11.3%) patients were identified with some sequelae on discharge. Among the 43 remaining children, sequelae persisted in five (11.6%) cases (neurological, hematological, and skin problems). Six patients (13.9%) presented with new onset disease (hematologic, respiratory, neurological, and psychiatric disorders). One patient died due to acute leukemia during the follow-up period. None of them were admitted to the ICU or presented with MIS-C reactivation. Two patients presented persistence of coronary aneurysm until 8- and 24-month post-discharge. Conclusion: In our hospital, children with MIS-C frequently developed short-term complications and serious events during the acute phase, with less frequent complications in the mid- and long-term. More studies are required to confirm these findings.

[Microbiological and therapeutic characteristics of confirmed neonatal sepsis at a hospital in Lima, Peru]. / Características microbiológicas y terapéuticas de la sepsis neonatal confirmada en un hospital de Lima, Perú.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the microbiological and therapeutic characteristics of confirmed neonatal sepsis, and determineits incidence and mortality, at the National Hospital Arzobispo Loayza (HNAL) from 2011 to 2012, Lima, Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective longitudinal study. It was performed a monitoring to newborns with probable sepsis, and assessed the results from positive blood cultures. The newborns' characteristics were obtained from medical records. The acumulated incidences of confirmed sepsis, mortality and fatality rates were determined. Quantitative variables were reported as men ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). Qualitative variables were reported as relative frequencies and percentages. RESULTS: The incidence of confirmed sepsis was 4.1 per 1 000 live births (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.7-5.5). The mortality rate was 0.97 per 1 000 live births (95% CI: 0.29-1.63) and the fatality rate was 23.5% (95% CI: 9-37). The most commonly isolated organism was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, both with high rates of oxacillin resistance (90% and 66.6%, respectively). A 67% of the newborns were treated using ampicillin/amikacin or ampicillin/cefotaxime. Antibiotics were changed in 58% of the newborns because of poor clinical/laboratory evolution or blood culture results. In most cases the seconds antibiotic was vancomycin (42.8%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high incidence of confirmed sepsis and a high fatality rate. The administered treatments were not consistent with the microbiological profiles.

Características microbiológicas y terapéuticas de la sepsis neonatal confirmada en un hospital de Lima, Perú / Microbiological and therapeutic characteristics of confirmed neonatal sepsis at a hospital in Lima, Peru

Describir las características microbiológicas y terapéuticas de la sepsis neonatal confirmada. Además, determinar su incidencia y mortalidad en el Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza (HNAL) del 2011 al 2012, Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos. Estudio longitudinal retrospectivo. Se realizó seguimiento a neonatos con sepsis probable, evaluando aparición de hemocultivo positivo. Las características de los neonatos fueron obtenidas de las historias clínicas. Se determinó la incidencia acumulada de sepsis confirmada, tasa de mortalidad y tasa de letalidad. Para las variables cuantitativas se usó la media con desviación estándar o la mediana con rangos intercuartílicos, según corresponda. Para variables cualitativas se usó frecuencias relativas y porcentajes. Resultados. La incidencia de sepsis confirmada fue de 4,1 por cada 1000 nacidos vivos (IC 95%: 2,7-5,5). La tasa de mortalidad fue de 0,97 por cada 1000 nacidos vivos (IC 95%: 0,29-1,63) y la tasa de letalidad fue de 23,5% (IC 95%: 9-37). Los aislamientos más frecuentes fueron de Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo, seguido por el Staphylococcus aureus; ambos con altas tasas de resistencia a oxacilina (90 y 66,6%, respectivamente). A un 67% se inició amipicilina/amikacina o ampicilina/cefotaxima. Se rotó de antibióticos a un 58% de neonatos por mala evolución clínica/laboratorial o por resultado de hemocultivo, iniciando vancomicina a la mayoría (42,8%). Conclusiones. Existe una elevada incidencia de sepsis confirmada y una elevada tasa de letalidad. La terapéutica administrada no estuvo acorde con el perfil microbiológico...

To describe the microbiological and therapeutic characteristics of confirmed neonatal sepsis, and determine its incidence and mortality, at the National Hospital Arzobispo Loayza (HNAL) from 2011 to 2012, Lima, Peru. Materials and Methods. Retrospective longitudinal study. It was performed a monitoring to newborns with probable sepsis, and assessed the results from positive blood cultures. The newborns' characteristics were obtained from medical records. The acumulated incidences of confirmed sepsis, mortality and fatality rates were determined. Quantitative variables were reported as men ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). Qualitative variables were reported as relative frequencies and percentages. Results. The incidence of confirmed sepsis was 4.1 per 1 000 live births (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.7-5.5). The mortality rate was 0.97 per 1 000 live births (95% CI: 0.29-1.63) and the fatality rate was 23.5% (95% CI: 9-37). The most commonly isolated organism was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, both with high rates of oxacillin resistance (90% and 66.6%, respectively). A 67% of the newborns were treated using ampicillin/amikacin or ampicillin/cefotaxime. Antibiotics were changed in 58% of the newborns because of poor clinical/laboratory evolution or blood culture results. In most cases the seconds antibiotic was vancomycin (42.8%). Conclusions. There is a high incidence of confirmed sepsis and a high fatality rate. The administered treatments were not consistent with the microbiological profiles...