Quantification and Progress Over Time of Specific Antibodies Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Breast Milk of Lactating Women Vaccinated With BNT162b2 Pfizer-BioNTech Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine (LacCOVID).

Background: Several observational studies demonstrated the passage of postvaccine antibodies through breast milk in women vaccinated against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), mostly with messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines, but lacked long-term data. Methods: A 6-month prospective cohort study was performed to determine severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine-induced antibody levels in the breast milk of 33 lactating healthcare workers at different timepoints after mRNA BNT162b2 Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. Moreover, we examined the correlation of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels between serum and breast milk, adverse events related to vaccination, and rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Results: Mothers' median age was 38 (interquartile range [IQR], 36-39) years and 15 (IQR, 10-22) months for infants. Median (IQR) SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) spike protein subunit S1 (S1) vaccine-induced levels at different timepoints for serum-milk pairs were 519 (234-937) to 1 (0-2.9) arbitrary units (AU)/mL at 2 weeks after first dose and 18 644 (9923-29 264) to 78 (33.7-128), 12 478 (6870-20 801) to 50.4 (24.3-104), 4094 (2413-8480) to 19.9 (10.8-51.9), 1350 (831-2298) to 8.9 (7.8-31.5) AU/mL at 2, 4, 12 and 24 weeks after second dose, respectively. We observed a positive correlation of antibody levels between serum and breast milk, no serious adverse events related to vaccination, and 2 (6%) COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections. Conclusions: Women vaccinated with Pfizer-BioNTech transmit antibodies into breast milk with a positive correlation with serum levels. Both decreased over time in a 6-month follow-up.

Fish ES cells and applications to biotechnology.

ES cells provide a promising tool for the generation of transgenic animals with site-directed mutations. When ES cells colonize germ cells in chimeras, transgenic animals with modified phenotypes are generated and used either for functional genomics studies or for improving productivity in commercial settings. Although the ES cell approach has been limited to mice, there is strong interest for developing the technology in fish. We describe the step-by-step procedure for developing ES cells in fish. Key aspects include avoiding cell differentiation, specific in vitro traits of pluripotency, and, most importantly, testing for production of chimeric animals as the main evidence of pluripotency. The entire process focuses on two model species, zebrafish and medaka, in which most work has been done. The achievements attained in these species, as well as their applicability to other commercial fish, are discussed. Because of the difficulties relating to germ line competence, mostly of long-term fish ES cells, alternative cell-based approaches such as primordial germ cells and nuclear transfer need to be considered. Although progress to date has been slow, there are promising achievements in homologous recombination and alternative avenues yet to be explored that can bring ES technology in fish to fruition.

Aetiology of renal failure in patients with infective endocarditis. The role of antibiotics. / Etiología de la insuficiencia renal en pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa. Papel de los antibióticos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The possible renal toxicity of certain antibiotics (AB) is well known. The objective of our work is to know the possible effect of AB treatments in the development of renal failure (RF) in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Collection from a national multi-centre registry of collection on renal function, both prior and its impairment, if any, during the treatment of IE and in relation to possible causative factors, including the use of AB. RESULTS: Between 2008 and 2012, 1,853 episodes of IE reported from 26 Spanish centres were analysed. Of these, 21.6% had prior RF. They developed new RF or impairment of renal function in 38.7% of the cases. In patients with prior RF, impairment was more frequent (64 vs. 31.7%, P<.001). Overall, patients with RF were older (70.6 vs. 67 years, P<.01), had more comorbidities (Charlson index 5 vs. 4, P<.01), and IE by Staphylococcus aureus (32.1 vs. 16.5%, P<.01). Potentially nephrotoxic AB use was only associated with RF in patients without prior RF (aminoglycosides: OR=1.47 [95% CI 1.096-1.988], P=.010; aminoglycosides with vancomycin: OR=1.49 [95% CI 1.069-2.09], P=.019). CONCLUSIONS: In patients without prior RF, the use of nephrotoxic AB is associated with impairment of renal function. In patients with RF prior to the IE episode, impairment of renal function was more frequent but appears to be more related to the severity of infection.

The piscine SAF-1 cell line: genetic stability and labeling.

Fish cell lines are increasingly important research tools. The SAF-1 cell line, fibroblast-like culture derived from the marine fish gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), has proved useful in many applications, especially in viral research. For cell lines intended as in vitro models, characterization of their properties and authentication are essential for deeper understanding of their performance and thus more precise experimental design and applicability. In this study we characterized the SAF-1 cell line in terms of genetic stability through time and genetic labeling. Methods for determining stability include telomerase activity, karyotyping, mapping of ribosomal RNA regions, and DNA content. For genetic labeling 12 microsatellite loci were used. The results indicate that telomerase has been activated in the course of SAF-1 development, and the highest levels of telomerase activity correlate with an increase in cell proliferation, thus supporting a permanent cell line. This stability is in agreement with the normal situation presented by the cytogenetic traits and DNA content values, and the genotypic profile allows SAF-1 authentication at the single individual level. This study increases the value of SAF-1 as an in vitro system, which is now one of the few well-characterized cell lines from a marine fish.

Antiviral specificity of the Solea senegalensis Mx protein constitutively expressed in CHSE-214 cells.

Interferons play a key role in fish resistance to viral infections by inducing the expression of antiviral proteins, such as Mx. The aim of the present study was to test the antiviral activity of the Senegalese sole Mx protein (SsMx) against RNA and DNA viruses pathogenic to fish, i.e. the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV, dsRNA), the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV, ssRNA), and the European sheatfish virus (ESV, dsDNA), using a CHSE-214 cell clone expressing this antiviral protein. A strong inhibition of IPNV and VHSV replication was recorded in SsMx-expressing cells, as has been shown by the virus yield reduction and the decrease in the synthesis of the viral RNA encoding the polyprotein (for IPNV) and the nucleoprotein (for VHSV). The titres of these viruses replicating on SsMx-expressing cells were 100 times lower than those recorded on non-transfected cells. In contrast, SsMx did not inhibit ESV replication since no significant differences were observed regarding the virus yield or the major capsid protein gene transcription in transfected and non-transfected cells.

Viral nervous necrosis virus persistently replicates in the central nervous system of asymptomatic gilthead seabream and promotes a transient inflammatory response followed by the infiltration of IgM+ B lymphocytes.

The viral nervous necrosis virus (VNNV) is the causal agent of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), a worldwide fish disease that is responsible for high mortality in both marine and freshwater species. Infected fish suffer from encephalitis, which leads to abnormal swimming behavior and extensive cellular vacuolation and neuronal degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) and retina. The marine fish gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) does not develop VER but it is an asymptomatic carrier of VNNV. In this study, we report that VNNV was able to replicate and persist for up to 3 months in the CNS of the gilthead seabream without causing any neural damage. In addition, we found an early inflammatory response in the CNS that was characterized by the induction of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines, a delayed but persistent induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and the infiltration of IgM(+) B lymphocytes, suggesting that local adaptive immunity played a major role in the control of VNNV in the CNS of this species.

Endogenous transposases affect differently Sleeping Beauty and Frog Prince transposons in fish cells.

Fish cells stably expressing exogenous genes have potential applications in the production of fish recombinant proteins, gene-function studies, gene-trapping, and the production of transgenic fish. However, expression of a gene of interest after random integration may be difficult to predict or control. In the past decade, major contributions have been made in vertebrate-gene transfer, by using tools derived from DNA transposons. Among them, the Sleeping Beauty (SB) and Frog Prince (FP) transposons, derived, respectively, from fish and frog genomes, mediate transposition in a large variety of cells, although with different efficiency. This study was aimed at assessing the activities of the SB and the FP transposases in fish cell lines from genetically distant species (CHSE-214, RTG-2, BF-2, EPC, and SAF-1). Their transpositional ability was evaluated by the plasmid-based excision assay, the colony formation assay, and the footprint patterns. The results reveal that while both transposases are active in all cell lines, the transposition rates and the precision of the transposition are overall higher with FP than SB. Our results also indicated a key role of cell-specific host factors in transposition, which was associated with the presence of Tc1-like endogenous transposases; this effect was more accentuated in the two salmonid cell lines transfected with SB. This result agrees with previous studies supporting the use of transposons in heterologous organisms to prevent from genomic instability and from impeding the precise activity of the exogenous transposase.

Historia del médico rural en Ourense: lluvia de conflictos y el paraguas colegial / No disponible

No disponible

In vitro inhibition of sole aquabirnavirus by Senegalese sole Mx.

Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, is a flat fish of growing interest in European aquaculture. In its culture viral infections are constant threats, thus understanding antiviral defences is a key factor for a successful industry. Mx proteins are IFN-induced proteins widespread in eukaryotes; however, their antiviral activity is unclear and the results variable among species. Therefore assessment of the putative Mx antiviral activity in each species is of interest. Our group has recently cloned the Senegalese sole Mx (SsMx) cDNA and in this study its antiviral activity was assessed by infecting CHSE-214 cells expressing recombinant SsMx, with sole aquabirnavirus. The antiviral activity against this pathogen was demonstrated by reduction in induced cytopathic effects, reduction in virus yield and decrease in viral transcripts. These findings contribute to our understanding of fish antiviral mechanisms and open the possibility of using this protein as a tool for fighting viral infections in aquaculture.

c-Lysozyme from Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis): cDNA cloning and expression pattern.

Lysozymes are key molecules of innate immunity and proved high bactericidal activity in fish, thus becoming attractive as tools for enhancing fish defences. In this study, a full-length c-type lysozyme cDNA from Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) has been cloned and characterized. The cDNA sequence was inferred from two overlapping fragments obtained by RACE-PCR and consisting on 631bp coding for 143 aminoacids. Catalytic and other conserved residues required for lysozyme activity were identified. Pair wise alignments showed the higher identities with c-type lysozyme from other flatfish. Expression patterns under various conditions showed a basal level and a clear upregulation mostly in hematopoietic organs after stimulation with LPS or infection with Photobacterium damselae. This study represents a first step on the genetics and function of the c-lysozyme of Senegalese sole, though disclosing g-DNA structure, allelic variability and antibacterial activity must be requirements prior its immunological properties might have biotechnological applications.

Etiología de la insuficiencia renal en pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa. Papel de los antibióticos / Aetiology of renal failure in patients with infective endocarditis. The role of antibiotics

Fundamento y objetivos: La toxicidad renal de ciertos antibióticos (AB) es conocida. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es conocer el posible efecto de los tratamientos AB en el desarrollo de insuficiencia renal (IR) en pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa (EI). Material y método: Recogida en un registro nacional multicéntrico de los datos referentes a la función renal, tanto previa como su deterioro si existiese, durante el tratamiento de las EI y relacionarlo con los posibles factores causantes, entre ellos los AB. Resultados: Entre 2008 y 2012 se han analizado 1.853 episodios de EI remitidos desde 26 centros españoles. De ellos, un 21,6% presentaban una alteración previa de la función renal. Desarrollaron IR de novo o un empeoramiento de la función renal previa un 38,7% de los casos. En aquellos pacientes que presentaban IR previa, el deterioro fue más frecuente (64 frente a 31,7%; p<0,001). Globalmente los pacientes con IR tenían más edad (70,6 frente a 67 años; p<0,01) y comorbilidades (índice de Charlson 5 frente a 4; p<0,01), y la EI era por Staphylococcus aureus (32,1 frente a 16,5%; p<0,01). El uso de AB potencialmente nefrotóxicos solo se asoció a IR en el grupo de pacientes sin IR previa (aminoglucósidos: OR=1,47 [IC 95% 1,096-1,988], p=0,010; aminoglucósidos-vancomicina: OR=1,49 [IC 95% 1,069-2,09], p=0,019]). Conclusiones: En pacientes sin IR previa, los AB nefrotóxicos se asocian a un deterioro de la función renal. En pacientes con IR previa al episodio de EI, el deterioro de renal fue más frecuente, pero parece estar más relacionado con la gravedad de la infección (AU)

Background and objectives: The possible renal toxicity of certain antibiotics (AB) is well known. The objective of our work is to know the possible effect of AB treatments in the development of renal failure (RF) in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). Material and method: Collection from a national multi-centre registry of collection on renal function, both prior and its impairment, if any, during the treatment of IE and in relation to possible causative factors, including the use of AB. Results: Between 2008 and 2012, 1,853 episodes of IE reported from 26 Spanish centres were analysed. Of these, 21.6% had prior RF. They developed new RF or impairment of renal function in 38.7% of the cases. In patients with prior RF, impairment was more frequent (64 vs. 31.7%, P<.001). Overall, patients with RF were older (70.6 vs. 67 years, P<.01), had more comorbidities (Charlson index 5 vs. 4, P<.01), and IE by Staphylococcus aureus (32.1 vs. 16.5%, P<.01). Potentially nephrotoxic AB use was only associated with RF in patients without prior RF (aminoglycosides: OR=1.47 [95% CI 1.096-1.988], P=.010; aminoglycosides with vancomycin: OR=1.49 [95% CI 1.069-2.09], P=.019). Conclusions: In patients without prior RF, the use of nephrotoxic AB is associated with impairment of renal function. In patients with RF prior to the IE episode, impairment of renal function was more frequent but appears to be more related to the severity of infection (AU)

Cloning and expression analysis of Mx cDNA from Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis).

Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) is a promising fish species of growing interest in European aquaculture. In fish farming, viral infections are a constant threat therefore, understanding fish defence mechanisms is a main priority to avoid economic losses. Mx proteins are involved in the innate antiviral response of fish. They are induced by type I interferons (alpha and beta) and are essential to investigate viral defence mechanisms in fish, due to the difficulty in tracking interferon activity in these species. In this study a full-length Senegalese sole Mx cDNA has been RT-PCR cloned, resulting in 2322bp coding for 623 amino acids. The sequence accounts for the main characteristics of Mx proteins but lacking nuclear localisation signal (NLS), which suggests cytoplasmic localisation. The alignments of Senegalese sole Mx sequence showed the highest identity with the flatfish species, 80.1% identity with flounder and 78.9% with halibut. The spatial and temporal expression pattern has been analysed in control and challenged fish by RT-PCR. In control fish a constitutive level of sole Mx expression has been obtained and a clear induction was observed after treatment with Poly[I:C], which supports a putative role for the Mx in Senegalese sole viral defence. These findings contribute to increasing the knowledge of the role of interferon pathway in fish innate immunity and to develop new tools to fight virus infections in the culture of this species.

An ES-like cell line from the marine fish Sparus aurata: characterization and chimaera production.

Embryonic stem (ES) cells provide a unique tool for cell-mediated gene transfer and targeted gene mutations due to the possibility of in vitro selection of desired genotypes. When selected cells contribute to the germ line in chimaeric embryos, transgenic animals may be generated with modified genetic traits. Though the ES cell approach has up to now been limited to mice, there is an increasing interest to develop this technology in both model and commercial fish species, with so far promising results in the medaka and zebrafish. In this study, we present evidence regarding a long-term stable cell line (SaBE-1c), derived from embryonic cells of the aquaculture marine fish Sparus aurata which has been characterized for (i) cell proliferation, (ii) chromosome complement, (iii) molecular markers, and (iv) in vitro tests of pluripotency by alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining, telomerase activity, and induced cell differentiation. These cells have proved their pluripotent capacities by in vitro tests. Furthermore, we have demonstrated their ability to produce chimaeras and to contribute to the formation of tissues from all three embryonic germ layers. These features suggest that SaBE-1c cells have the potential for multiple applications for the ES technology in fish, with the added value of originating from an economically important species.

Sobre la oportunidad de la rehabilitación psicosocial tras un primer brote: un caso clínico / About timeliness of psichosocial rehabilitation after a first onset: a case report

El inicio de las intervenciones rehabilitadoras en las fases tempranas de la psicosis, o tras un primer brote, ha generado un importante número de investigaciones así como el desarrollo de programas y la organización de servicios específicos (AU)

The psychosocial rehabilitation in early phases of psychosis or after a first episode of psychosis has generated a lot of investigation and the implement of programs and organization of specific services (AU)

Incidencia de bacteriemiaen pacientes portadoresde catéter permanente tunelizadopara hemodiálisis / Incidence of bacteriaemia in patients with permanent tunnelled haemodialysis catheters

La bacteriemia relacionada con el catéter es una de las principales complicaciones aumentando el riesgo de pérdida del catéter o incluso la muerte del paciente. La utilización de sellado de las luces del catéter con antibióticos o el empleo de mupirocin atópica en el orificio de salida del catéter ha demostrado disminuir la incidencia de bacteriemia; sin embargo, un manejo lo más aséptico posible del catéter es la principal herramienta para disminuir esta incidencia. Objetivo: evaluar la tasa de incidencia de bacteriemias en pacientes portadores de catéter tunelizado sin la utilización de sellado con antibióticos ni la utilización de mupirocina haciendo especial hincapié en la asepsia durante la manipulación. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes portadores de catéter tunelizado desde el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2007.En total fueron 17 pacientes, 4 hombres y 13 mujeres con una edad media de 71,3 (11,3) años. El protocolo consistía en la utilización de un campo los más aséptico posible, el uso de guantes cada vez que se manipulara el catéter, uso de mascarillas tanto por el manipulador como por el paciente y la desinfección del orificio de salida del túnel con clorhexidina, así como de ambas conexiones del catéter al comenzar y al finalizar la sesión. A fecha 31 de diciembre la prevalencia de pacientes con catéter tunelizado era del 38,5%. Durante el periodo de estudio se produjeron un total de 8 bacteriemiasen un total de 4462 días de seguimiento(tasa de incidencia de 1,8 bacteriemias/1000 catéter-día). Cuatro hemocultivos fueron positivo aStaphylococcus epidermidis, 1 a Corynebacterium,1 a Staphylococcus auricularis y 2 fueron negativos. No se produjo ninguna bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus ni tampoco algún signo de infección del orificio de salida (AU)

Catheter-r elated bacteriaemia is one of the main complications increasing the risk of loss of the catheter or even death of the patient. The use of sealing of the catheter lumen with antibiotics or the use of topical mupirocin on the exit orifice of the catheter have been proven to reduce the incident of bacteriaemia; however, the most aseptic possible handling of the catheter is the main tool for reducing this incidence. Goal: to assess the rate of incident of bacteriaeima in patients with permanent tunnelled haemodialysis catheters without the use of sealing with antibiotics or the use of mupirocin, and placing particular emphasison asepsis during handling. All patients with tunnelled catheters between 1st January and31st December 2007 were included. In total there were 17 patients, 4 men and 13 women with an average age of 71.3 (11.3) years. The protocol consisted of using as aseptic a field as possible, the use of gloves each time the catheter was handled, use of masks both by the handler and the patient and the disinfection of the tunnel exit orifice with chlorhexidine, and of both catheter connections at the start and finish of the session. At 31st December the prevalence of patientswith tunnelled catheters was 38.5%. During the period studied, a total of 8 bacteriaemias occurred in a total of 4462 days of monitoring (incidence rate of 1.8 bacteriaemias/1000catheter-days). Four blood cultures were positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis, 1 for Corynebacterium,1 for Staphylococcus auricularis and 2were negative. No other Staphylococcus aureusbacteriaemia occurred, nor any other sign of infection of the exit orifice. Conclusion: an a septicas possible handling of the catheter reduces the risk of bacteriaemia related to the catheter without the need to use sealing with antibiotics ortopical mupirocin (AU)

Fiabilidad y estructura (factorial del 'inventario breve de síntomas' (Brief symptom inventory, b.S.I.) En adultos / Reliability and factor structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory (B.S.I.) in adults

Se estudian las propiedades psicométricas del 'Inventario Breve de Síntomas' (Brief Symptoms Inventory B.SI, Derogatis y Melisaratos, 1983) en una muestra integrada por 743 adultos, cuyos h jos acuden a consulta demandando tratamien-to psicológico. Se analiza la naturaleza dimensional del inventario, así como la con-sistencia interna del total de la escala y de las nueve subescalas que componen la pruebas. Los resultados de los análisis factoriales de primer y segundo orden, de componentes principales (rotación varimax), muestran que el B.S.I. está formado por una sola dimensión, que evalúa el malestar (distrés) psicológico general; y que posee una fiabilidad excelente (a=0,990). Los valores del alfa de Cronbach para las subescalas son buenos, correspondiendo el más bajo a la escala de ansiedad fóbica (a= 0,876) y el más alto a la de somatización ((a= 0,960) (AU)