Spinal Anesthesia or General Anesthesia for Hip Surgery in Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: The effects of spinal anesthesia as compared with general anesthesia on the ability to walk in older adults undergoing surgery for hip fracture have not been well studied. METHODS: We conducted a pragmatic, randomized superiority trial to evaluate spinal anesthesia as compared with general anesthesia in previously ambulatory patients 50 years of age or older who were undergoing surgery for hip fracture at 46 U.S. and Canadian hospitals. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive spinal or general anesthesia. The primary outcome was a composite of death or an inability to walk approximately 10 ft (3 m) independently or with a walker or cane at 60 days after randomization. Secondary outcomes included death within 60 days, delirium, time to discharge, and ambulation at 60 days. RESULTS: A total of 1600 patients were enrolled; 795 were assigned to receive spinal anesthesia and 805 to receive general anesthesia. The mean age was 78 years, and 67.0% of the patients were women. A total of 666 patients (83.8%) assigned to spinal anesthesia and 769 patients (95.5%) assigned to general anesthesia received their assigned anesthesia. Among patients in the modified intention-to-treat population for whom data were available, the composite primary outcome occurred in 132 of 712 patients (18.5%) in the spinal anesthesia group and 132 of 733 (18.0%) in the general anesthesia group (relative risk, 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 1.27; P = 0.83). An inability to walk independently at 60 days was reported in 104 of 684 patients (15.2%) and 101 of 702 patients (14.4%), respectively (relative risk, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.36), and death within 60 days occurred in 30 of 768 (3.9%) and 32 of 784 (4.1%), respectively (relative risk, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.57). Delirium occurred in 130 of 633 patients (20.5%) in the spinal anesthesia group and in 124 of 629 (19.7%) in the general anesthesia group (relative risk, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.30). CONCLUSIONS: Spinal anesthesia for hip-fracture surgery in older adults was not superior to general anesthesia with respect to survival and recovery of ambulation at 60 days. The incidence of postoperative delirium was similar with the two types of anesthesia. (Funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute; REGAIN ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02507505.).

The IMpact of PerioperAtive KeTamine on Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery (IMPAKT ERAS): protocol for a pragmatic, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Multimodal analgesic strategies that reduce perioperative opioid consumption are well-supported in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) literature. However, the optimal analgesic regimen has not been established, as the contributions of each individual agent to the overall analgesic efficacy with opioid reduction remains unknown. Perioperative ketamine infusions can decrease opioid consumption and opioid-related side effects. However, as opioid requirements are drastically minimized within ERAS models, the differential effects of ketamine within an ERAS pathway remain unknown. We aim to pragmatically investigate through a learning healthcare system infrastructure how the addition of a perioperative ketamine infusion to mature ERAS pathways affects functional recovery. METHODS: The IMPAKT ERAS trial (IMpact of PerioperAtive KeTamine on Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery) is a single center, pragmatic, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. 1544 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery will be randomly allocated to receive intraoperative and postoperative (up to 48 h) ketamine versus placebo infusions as part of a perioperative multimodal analgesic regimen. The primary outcome is length of stay, defined as surgical start time until hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes will include a variety of in-hospital clinical end points derived from the electronic health record. DISCUSSION: We aimed to launch a large-scale, pragmatic trial that would easily integrate into routine clinical workflow. Implementation of a modified consent process was critical to preserving our pragmatic design, permitting an efficient, low-cost model without reliance on external study personnel. Therefore, we partnered with leaders of our Investigational Review Board to develop a novel, modified consent process and shortened written consent form that would meet all standard elements of informed consent, yet also allow clinical providers the ability to recruit and enroll patients during their clinical workflow. Our trial design has created a platform for subsequent pragmatic studies at our institution. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04625283, Pre-results.

Regional Anesthesia for Thoracic and Abdominal Surgery: Tips and Tricks for the Surgeon.

The use of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia (UGRA) has flourished over the past two decades with the description of many novel techniques and the incorporation of UGRA into patient care pathways for many types of surgery, including thoracic and abdominal surgery. Numerous facial plane blocks have been developed for analgesia of the chest and abdomen. Though analgesic efficacy varies based on the specific technique, it is important to be aware of the regional anesthesia techniques in common usage, their analgesic distributions, side effect profiles, and efficacy. In this review, we describe fascial plane blocks developed since 2010 as well as older regional anesthesia techniques and provide context for how and why they might be incorporated into patient care pathways. We will provide salient details on block coverage and briefly discuss evidence and relevant controversies around their use.

Improving Compliance With Institutional Performance on Train of Four Monitoring.

Background: We performed a multistep quality improvement project related to neuromuscular blockade and monitoring to evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive quality improvement program based upon the Multi-institutional Perioperative Outcomes Group (MPOG) Anesthesiology Performance Improvement and Reporting Exchange (ASPIRE) metrics targeted specifically at improving train of four (TOF) monitoring rates. Methods: We adapted the plan-do-study-act (PDSA) framework and implemented 2 PDSA cycles between January 2021 and December 2021. PDSA Cycle 1 (Phase I) and PDSA Cycle 2 (Phase II) included a multipart program consisting of (1) a departmental survey assessing attitudes toward intended results, outcomes, and barriers for TOF monitoring, (2) personalized MPOG ASPIRE quality performance reports displaying provider performance, (3) a dashboard access to help providers complete a case-by-case review, and (4) a web-based app spaced education module concerning TOF monitoring and residual neuromuscular blockade. Our primary outcome was to identify the facilitators and barriers to implementation of our intervention aimed at increasing TOF monitoring. Results: In Phase I, 25 anesthesia providers participated in the preintervention and postintervention needs assessment survey and received personalized quality metric reports. In Phase II, 222 providers participated in the preintervention needs assessment survey and 201 participated in the postintervention survey. Thematic analysis of Phase I survey data aimed at identifying the facilitators and barriers to implementation of a program aimed at increasing TOF monitoring revealed the following: intended results were centered on quality of patient care, barriers to implementation largely encompassed issues with technology/equipment and the increased burden placed on providers, and important outcomes were focused on patient outcomes and improving provider knowledge. Results of Phase II survey data was similar to that of Phase I. Notably in Phase II a few additional barriers to implementation were mentioned including a fear of loss of individualization due to standardization of patient care plan, differences between the attending overseeing the case and the in-room provider who is making decisions/completing documentation, and the frequency of intraoperative handovers. Compared to preintervention, postintervention compliance with TOF monitoring increased from 42% to 70% (28% absolute difference across N = 10 169 cases; P < .001). Conclusions: Implementation of a structured quality improvement program using a novel educational intervention showed improvements in process metrics regarding neuromuscular monitoring, while giving us a better understanding of how best to implement improvements in this metric at this magnitude.

The IMpact of PerioperAtive KeTamine on Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery (IMPAKT ERAS): protocol for a pragmatic, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Multimodal analgesic strategies that reduce perioperative opioid consumption are well-supported in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) literature. However, the optimal analgesic regimen has not been established, as the contributions of each individual agent to the overall analgesic efficacy with opioid reduction remains unknown. Perioperative ketamine infusions can decrease opioid consumption and opioid-related side effects. However, as opioid requirements are drastically minimized within ERAS models, the differential effects of ketamine within an ERAS pathway remain unknown. We aim to pragmatically investigate through a learning healthcare system infrastructure how the addition of a perioperative ketamine infusion to mature ERAS pathways affects functional recovery. METHODS: The IMPAKT ERAS trial (IMpact of PerioperAtive KeTamine on Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery) is a single center, pragmatic, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. 1544 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery will be randomly allocated to receive intraoperative and postoperative (up to 48 hours) ketamine versus placebo infusions as part of a perioperative multimodal analgesic regimen. The primary outcome is length of stay, defined as surgical start time until hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes will include a variety of in-hospital clinical end points derived from the electronic health record. DISCUSSION: We aimed to launch a large-scale, pragmatic trial that would easily integrate into routine clinical workflow. Implementation of a modified consent process was critical to preserving our pragmatic design, permitting an efficient, low-cost model without reliance on external study personnel. Therefore, we partnered with leaders of our Investigational Review Board to develop a novel, modified consent process and shortened written consent form that would meet all standard elements of informed consent, yet also allow clinical providers the ability to recruit and enroll patients during their clinical workflow. Our trial design has created a platform for subsequent pragmatic studies at our institution. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04625283, Pre-results Protocol Version 1.0, 2021.

Multiorganizational consensus to define guiding principles for perioperative pain management in patients with chronic pain, preoperative opioid tolerance, or substance use disorder.

Significant knowledge gaps exist in the perioperative pain management of patients with a history of chronic pain, substance use disorder, and/or opioid tolerance as highlighted in the US Health and Human Services Pain Management Best Practices Inter-Agency Task Force 2019 report. The report emphasized the challenges of caring for these populations and the need for multidisciplinary care and a comprehensive approach. Such care requires stakeholder alignment across multiple specialties and care settings. With the intention of codifying this alignment into a reliable and efficient processes, a consortium of 15 professional healthcare societies was convened in a year-long modified Delphi consensus process and summit. This process produced seven guiding principles for the perioperative care of patients with chronic pain, substance use disorder, and/or preoperative opioid tolerance. These principles provide a framework and direction for future improvement in the optimization and care of 'complex' patients as they undergo surgical procedures.

Erector Spinae Plane Catheter Analgesia in Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery: A Retrospective Case-Control Study for Inclusion in an Enhanced Recovery Program.

Background. A retrospective case-control study was conducted to assess the feasibility of erector spinae plane (ESP) block as part of a multimodal enhanced recovery program for patients undergoing minimally invasive mitral valve replacement surgery. Methods. This retrospective analysis was conducted at a single center between January and August 2019. 61 patients were included; 23 received ESP and 38 did not. Erector spinae catheters (ESCs) were placed preoperatively, using a loading dose of 30 mL .5% ropivacaine, followed by an infusion of .2% ropivacaine at 10 mL/h throughout the study period. Primary outcome was 48-hour opioid consumption. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative morphine equivalents, extubation within 24 hours, reintubation, ICU length of stay and hospital length of stay and 30-day mortality. Results. Median [inter-quartile range] of the postoperative morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) in the first 48 hours was 70[45-121] MMEs in the ESC) group, and 109[70-148] MMEs in the no ESC group (P-value = .16). No significant difference was observed in intraoperative morphine equivalents, extubation within 24 hours or ICU length of stay. The ESC group had shorter hospital length of stay (6.0 vs 7.0 days, P-value = .043). Conclusion. This study found a statistically insignificant, though potentially clinically significant reduction in postoperative opioid consumption. A reduced hospital length of stay as well as an acceptable safety profile was also observed in the ESC group. An adequately powered, prospective trial is warranted to accurately assess the potential role for ESP catheters for patients undergoing minimally invasive mitral valve surgery.

Implementation of an Enhanced Recovery Protocol (ERP) is associated with an increase in the perioperative use of non-opioid multimodal analgesia for non-ERP patients.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Incorporation of multimodal, non-opioid analgesic medications into patient care pathways has become a common theme of enhanced recovery pathways (ERPs), which have been shown to improve patient outcomes such as complication rates and length of stay. With surgical care episodes, patients also incur a significant risk of persistent postoperative opioid use, whether the surgery is classified as major or minor surgery. One method that has been shown to reduce perioperative opioid administration is a structured non-opioid multimodal analgesic strategy, widely utilized in ERPs. Despite well-defined benefits, the time to translate evidence-based approaches into clinical practice can be prolonged. This study examines the effect of implementation of an Enhanced Recovery Protocol (ERP) on the adoption of intraoperative multimodal analgesia outside of the auspices of an ERP care pathway, describing factors influencing the clinical implementation of non-opioid multimodal analgesia (NOMA) in routine practice. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort analysis. SETTING: We identified all surgical cases between January 2013 and December 2016 at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS: Using both segmented and logistic regression approaches, we compared non-ERP surgical cases before and after the initial ERP education and implementation in April 2014. Outcomes included provider, patient, and procedural factors associated with utilization of non-opioid multimodal analgesia (NOMA) in the immediate perioperative period. MAIN RESULTS: We studied 73,560 non-ERP cases. Cases utilizing any element of NOMA increased from 17.06% to 35.21% (X2 = 2358, df = 1, p < 0.01) before and after the initial ERP pathway implementation. Patient factors influencing this increased adoption of multimodal analgesia included lower American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Class, younger age, and Caucasian race. Cases with in-room providers who were residents or trainees (as opposed to nurse anesthetists) or providers who had a greater number of prior ERP pathway cases were more likely to use multimodal. Procedure-specific factors favoring multimodal included use of laparoscopy. The gynecologic, neurosurgical, and orthopedic cases were more likely to utilize multimodal analgesics. CONCLUSIONS: From 2013 to 2016, NOMA usage in non-ERP patients increased significantly and in association with departmental education and concomitant implementation of an ERP pathway. Factors associated with increased uptake of multimodal analgesia included the presence of trainees, providers with a higher number of previous ERP pathway cases, patients who were younger, healthier, female, Caucasian race, and having specific types of surgery.

Geriatric Pharmacology: An Update.

An aging worldwide population demands that anesthesiologists consider geriatrics a unique subset of patients requiring customization of practice. This article reviews the current literature investigating physiologic changes of the elderly that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Changes in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are discussed as well as the ultimate effects of medications. Implications for practice regarding specific anesthetic and analgesic drugs are addressed. Despite the immense body of research that contributes to understanding of geriatric pharmacology, elderly patients often are excluded from rigorous research trials, and further scientific investigation to inform best practices for this group of patients is needed.