RESUMO
Surface water pollution has been found to be considerably driven by the contributions of airborne particles, open-air waste burning and fossil fuel combustion, ammonia volatilization from excreta, fertilizer and derivatives from explosive factories. Atmospheric deposition into the Lagos Lagoon is suspected to be a major contributor to the nutrient levels of the lagoon. Atmospheric dry nutrient deposition was monitored at six stations around the Lagos Lagoon from January to June 2012 in order to estimate the contribution of atmospheric deposits into the lagoon's nutrient cycles. Species of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in the lagoon water were analyzed by colorimetric methods. Mean [NO(-) 3 + NO(-) 2]-N was 3.08 ± 2.10 mg m(-2) day(-1) (0.55-8.73 mg m(-2) day(-1)). The (NO(-) 3 + NO(-) 2)-N was only about 2 % of total N but [NH(+) 4 + organic]-N was approximately 38 % of total N. Particulate N was about 60 % of total N. Average total N was 144 ± 94.9 mg m(-2) day(-1) (48.0-285 mg m(-2) day(-1)). Average soluble reactive P was significantly lower than [NO(-) 3 + NO(-) 2]-N averaging about 0.12 ± 0.12 mg m(-2) day(-1). Soluble reactive P (SRP) was less than 2 % of total P but soluble organic P was about 86 % of total P. Particulate P accounted for about 12 % of total P. Average total P was 4.56 ± 10.1 mg m(-2) day(-1) (0.48-31.6 mg m(-2) day(-1)). This study shows that atmospheric deposition of nutrients into the Lagos Lagoon is taking place and this may represent a considerable proportion of the total nutrient loading of the lagoon.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Água Doce/química , Nitrogênio/análise , Material Particulado/análise , Fósforo/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Amônia/análise , Nigéria , UrbanizaçãoRESUMO
Soils from 12 sites in Lagos area, Nigeria impacted by anthropogenic activities were extracted by ultrasonication and analysed for the concentration of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The concentration of the sum of PAHs ranged from 0.2 to 254 µg/g at these sites. The sum benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent dose (BaPeq) at the sites ranged from 0.0 (K, forest soil) to 16.7 µg/g (C, the lubricating oil depot soil). Mean daily intake (MDI) for the composite soils samples when compared that of food revealed that some of the individual PAH in samples from sites A (Dump site), C (Depot and loading point for used for black oil), F (Dump site), G(petroleum depot), H (Roadside) and L (Car park) exceeded the recommended the recommended MDI threshold for food, indicating some risk associated with activities on these sites based on this ingestion estimate exceeded value. 8.2 × 10(-6), 7.1 × 10(-7), 1.2 × 10(-4), 4.9 × 10(-7), 7.3 × 10(-7), 1.4 × 10(-5), 7.9 × 10(-5), 4.6 × 10(-6), 3.4 × 10(-7), 2.4 × 10(-7), 2.2 × 10(-7) and 1.1 × 10(-4) estimated theoretical cancer risk (ER) for an adult with a body weight of 70 kg working on sites were composite soil samples A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L respectively were sampled. The ER from occupational exposure to surface soil based on oral ingestion were all higher than the target risk of 1 × 10(-6) for normal exposure but were all within the 1 × 10(-4) for extreme exposure for most of the sites except for site C and L. The differences in concentration and risk were related to the different activities (e.g., handling of petroleum products, open burning, bush burning) undertaken at these locations. However, it should be noted here that the resultant risk could be overestimated, since these calculations were based on an exhaustive extraction technique which may be different from uptake by the human guts (bioavailability study).
Assuntos
Exposição Ocupacional , Pica , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Adulto , Idoso , Cidades , Ingestão de Alimentos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nigéria , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
The potential environmental impact of sediment-bound Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in three trans-urban rivers in Lagos state and in the Lagos Lagoon was assessed by use of the modified Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction. The quality of the data was checked using BCR CRM 143R and BCR CRM 701. Good agreement was obtained between found and certified/indicative values. Of the rivers, the Odo-Iyaalaro, was generally the most contaminated and the Ibeshe the least. Higher concentrations of metals were generally found in the dry season compared to the wet season. Cadmium and Zn were released mostly in the acid exchangeable step of the sequential extraction, indicating that they have the greatest potential mobility and bioavailability of the analytes studied. Chromium and Cu were associated mainly with the reducible and oxidisable fractions, and Pb predominantly with the reducible and residual fractions. Sediments with the highest pseudototal analyte concentrations also released higher proportions of analytes earlier in the sequential extraction procedure. The study suggests that, during the dry season, potentially toxic metals (PTM) may accumulate in sediments in relatively labile forms that are released and can potentially be transported or bioaccumulate in the rainy season. Application of risk assessment codes and Hankanson potential risk indices indicated that Cd was the element of greatest concern in the Lagos Lagoon system. The study indicated that there is a need to strengthen environmental management and pollution control measures to reduce risk from PTM, but that even relatively simple strategies, such as seasonal restrictions on dredging and fishing, could be beneficial.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Metais/análise , Rios/química , África Ocidental , Cádmio/análise , Fracionamento Químico , Cromo/análise , Ecotoxicologia , Metais/toxicidade , Nigéria , ChuvaRESUMO
In the determination of the best sequential extraction procedures (SEP) for the speciation of metals in sediment samples from the Lagos lagoon system, three sequential extraction procedures were compared for the fractionation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The SEP compared included a modified Tessier's procedure carried out in five steps, while the two other procedures were the three-step original Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) and the modified BCR techniques (four steps). Quantification of the metal concentration was achieved with a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results obtained by the three methods were compared, and the modified BCR and Tessier SEP were found to extract more Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn in the reducible phase and therefore a decrease in the oxidizable phase than the original BCR SEP. The most mobile elements were found to be Cd, Pb, and Zn. These are of environmental concern, as these potentially toxic metals could be easily released into the aquatic environment with consequent ingestion by aquatic organisms, thereby entering the food chain. The mass balance (percent recovery) was found to be between 85% and 115% in most cases. Prior to the comparison, the analytical performance of the laboratory was tested using a secondary reference material, GLAURM, using the three-step modified BCR procedure. The results showed high reliability of the analytical performance of the laboratory for all the metals considered.
Assuntos
Fracionamento Químico/métodos , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Metais Pesados/isolamento & purificação , Cromo/isolamento & purificação , Cobre/isolamento & purificação , Chumbo/isolamento & purificação , Zinco/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Air pollution is influenced by wind-aided particulate suspension, open-air waste burning, and fossil fuel combustion. The pollutants from these sources eventually deposit on ambient surfaces. Atmospheric wet deposition into Lagos Lagoon may be significant additions to the nutrient levels of the eutrophic lagoon. Precipitation was monitored at three stations in the Lagos Lagoon basin from May to November, 2012, in order to estimate the contribution of wet deposition to the nutrient cycles of the lagoon. Water samples were digested with potassium persulfate, and the species of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) were analyzed by colorimetric methods. The mean [NO3-+NO2-]-N level was 0.39 ± 0.51 kg ha-1 month-1. The average total N was 3.16 ± 6.39 kg ha-1 month-1. The mean soluble reactive P was lower than the [NO3-+NO2-]-N averaging 0.06 ± 0.09 (at control site S2) to 0.24 ± 0.10 kg ha-1 month-1 (at site S1). Average total P was 1.25 ± 0.82 kg ha-1 month-1. The annual total N (May-September) was 4.55 (at S2) to 32.4 kg ha-1 year-1 (at S3). The annual total P (May-November) over Lagos Lagoon basin was 5.06 kg ha-1 year-1 (at S2). This study demonstrated that wet deposition of anthropogenically derived nutrients to the Lagos Lagoon is ongoing and may represent a considerable proportion of the total nutrient loading to it. The increased P availability in the wet deposition is likely responsible for the water hyacinths, which usually blossom on Lagos Lagoon during the late rainy season, and the reported harmattan-season bottom water hypoxia.