LANDMARK comparison of early outcomes of newer-generation Myval transcatheter heart valve series with contemporary valves (Sapien and Evolut) in real-world individuals with severe symptomatic native aortic stenosis: a randomised non-inferiority trial.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is an established, guideline-endorsed treatment for severe aortic stenosis. Precise sizing of the balloon-expandable Myval transcatheter heart valve (THV) series with the aortic annulus is facilitated by increasing its diameter in 1·5 mm increments, compared with the usual 3 mm increments in valve size. The LANDMARK trial aimed to show non-inferiority of the Myval THV series compared with the contemporary THVs Sapien Series (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) or Evolut Series (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA). METHODS: In this prospective, multinational, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial across 31 hospitals in 16 countries (Germany, France, Sweden, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, New Zealand, Portugal, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Estonia, and Brazil), 768 participants with severe symptomatic native aortic stenosis were randomly assigned (1:1) to the Myval THV or a contemporary THV. Eligibility was primarily decided by the heart team in accordance with 2021 European Society of Cardiology guidelines. As per the criteria of the third Valve Academic Research Consortium, the primary endpoint at 30 days was a composite of all-cause mortality, all stroke, bleeding (types 3 and 4), acute kidney injury (stages 2-4), major vascular complications, moderate or severe prosthetic valve regurgitation, and conduction system disturbances resulting in a permanent pacemaker implantation. Non-inferiority of the study device was tested in the intention-to-treat population using a non-inferiority margin of 10·44% and assuming an event rate of 26·10%. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04275726, and EudraCT, 2020-000137-40, and is closed to new participants. FINDINGS: Between Jan 6, 2021, and Dec 5, 2023, 768 participants with severe symptomatic native aortic stenosis were randomly assigned, 384 to the Myval THV and 384 to a contemporary THV. 369 (48%) participants had their sex recorded as female, and 399 (52%) as male. The mean age of participants was 80·0 years (SD 5·7) for those treated with the Myval THV and 80·4 years (5·4) for those treated with a contemporary THV. Median Society of Thoracic Surgeons scores were the same in both groups (Myval 2·6% [IQR 1·7-4·0] vs contemporary 2·6% [1·7-4·0]). The primary endpoint showed non-inferiority of the Myval (25%) compared with contemporary THV (27%), with a risk difference of -2·3% (one-sided upper 95% CI 3·8, pnon-inferiority<0·0001). No significant difference was seen in individual components of the primary composite endpoint. INTERPRETATION: In individuals with severe symptomatic native aortic stenosis, the Myval THV met its primary endpoint at 30 days. FUNDING: Meril Life Sciences.

TransCatheter aortic valve implantation and fractional flow reserve-guided percutaneous coronary intervention versus conventional surgical aortic valve replacement and coronary bypass grafting for treatment of patients with aortic valve stenosis and multivessel or advanced coronary disease: The transcatheter valve and vessels trial (TCW trial): Design and rationale.

BACKGROUND: Patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) frequently present with concomitant obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). In those, current guidelines recommend combined coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) as the preferred treatment option, although this surgical approach is associated with a high rate of clinical events. Combined transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with or without FFR have evolved as a valid alternative for cardiac surgery in patients with AS and multivessel or advanced CAD. To date, no dedicated trial has prospectively evaluated the outcomes of a percutaneous versus surgical treatment for patients with both severe AS and CAD. AIMS: To investigate whether fractional-flow reserve (FFR)-guided PCI and TAVI is noninferior to combined CABG and SAVR for the treatment of severe AS and multivessel or advanced CAD. METHODS: The Transcatheter Valve and Vessels (TCW) trial (clinicaltrial.gov: NCT03424941) is a prospective, randomized, controlled, open label, international trial. Patients ≥ 70 years with severe AS and multivessel (≥ 2 vessels) or advanced CAD, deemed feasible by the heart team for both; a full percutaneous or surgical treatment, will be randomised in a 1:1 fashion to either FFR-guided PCI followed by TAVI (intervention arm) vs. CABG and SAVR (control arm). The primary endpoint is a patient-oriented composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, disabling stroke, unscheduled clinically-driven target vessel revascularization, valve reintervention, and life threatening or disabling bleeding at 1 year. The TCW trial is powered for noninferiority, and if met, superiority will be tested. Assuming a primary endpoint rate of 30% in the CABG-SAVR arm, with a significance level α of 5%, a noninferiority limit delta of 15% and a loss to follow-up of 2%, a total of 328 patients are needed to obtain a power of 90%. The primary endpoint analysis is performed on an intention-to-treat basis. SUMMARY: The TCW Trial is the first prospective randomized trial that will study if a less invasive percutaneous treatment for severe AS and concomitant advanced CAD (i.e., FFR-guided PCI-TAVI) is noninferior to the guidelines recommended approach (CABG-SAVR).

Prognostic impact of vasopressor test in transcatheter edge-to-edge repair of secondary mitral regurgitation: The PETIT study.

BACKGROUND: Vasopressor test (VPT) might be useful in patients with functional mitral regurgitation (MR) and left ventricular dysfunction (MITRA-FR-like patients) during transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER). AIMS: We aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact of VPT. METHODS: MR treated with TEER were included in a multicenter prospective registry. VPT was used intraprocedurally in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or hypotension. The 1-year echocardiographic and clinical outcomes were compared according to the use of VPT. The primary endpoint was a combination of mortality + heart failure (HF) readmission at 1-year. RESULTS: A total of 1115 patients were included, mean age was 72.8 ± 10.5 years and 30.4% were women. VPT was performed in 128 subjects (11.5%), more often in critically ill patients with biventricular dysfunction. Postprocedurally the VPT group had greater rate of MR ≥ 2+ (46.9% vs. 31.7%, p = 0.003) despite greater number of devices (≥2 clips, 52% vs. 40.6 p = 0.008) and device repositioning or new clip in 12.5%. At 1-year, the primary endpoint occurred more often in the VPT group (27.3% vs. 16.9%, p = 0.002) as well as all-cause mortality (21.9% vs. 8.1%, p ≤ 0.001) but no differences existed in HF readmission rate (14.8% vs. 13.2%, p = 0.610), cardiovascular mortality (4.4% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.713) or residual MR ≥ 2+ (51.1% vs 51.7%, p = 0.371). CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic evaluation of MR during TEER procedure through VPT was performed in patients with worse baseline risk who also presented higher all-cause mortality at 1-year follow-up. However, 1-year residual MR, cardiovascular mortality and HF readmission rate remained comparable suggesting that VPT might help in the management of MITRA-FR-like patients.

Fractional flow reserve or 3D-quantitative-coronary-angiography based vessel-FFR guided revascularization. Rationale and study design of the prospective randomized fast III trial.

BACKGROUND: Physiological assessment of intermediate coronary lesions to guide coronary revascularization is currently recommended by international guidelines. Vessel fractional flow reserve (vFFR) has emerged as a new approach to derive fractional flow reserve (FFR) from 3D-quantitative coronary angiography (3D-QCA) without the need for hyperemic agents or pressure wires. STUDY DESIGN AND OBJECTIVES: The FAST III is an investigator-initiated, open label, multicenter randomized trial comparing vFFR guided versus FFR guided coronary revascularization in approximately 2228 patients with intermediate coronary lesions (defined as 30%-80% stenosis by visual assessment or QCA). Intermediate lesions are physiologically assessed using on-line vFFR or FFR and treated if vFFR or FFR ≤0.80. The primary end point is a composite of all-cause death, any myocardial infarction, or any revascularization at 1-year post-randomization. Secondary end points include the individual components of the primary end point and cost-effectiveness will be investigated. CONCLUSIONS: FAST III is the first randomized trial to explore whether a vFFR guided revascularization strategy is non-inferior to an FFR guided strategy in terms of clinical outcomes at 1-year follow-up in patients with intermediate coronary artery lesions.

Angiography-derived physiology guidance vs usual care in an All-comers PCI population treated with the healing-targeted supreme stent and Ticagrelor monotherapy: PIONEER IV trial design.

BACKGROUND: Current ESC guidelines recommend the use of intra-coronary pressure guidewires for functional assessment of intermediate-grade coronary stenoses. Angiography-derived quantitative flow ratio (QFR) is a novel method of assessing these stenoses, and guiding percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS/DESIGN: The PIONEER IV trial is a prospective, all-comers, multi-center trial, which will randomize 2,540 patients in a 1:1 ratio to PCI guided by angiography-derived physiology or usual care, with unrestricted use in both arms of the Healing-Targeted Supreme sirolimus-eluting stent (HT Supreme). The stent's fast, biologically healthy, and robust endothelial coverage allows for short dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT); hence the antiplatelet regimen of choice is 1-month DAPT, followed by ticagrelor monotherapy. In the angiography-derived physiology guided arm, lesions will be functionally assessed using on-line QFR, with stenting indicated in lesions with a QFR ≤0.80. Post-stenting, QFR will be repeated in the stented vessel(s), with post-dilatation or additional stenting recommended if the QFR<0.91 distal to the stent, or if the delta QFR (across the stent) is >0.05. Usual care PCI is performed according to standard clinical practice. The primary endpoint is a non-inferiority comparison of the patient-oriented composite endpoint (POCE) of all-cause death, any stroke, any myocardial infarction, or any clinically, and physiologically driven revascularization with a non-inferiority risk-difference margin of 3.2%, at 1-year post-procedure. Clinical follow-up will be up to 3 years. SUMMARY: The PIONEER IV trial aims to demonstrate non-inferiority of QFR-guided PCI to usual care PCI with respect to POCE at 1-year in patients treated with HT Supreme stents and ticagrelor monotherapy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov UNIQUE IDENTIFIER: NCT04923191 CLASSIFICATIONS: Interventional Cardiology.

Next-generation balloon-expandable Myval transcatheter heart valve in low-risk aortic stenosis patients.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe hemodynamic performance and clinical outcomes at 30-day follow-up of the balloon-expandable (BE) Myval transcatheter heart valve (THV) in low-risk patients. BACKGROUND: The results of the next-generation BE Myval THV in low-risk aortic stenosis (AS) patients are still unknown. METHODS: Retrospective registry performed in nine European centers including patients with low predicted operative mortality risk according to Society of thoracic surgeons (STS) and European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE-II) scores. RESULTS: Between September 2019 and February 2021, a total of 100 patients (51% males, mean age 80 ± 6.5 years) were included. Mean STS score and EuroSCORE-II were 2.4 ± 0.8% and 2.2 ± 0.7%, respectively. Intermediate sizes were used in 39% (21.5 mm: 8%, 24.5 mm: 15%, 27.5 mm: 15%). There were no cases of valve embolization, coronary artery occlusion, annulus rupture, or procedural death. A definitive pacemaker implantation was needed in eight patients (8%). At 30-day follow-up aortic valve area (0.7 ± 0.2 vs. 2.1 ± 0.6 cm2 ) and mean aortic valve gradient (43.4 ± 11.1 vs. 9.0 ± 3.7 mmHg) improved significantly (p < 0.001). Moderate aortic regurgitation occurred in 4%. Endpoints of early safety and clinical efficacy were 3 and 1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Hemodynamic performance and 30-day clinical outcomes of the BE Myval THV in low-risk AS patients were favorable. Longer-term follow-up is warranted.

Quantitative flow ratio-Meta-analysis and systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Despite of the wide evidence of use fractional flow reserve (FFR), isolated angiography evaluation is still the main tool to indicate percutaneous coronary intervention. Quantitative flow ratio (QFR) is a new functional index to assess functional significance. Recently, few studies have showed the capacity of QFR to predict significance stenosis. The aim of this research has been to describe the evidence of QFR in this clinical setting, to analyze the global diagnosis accuracy of QFR versus FFR and to compare the difference in feasibility between retrospective and prospective analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Systematic review of literature was performed. Eligible studies for the meta-analysis were considered those directly evaluating de QFR versus FFR. Pooled values of diagnosis test and summary receiver operator curve were calculated. Main causes of not-perform QFR analysis according to study design were also evaluated. Sixteen studies were included. Good correlation and agreement were showed. Global sensibility, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 0.84, 0.89, 0.80, and 0.92, respectively. Then, 18% of evaluated vessels could not be analyzed. Significant differences were found in the percentage of discarded vessels and the cause of nonperformed analysis between retrospective or prospective analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Excellent correlation and agreement between QFR and FFR was demonstrated. QFR assessment could be improved by its prospective analysis with a dedicated protocol.

Transaxillary transcatheter ACURATE neo aortic valve implantation - The TRANSAX multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) via transaxillary (TAx) approach with ACURATE neo valve is an off-label procedure. Our aim was to gather information on ACURATE neo cases implanted via TAx approach and report major outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The TRANSAX Study (NCT04274751) retrospectively gathered patients from nine centres in Europe and North America treated with ACURATE neo valve through TAx approach up to May/2019. Follow up was pre-specified at 1-year and was obtained for all patients. A total of 75 patients (79 ± 10 years; 32% women) were included. Left axillary (72%) and conscious sedation (95.2%) were the most common setting. Risk scores were higher when right axillary artery and surgical cut-down were selected. Severe complications including valve embolization, coronary obstruction, annulus rupture, and procedural mortality did not occur. Cardiac tamponade occurred in two cases (2.7%) with one requiring conversion to open surgery (1.3%). Bail-out stenting and surgical vascular repair were required in 7 (9.3%) and 3 (4%) cases, respectively. The need for new permanent pacemaker was 8%. Procedural success (96%), in-hospital (2.7%), and 1-year mortality (8%) were comparable in all settings. Only one case (1.3%) complicated with cerebrovascular event and one (1.3%) presented moderate aortic regurgitation before discharge. CONCLUSIONS: TAx TAVR procedures with the ACURATE neo valve were presented high success rate and low in-hospital and 1-year mortality.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are associated with poor clinical outcomes in COVID-19.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the sole causative agent of coronavirus infectious disease-19 (COVID-19). METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a retrospective single-center study of consecutively admitted patients between March 1st and May 15th, 2020, with a definitive diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The primary end-point was to evaluate the association of lipid markers with 30-days all-cause mortality in COVID-19. A total of 654 patients were enrolled, with an estimated 30-day mortality of 22.8% (149 patients). Non-survivors had lower total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels during the entire course of the disease. Both showed a significant inverse correlation with inflammatory markers and a positive correlation with lymphocyte count. In a multivariate analysis, LDL-c ≤ 69 mg/dl (hazard ratio [HR] 1.94; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-3.31), C-reactive protein >88 mg/dl (HR 2.44; 95% CI, 1.41-4.23) and lymphopenia <1000 (HR 2.68; 95% CI, 1.91-3.78) at admission were independently associated with 30-day mortality. This association was maintained 7 days after admission. Survivors presented with complete normalization of their lipid profiles on short-term follow-up. CONCLUSION: Hypolipidemia in SARS-CoV-2 infection may be secondary to an immune-inflammatory response, with complete recovery in survivors. Low LDL-c serum levels are independently associated with higher 30-day mortality in COVID-19 patients.

Fracture of small Mitroflow® aortic bioprosthesis following valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement with ACURATE neo valve-From bench testing to clinical practice.

Valve-in-valve (ViV) transcatheter procedures have emerged as a feasible, less-invasive treatment option for bioprosthetic structural valve deterioration. However, in the presence of a small bioprosthesis, a significant residual gradient after ViV procedures often occurs and has been associated with poorer clinical outcomes. We report the use of the self-expandable supra-annular ACURATE neo™ valve to treat degenerated Mitroflow (Sorin) aortic bioprosthesis with severe residual elevated gradients followed by valve fracture with a postdilation using a noncompliant balloon leading to significant reduction in residual gradients. In conclusion, the use of ACURATE neo™ valve followed by the controlled fracture of the surgical bioprosthesis frame with a noncompliant balloon is a safe and effective approach for patients with Mitroflow® failing valves and residual elevated gradient after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Transubclavian approach: A competitive access for transcatheter aortic valve implantation as compared to transfemoral.

AIMS: Empirically, transfemoral (TF) approach is the first choice for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). We aimed to investigate whether transubclavian (TSc) and TF approaches present comparable major outcomes according to current evidence. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane database for studies with symptomatic aortic stenosis patients who underwent TAVI through TF or TSc/axillary access from January/2006 to January/2017. Searched terms were: ("aortic stenosis" OR "transcatheter aortic" OR "TAVI" OR "TAVR") and ("transfemoral" OR "transaxillary" OR "transubclavian"). Major outcomes according to Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 criteria were gathered. The odds ratio (OR) was used as a summary statistic. A random-effects model was used. A fully percutaneous TSc TAVI case from our institution illustrates minimalist approach. RESULTS: Final analysis was made with six studies including 4,504 patients (3,886 TF and 618 TSc). Baseline characteristics of compared groups in individual studies were similar, with the exception of a higher logistic EuroSCORE in the TSc group (23.7 ± 1.92 vs. 21.17 ± 3.51, P = 0.04) and higher prevalence of coronary and peripheral artery disease with OR = 0.67 [95% CI: 0.54-0.83] (P = 0.0003) and OR = 0.08 [95% CI: 0.05-0.12] (P < 0.00001), respectively. TSc group presented comparable 30-day mortality (OR = 1.37; [95%CI: 0.85-2.21]; P = 0.20). There were no differences for procedural success, 30-day stroke rate, need for new pacemaker implantation, major vascular complications, and acute kidney injury requiring dialysis. Also, no differences were found concerning 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that TSc approach may be, not only an alternative route to TF approach for TAVI, but even a competitive one in certain patients with increased risk of femoral injury.

Unidirectional left-to-right interatrial shunting for treatment of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a safety and proof-of-principle cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In patients with heart failure, interventions to reduce elevated left atrial pressure improve symptoms and reduce the risk of hospital admission. We aimed to assess the safety and potential efficacy of therapeutic left-to-right interatrial shunting in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. METHODS: We did this proof-of-principle cohort study at one centre in Canada. Patients (aged ≥18 years) with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction were enrolled under the Canadian special access programme. Shunt implants were done after transseptal catheterisation with transoesophageal echocardiographic guidance under general anaesthesia. Patients had clinical and echocardiography evaluations at baseline and months 1 and 3 after shunt implantation. FINDINGS: Between Oct 10, 2013, and March 27, 2015, we enrolled ten patients. The device was successfully implanted in all patients; no device-related or procedural adverse events occurred during follow-up. Transoesophageal echocardiography at 1 month showed that all shunts were patent, with no thrombosis or migration. From baseline to 3 month follow-up, we recorded improvements in NYHA classification (from class III to class II in seven [78%] of nine patients, from class III to class I in one [11%] patient, and no change in one [11%] patient; p=0·0004); quality of life, as assessed by the Duke Activity Status Index (from a mean score of 13 [SD 6·2] to 24·8 [12·9]; p=0·016) and the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (from a mean score of 44·3 [SD 9·8] to 79·1 [13·0]; p=0·0001); and 6 min walk test distance (from a mean of 244 m [SD 112] to 318 m [134]; p=0·016). Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was reduced from a mean of 23 mm Hg (SD 5) at baseline to 17 mm Hg (8) at 3 months (p=0·035), with no changes in right atrial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, or pulmonary resistance. No patient was admitted to hospital for worsening heart failure. One (10%) patient was admitted to hospital with gastrointestinal bleeding at month 1; one (10%) patient died after incessant ventricular tachycardia storm, which led to terminal heart failure 2 months post-procedure. INTERPRETATION: This first-in-man experience with an implanted left-to-right interatrial shunt demonstrates initial safety and early beneficial clinical and haemodynamic outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Further large-scale randomised studies are warranted. FUNDING: V-Wave.

Delayed left anterior mitral leaflet perforation and infective endocarditis after transapical aortic valve implantation-Case report and systematic review.

AIM: We aimed to illustrate the physiopathology of anterior mitral leaflet perforation after TAVI in patients suffering from infective endocarditis (IE). METHODS AND RESULTS: The first known case of balloon-expandable transapical case from our series suffering from this complication was reported. In addition, a systematic electronic search of all published cases reporting both entities was performed. Five transfemoral cases have been published to the date, all males with mean age of 79.2 year (range: 66-88). Four were treated with self-expandable prostheses (deeply implanted in the outflow tract). There was moderate residual aortic regurgitation in four. Fever and positive blood cultures for typical micoorganisms were present at certain time point in all cases between the first week and up to 11 months (early IE). Three cases underwent cardiac surgery with adequate outcomes and two others died during hospitalization. Medical management in the case from our series allowed patient's survival at 1-year follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Early suspicion of IE whenever anterior mitral perforation is found after TAVI can be life-saving. The hypothetical higher risk of this complication due to higher rate of aortic regurgitation has to be prevented through adequate prosthesis depth and careful sterile surgical technique. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Initial Results of Combined MitraClip® Implantation and Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation is present in 30-50% of patients undergoing percutaneous mitral valve repair. The presence of a formal contraindication to oral anticoagulation is also very common in these patients. In this context, percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) may be a valid alternative for these patients. The study aim was to assess the feasibility, safety, and technical considerations of the combination of percutaneous mitral valve repair using the MitraClip system and LAAO. The present study describes the multicenter experience of combined MitraClip and LAAO procedures. METHODS: Between April 2012 and April 2016, six patients were successfully treated with the combined procedure. RESULTS: In all patients, mitral valve repair was performed before LAAO. Both procedures were successfully performed in all cases without any relevant procedural complication or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of the present study, a combination of both techniques appears to be feasible and safe, with favorable in-hospital outcomes.

Arrhythmia burden in elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis as determined by continuous electrocardiographic recording: toward a better understanding of arrhythmic events after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

BACKGROUND: This study sought to evaluate the prevalence of previously undiagnosed arrhythmias in candidates for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and to determine the impact on therapy changes and arrhythmic events after the procedure. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 435 candidates for TAVR underwent 24-hour continuous ECG monitoring the day before the procedure. Newly diagnosed arrhythmias were observed in 70 patients (16.1%) before TAVR: paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF)/atrial tachycardia (AT) in 28, advanced atrioventricular block or severe bradycardia in 24, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 26, and intermittent left bundle-branch block in 3 patients. All arrhythmic events but one were asymptomatic and led to a therapy change in 43% of patients. In patients without known AF/AT, the occurrence of AF/AT during 24-hour ECG recording was associated with a higher rate of 30-day cerebrovascular events (7.1% versus 0.4%; P=0.030). Among the 53 patients with new-onset AF/AT after TAVR, 30.2% had newly diagnosed paroxysmal AF/AT before the procedure. In patients who needed permanent pacemaker implantation after the procedure (n=35), 31.4% had newly diagnosed advanced atrioventricular block or severe bradycardia before TAVR. New-onset persistent left bundle-branch block after TAVR occurred in 37 patients, 8.1% of whom had intermittent left bundle-branch block before the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Newly diagnosed arrhythmias were observed in approximately a fifth of TAVR candidates, led to a higher rate of cerebrovascular events, and accounted for a third of arrhythmic events after the procedure. This high arrhythmia burden highlights the importance of an early diagnosis of arrhythmic events in such patients to implement the appropriate therapeutic measures earlier.

Infective endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: results from a large multicenter registry.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the incidence, predictors, clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of infective endocarditis (IE) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). METHODS AND RESULTS: This multicenter registry included 53 patients (mean age, 79±8 years; men, 57%) who suffered IE after TAVI of 7944 patients after a mean follow-up of 1.1±1.2 years (incidence, 0.67%, 0.50% within the first year after TAVI). Mean time from TAVI was 6 months (interquartile range, 1-14 months). Orotracheal intubation (hazard ratio, 3.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.55-9.64; P=0.004) and the self-expandable CoreValve system (hazard ratio, 3.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.37-7.14; P=0.007) were associated with IE (multivariate analysis including 3067 patients with individual data). The most frequent causal microorganisms were coagulase-negative staphylococci (24%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (21%) and enterococci (21%). Vegetations were present in 77% of patients (transcatheter valve leaflets, 39%; stent frame, 17%; mitral valve, 21%). At least 1 complication of IE occurred in 87% of patients (heart failure in 68%). However, only 11% of patients underwent valve intervention (valve explantation and valve-in-valve procedure in 4 and 2 patients, respectively). The mortality rate in hospital was 47.2% and increased to 66% at the 1-year follow-up. IE complications such as heart failure (P=0.037) and septic shock (P=0.002) were associated with increased in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of IE at 1 year after TAVI was 0.50%, and the risk increased with the use of orotracheal intubation and a self-expandable valve system. Staphylococci and enterococci were the most common agents. Although most patients presented at least 1 complication of IE, valve intervention was performed in a minority of patients, and nearly half of the patients died during the hospitalization period.

Permanent pacemaker implantation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: impact on late clinical outcomes and left ventricular function.

BACKGROUND: Very few data exist on the clinical impact of permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of PPI after transcatheter aortic valve implantation on late outcomes in a large cohort of patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 1556 consecutive patients without prior PPI undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation were included. Of them, 239 patients (15.4%) required a PPI within the first 30 days after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. At a mean follow-up of 22±17 months, no association was observed between the need for 30-day PPI and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-1.30; P=0.871), cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.56-1.17; P=0.270), and all-cause mortality or rehospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.77-1.30; P=0.980). A lower rate of unexpected (sudden or unknown) death was observed in patients with PPI (hazard ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.85; P=0.023). Patients with new PPI showed a poorer evolution of left ventricular ejection fraction over time (P=0.017), and new PPI was an independent predictor of left ventricular ejection fraction decrease at the 6- to 12-month follow-up (estimated coefficient, -2.26; 95% confidence interval, -4.07 to -0.44; P=0.013; R(2)=0.121). CONCLUSIONS: The need for PPI was a frequent complication of transcatheter aortic valve implantation, but it was not associated with any increase in overall or cardiovascular death or rehospitalization for heart failure after a mean follow-up of ≈2 years. Indeed, 30-day PPI was a protective factor for the occurrence of unexpected (sudden or unknown) death. However, new PPI did have a negative effect on left ventricular function over time.

Impact of age on the outcomes of Takotsubo syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The impact on age on the short-term and long-term prognosis in patients with Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is unclear. We aimed to evaluate whether age has prognostic implications during hospital stay and long-term follow-up of TTS patients. METHODS: 688 consecutive patients were admitted for TTS in 7 tertiary centers from January-2008 to June-2021. We divided our cohort into two groups (patients <75 years and ≥75 years). Clinical, analytical, and hemodynamic variables as well as in-hospital management were registered and compared between groups. Mortality rates during hospital stay and follow-up were assessed. Adverse cardiovascular events (ACE) were defined as the composite of cardiovascular death, heart failure event, acute myocardial infarction, stroke and symptomatic arrhythmia. RESULTS: Median age was 74.7 years and 49.4 % were ≥75 years. 86.9 % were women and 22.3 % were secondary forms of TTS. In-hospital mortality was 3.6 % (1.5 % cardiovascular). Median clinical follow-up was 4.3 years. Mortality during the follow-up period was 23 % (5.0 % cardiovascular) while ACE were 22.5 %, mainly due to heart failure events. Kaplan-Meier curves showed both higher rates of mortality and ACE in ≥75 years group (30.2 % vs 15.8 %; p < 0.001 and 28.3 % vs 16.7 %; p < 0.001). Age was independently associated with higher rates of overall mortality and ACE in patients with TTS. Hypertension, absence of sinus rhythm, Killip class > I and a more impaired coronary microvascular resistance were also associated to ACE in TTS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced age was associated with higher rate of overall mortality and ACE during long-term follow-up in TTS patients.

Long-Term Effects of Opium Consumption Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A 10-year Follow-Up Study.

Background: Opium consumption has been an overlooked health issue in the Iranian population, and the prognostic role of opium consumption in patients undergoing coronary revascularization is unknown. Hypothesis: We aimed to assess the association between opium consumption and long-term cardiovascular outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: We screened 2203 consecutive patients who underwent elective PCI between April 2009 and April 2010 at Tehran Heart Center. Exclusion criteria were unsuccessful PCI, non-elective PCI, and missing opium use data. Opium consumption was defined as self-reported ever use of any traditional opium substances. Outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality and a composite of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). The association between opium use and study outcomes was evaluated using the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method. Cumulative hazard curves were demonstrated to further assess the association visually. Furthermore, the effect of opium consumption on individual components of MACCE was evaluated in a competing risk setting. Results: A total of 2025 elective PCI patients were included (age: 58.7 ± 10.67, 29.1% women), among whom 297 (14.6%) patients were opium users. After a median follow-up of 10.7 years, opium consumption was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (IPTW-hazard ratio [HR] = 1.705, 95% CI: 1.125-2.585; P = 0.012) and MACCE (IPTW-HR = 1.578, 95% CI: 1.156-2.153; P = 0.004). The assessment of MACCE components suggested a non-significant borderline trend for higher non-fatal myocardial infarction (IPTW-sub-distribution HR [SHR] = 1.731, 95% CI: 0.928-3.231; P = 0.084) and mortality (IPTW-SHR = 1.441, 95% CI: 0.884-2.351; P = 0.143) among opium users. Conclusions: Opium consumption is associated with a more than 50% increase in long-term risk of mortality and MACCE in patients undergoing PCI. These findings accentuate the importance of preventive strategies to quit opium addiction in this population.

Evolution and Prognostic Significance of Patient-Reported Symptoms After Intervention in Severe Aortic Stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution of symptoms in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (sSAS) undergoing valve replacement, the predictors of the persistence of these symptoms, and their prognostic significance. The evolution of symptoms after intervention in sSAS and their association with outcome are unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from patients with sSAS who underwent intervention were collected. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were considered events. The evolution of symptoms and their association with events were studied. RESULTS: In this study, 451 consecutive patients with sSAS and no other valvular or coronary disease who were alive 30 days after intervention were included. Before valve replacement, 133 of the 451 patients (29.5%) had congestive heart failure requiring hospitalization. Of the remaining 318 patients, 287 (90.2%) had dyspnea on effort, 129 (40.6%) had angina, and 59 had syncope (18.6%). Symptoms disappeared after intervention in 192 of the 451 patients (42.6%) and remained in 259 (57.4%): 193 dyspnea, 9 angina, 17 syncope, and 60 admission for heart failure. Syncope on effort persisted in 4 of 33 patients (12.1%) and at rest in 11 of 20 (55.0%; P<.001). Age, body mass index, previous admission for heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were independently related to persistence of symptoms. Over a median follow-up of 56 months in our cohort of 451 patients, 129 deaths were registered (28.6%), 40 of which were cardiovascular (8.9%). Age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and persistence of symptoms were independently associated with all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION: Symptoms attributed to SAS remain after intervention in a high proportion of patients, particularly dyspnea on effort and syncope at rest. The persistence of symptoms after intervention identifies patients with poor outcome.