Assessing treatment response to oral drugs for multiple sclerosis in real-world setting: a MAGNIMS Study.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of treatment response is a crucial step for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis on disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). We explored whether a scoring system developed within the MAGNIMS (MRI in Multiple Sclerosis) network to evaluate treatment response to injectable drugs can be adopted also to oral DMTs. METHODS: A multicentre dataset of 1200 patients who started three oral DMTs (fingolimod, teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate) was collected within the MAGNIMS network. Disease activity after the first year was classified by the 'MAGNIMS' score based on the combination of relapses (0-≥2) and/or new T2 lesions (<3 or ≥3) on brain MRI. We explored the association of this score with the following 3-year outcomes: (1) confirmed disability worsening (CDW); (2) treatment failure (TFL); (3) relapse count between years 1 and 3. The additional value of contrast-enhancing lesions (CELs) and lesion location was explored. RESULTS: At 3 years, 160 patients experienced CDW: 12% of them scored '0' (reference), 18% scored '1' (HR=1.82, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.76, p=0.005) and 37% scored '2' (HR=2.74, 95% CI 1.41 to 5.36, p=0.003) at 1 year. The analysis of other outcomes provided similar findings. Considering the location of new T2 lesions (supratentorial vs infratentorial/spinal cord) and the presence of CELs improved the prediction of CDW and TFL, respectively, in patients with minimal MRI activity alone (one or two new T2 lesions). CONCLUSIONS: Early relapses and substantial MRI activity in the first year of treatment are associated with worse short-term outcomes in patients treated with some of the oral DMTs.

Exposure to natalizumab throughout pregnancy: effectiveness and safety in an Italian cohort of women with multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: Assessing the risk of clinical and radiological reactivation during pregnancy and post partum in women with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with natalizumab (NTZ) throughout pregnancy (LONG_EXP) compared with women interrupting treatment before (NO_EXP) and within >-30 days and ≤90 days from conception (SHORT_EXP), and describing newborns' outcomes. METHODS: Maternal clinical and radiological outcomes and obstetric and fetal outcomes were retrospectively collected and compared among groups (NO_EXP, SHORT_EXP, LONG_EXP). Predictors of clinical and radiological reactivation were investigated through univariable and multivariable analysis. RESULTS: 170 eligible pregnancies from 163 women referring to 29 Italian MS centres were included. Annualised relapse rate (ARR) was significantly lower in LONG_EXP (n=66, 0.02 (0.001-0.09)) compared with NO_EXP (n=31, 0.43 (0.21-0.75), p=0.002) and SHORT_EXP (n=73, 0.46 (0.30-0.66), p=0.0004) during pregnancy, and in LONG_EXP (0.12 (0.05-0.24)) compared with SHORT_EXP (0.30 (0.17-0.50), p=0.008) during post partum. Gadolinium-enhancing (Gd+) lesions were less frequent in LONG_EXP (n=6/50, 2.00%) compared with NO_EXP (n=9/21, 42.86%) and SHORT_EXP after delivery (n=17/49, 34.69%, p=0.010).Delaying NTZ resumption after delivery significantly increased the risk of relapses (OR=1.29 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.57), p=0.009) and Gd+ lesions (OR=1.49 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.89, p=0.001). Newborns' weight, length, head circumference and gestational age did not differ among groups after adjusting for confounders. Anaemia was tracked in 4/69 LONG_EXP newborns. Congenital anomaly rate was within the expected range for the untreated MS population. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that in women with MS treated with NTZ before conception, continuation of NTZ throughout pregnancy and its early resumption after delivery mitigate the risk of clinical and radiological reactivation. This approach has no major impact on newborns' outcomes.

Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in MS patients on disease-modifying therapies.

BACKGROUND: Patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) treated with anti-CD20 or fingolimod showed a reduced humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. OBJECTIVE: In this study we aimed to monitor the risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in pwMS on different disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). METHODS: Data on the number of vaccinated patients and the number of patients with a breakthrough infection were retrospectively collected in 27 Italian MS centers. We estimated the rate of breakthrough infections and of infection requiring hospitalization per DMT. RESULTS: 19,641 vaccinated pwMS were included in the database. After a median follow-up of 8 months, we observed 137 breakthrough infections. Compared with other DMTs, the rate of breakthrough infections was significantly higher on ocrelizumab (0.57% vs 2.00%, risk ratio (RR) = 3.55, 95% CI = 2.74-4.58, p < 0.001) and fingolimod (0.58% vs 1.62%, RR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.75-4.00, p < 0.001), while there were no significant differences in any other DMT group. In the ocrelizumab group the hospitalization rate was 16.7% versus 19.4% in the pre-vaccination era (RR = 0.86, p = 0.74) and it was 3.9% in all the other DMT groups versus 11.9% in the pre-vaccination period (RR = 0.33, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections is higher in patients treated with ocrelizumab and fingolimod, and the rate of severe infections was significantly reduced in all the DMTs excluding ocrelizumab.

Natalizumab treatment and pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: A reappraisal of maternal and infant outcomes after 6 years.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of timing of natalizumab cessation/redosing on long-term maternal and infant outcomes in 72 out of the original 74 pregnancies of the Italian Pregnancy Dataset in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: Maternal outcomes in patients who received natalizumab until conception and restarted the drug within 1 month after delivery ("treatment approach," (TA)) and patients who stopped natalizumab before conception and/or restarted the drug later than 1 month after delivery ("conservative approach," (CA)) were compared through multivariable Cox regression analyses. Pediatric outcomes were assessed through a semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 6.1 years, CA (hazard ratio (HR) = 4.1, 95% CI 1.6-10.6, p = 0.003) was the only predictor of relapse occurrence. Worsening on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was associated with higher annualized relapse-rate during the follow-up (HR = 3.3, 95% CI 1.4-7.9 p = 0.007). We found no major development abnormalities in children. DISCUSSION: Our data confirm that TA reduces the risk of disease activity; we did not observe an increase in major development abnormalities in the child.

Pregnancy in multiple sclerosis women with relapses in the year before conception increases the risk of long-term disability worsening.

BACKGROUND: The influence of pregnancy on long-term disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of long-term disability worsening after pregnancy in MS women as compared with a propensity-score (PS) matched group of MS women without pregnancy. METHODS: In the setting of the Italian Pregnancy Dataset, MS patients with (pregnancy group (PG)) and without pregnancy (control group (CG)) were recruited. Time to disability worsening on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was assessed through a multivariable Cox regression model. RESULTS: The PS-matching retained 230 PG and 102 CG patients. After a follow-up of 6.5 +/- 3.1 years, disability worsening occurred in 87 (26.2%) women. In the multivariable analysis, disability worsening was associated with pregnancy in women with relapses in the year before conception (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-2.84; p = 0.027), higher EDSS (aHR = 1.39; 95% CI 1.12-1.74; p = 0.003), younger age (aHR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.91-0.99; p = 0.022) and shorter DMD exposure over the follow-up (p < 0.008). CONCLUSION: Pregnancy in MS women with relapses in the year before conception increases the risk of long-term disability worsening. Our findings underscore the importance of counselling in MS women facing a pregnancy that should be planned after a period of clinical stability, favouring treatment optimization in patients with recent disease activity.

A real-world study of alemtuzumab in a cohort of Italian patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Real-world data on alemtuzumab are limited and do not provide evidence of its effectiveness after various disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Our aim was to provide real-world data on the impact of clinical variables and previous DMTs on clinical response to alemtuzumab. METHODS: Sixteen Italian multiple sclerosis centers retrospectively included patients who started alemtuzumab from January 2015 to December 2018, and recorded demographics, previous therapies, washout duration, relapses, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, and magnetic resonance imaging data. Negative binomial regression models were used to assess the effect of factors on annualized relapse (ARR) after alemtuzumab initiation. RESULTS: We studied 322 patients (mean age 36.8 years, median EDSS score 3, median follow-up 1.94 years). Previous treatments were: fingolimod (106), natalizumab (80), first-line oral agents (56), first-line injectables (interferon/glatiramer acetate; 30), and other drugs (15). Thirty-five patients were treatment-naïve. The pre-alemtuzumab ARR was 0.99 and decreased to 0.13 during alemtuzumab treatment (p < 0.001). The number of previous-year relapses was associated with alemtuzumab ARR (adjusted risk ratio [RR] 1.38, p = 0.009). Progression-free survival was 94.5% after 1 year, and 89.2% after 2 years of alemtuzumab treatment. EDSS score improvement occurred in 13.5% after 1 year, and 20.6% after 2 years. Re-baselining patients after 6 months of alemtuzumab treatment, led to no evidence of disease activity status in 71.6% after 1 year and 58.9% after 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Alemtuzumab decreases ARR independent of previous therapy, including patients with disease activity during natalizumab treatment. Overall, 90% of patients showed no disease progression, and 20% an improvement after 2 years of alemtuzumab.

Defining the course of tumefactive multiple sclerosis: A large retrospective multicentre study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Tumefactive multiple sclerosis (TuMS) (i.e., MS onset presenting with tumefactive demyelinating lesions [TDLs]) is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We performed a multicentre retrospective study to describe the clinical characteristics and the prognostic factors of TuMS. METHODS: One hundred two TuMS patients were included in this retrospective study. Demographic, clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), laboratory data and treatment choices were collected. RESULTS: TuMS was found to affect women more than men (female:male: 2.4), with a young adulthood onset (median age: 29.5 years, range: 11-68 years, interquartile range [IQR]: 38 years). At onset, 52% of TuMS patients presented with the involvement of more than one functional system and 24.5% of them with multiple TDLs. TDLs most frequently presented with an infiltrative MRI pattern (38.7%). Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G oligoclonal bands were often demonstrated (76.6%). In 25.3% of the cases, more than one acute-phase treatment was administered, and almost one-half of the patients (46.6%) were treated with high-efficacy treatments. After a median follow-up of 2.3 years (range: 0.1-10.7 years, IQR: 3.4 years), the median Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score was 1.5 (range: 0-7, IQR: 2). Independent risk factors for reaching an EDSS score ≥3 were a higher age at onset (odds ratio [OR]: 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.14, p < 0.01), a higher number of TDLs (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.02-2.74, p < 0.05) and the presence of infiltrative TDLs (OR: 3.34, 95% CI: 1.18-9.5, p < 0.001) at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The management of TuMS might be challenging because of its peculiar characteristics. Large prospective studies could help to define the clinical characteristics and the best treatment algorithms for people with TuMS.

Impact of natural menopause on multiple sclerosis: a multicentre study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of natural menopause on multiple sclerosis clinical course. METHODS: This was an observational, retrospective, multicentre, cohort study. Menopause onset was defined by the final menstrual period (FMP) beyond which no menses occurred for 12 months. We included multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with FMP occurred after 2005 and a recorded follow-up of at least 2 years pre-FMP and post-FMP. We excluded patients with primary progressive course, iatrogenic menopause and with other confounders that could mask menopause onset. We compared relapse-rate and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores pre-FMP and post-FMP, searching for possible interactions with age, disease duration, cigarette smoking and nulliparity status. RESULTS: 148 patients were included (mean observation: 3.5 years pre-FMP and post-FMP). Most patients (92%) received disease-modifying therapies, mainly first-lines. After menopause the annualised relapse rate (ARR) significantly decreased (from 0.21±0.31 to 0.13± 0.24; p=0.005), while disability worsened (increase of mean 0.4 vs 0.2 points after menopause; p<0.001). Older age and long-lasting disease were associated with ARR reduction (p=0.013), but not with disability worsening. Cigarette smokers showed a trend to a higher disability accumulation after menopause (p=0.059). CONCLUSION: Natural menopause seems to be a turning point to a more progressive phase of MS. Relapse rate is also reduced after menopause, but this effect could be driven most by ageing and shifting to progressive phase in patients with long-lasting disease. Cigarette smoking could speed up disability progression after menopause.

Determinants of therapy switch in multiple sclerosis treatment-naïve patients: A real-life study.

BACKGROUND: With many options now available, first therapy choice is challenging in multiple sclerosis (MS) and depends mainly on neurologist and patient preferences. OBJECTIVES: To identify prognostic factors for early switch after first therapy choice. METHODS: Newly diagnosed relapsing-remitting MS patients from 24 Italian centers were included. We evaluated the association of baseline demographics, clinical, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data to the switch probability for lack of efficacy or intolerance/safety with a multivariate Cox analysis and estimated switch rates by competing risks models. RESULTS: We enrolled 3025 patients. The overall switch frequency was 48% after 3 years. Switch risk for lack of efficacy was lower with fingolimod (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.50; p = 0.009), natalizumab (HR = 0.13; p < 0.001), dimethyl-fumarate (HR = 0.60; p = 0.037), teriflunomide (HR = 0.21; p = 0.031) as compared to interferons. Younger age (HR = 0.96; p < 0.001), diagnosis delay (HR = 1.23; p = 0.021), higher baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale (HR = 1.17; p = 0.001), and spinal cord lesions (HR = 1.46; p = 0.001) were independently associated with higher inefficacy switch rates. We found lower switch for intolerance/safety with glatiramer acetate (HR = 0.61; p = 0.001), fingolimod (HR = 0.35; p = 0.002), and dimethyl-fumarate (HR = 0.57; p = 0.022) as compared to interferons, while it increased with natalizumab (HR = 1.43; p = 0.022). Comorbidities were associated with intolerance switch (HR = 1.28; p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: Several factors are associated with higher switch risk in patients starting a first-line therapy and could be integrated in the decision-making process of first treatment choice.

Natalizumab versus fingolimod in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis non-responding to first-line injectable therapies.

BACKGROUND: Natalizumab and fingolimod have not been compared in controlled trials but only in observational studies, with inconclusive results. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to compare the effect of natalizumab and fingolimod in reducing disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). METHODS: We included all consecutive RRMS patients switched from first-line agents (glatiramer acetate/interferons) to natalizumab or fingolimod, with a follow-up of 24 months. Data of relapses, Expanded Disability Status Scale score and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were collected. We used propensity score (PS) matching and intention-to-treat analysis. RESULTS: We retained 102 patients in each cohort after PS matching, with similar baseline characteristics. More patients discontinued natalizumab compared to fingolimod (33% vs 11%, p < 0.001), mainly for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) concern. No serious adverse events occurred in the two cohorts. Compared to fingolimod, the natalizumab group presented a higher percentage of relapse-free patients (66% vs 80%, p = 0.015), a higher percentage of disability-improved patients (6% vs 15%, p = 0.033), a lower percentage of MRI-active patients (38% vs 14%, p = 0.001) and a higher percentage of patients with no evidence of disease activity (NEDA-3; 44% vs 70%, p < 0.001) after 2 years of follow-up. Disability worsening was not statistically different in the two groups. CONCLUSION: Natalizumab is superior to fingolimod in RRMS patients non-responding to first-line agents.

Natalizumab discontinuation in patients with multiple sclerosis: Profiling risk and benefits at therapeutic crossroads.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to estimate the risk of reaching well-established disability milestones after withdrawal of natalizumab (NTZ) due to concern about the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: Data from 415 patients with MS followed-up for six years after starting NTZ were collected from seven tertiary MS centers. The risk of disability worsening, i.e. reaching Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores of 4.0 or 6.0, and the likelihood of experiencing a disability reduction of one EDSS point (or more), were assessed by propensity score-adjusted analyses in patients who discontinued and in those still on treatment at the end of follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 318 patients who received standard NTZ treatment without experiencing evidence of disability worsening in the first two years were included in the six-year follow-up analysis, with 196 (61.6%) still on treatment and 122 (38.4%) discontinuing after a median time of 3.5 years. Patients in the discontinuing group had a more than two-fold increased risk of disability worsening (p = 0.007), and a 68% decreased likelihood of experiencing disability reduction (p = 0.009) compared with the continuing group. CONCLUSION: While discussing the overall risk/benefit profile of NTZ, patients should be advised that, in case of treatment discontinuation, the risk of disability worsening is one in three, and increases to one in two if the EDSS score at NTZ start is above 3.0.

Thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction in multiple sclerosis patients during long-term treatment with interferon beta or glatiramer acetate: an Italian multicenter study.

Few long-term follow-up data are available on thyroid dysfunction (TD) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients treated with glatiramer acetate (GA) or with interferon-beta (IFNb). In a cohort of 787 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients whom were followed up for 8 years, we observed an increased prevalence of TD and thyroid autoimmunity (TA) within the first year of IFNb treatment, regardless of the dose or frequency of administration, while no change was observed with GA treatment. The increased prevalence of TD and TA within the first year of IFNb treatment suggested the need for close monitoring of thyroid function and autoimmunity, though only during the first year of IFNb treatment.

Familial clustering in Italian progressive-onset and bout-onset multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease triggered by environmental and genetic agents, and clinically characterized by bout onset (BOMS) or progressive onset (PrMS). We collected clinical and familial aggregation data in a cohort of 518 Italian PrMS patients, and compared with 400 BOMS cases. An increased prevalence of MS in first-degree relatives of Italian PrMS was found. Familial aggregation is not influenced by probands' clinical course, and there is no disease course concordance within MS families. These data are useful in counseling MS patients affected with different clinical courses of the disease.

Unprescribed cannabinoids and multiple sclerosis: a multicenter, cross-sectional, epidemiological study in Lombardy, Italy.

INTRODUCTION: Cannabinoids are approved for spasticity and pain in multiple sclerosis (MS). In 2017 the prevalence of current users in the Italian general population was 10.2%, while data on Italian MS patients are limited. METHODS: From March 2022 to February 2023, we conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study. Adult MS patients completed an anonymous online survey. The primary outcome was the estimated prevalence of unprescribed cannabis current use. Cannabis use patterns and associations with clinical and socio-demographical variables were investigated. The binomial method was used to estimate 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for primary outcome. RESULTS: 5620 patients were invited and 2024 (36.0%) were included (mean age 45.2 years, females 64.5%). Relapsing remitting form was the most frequent (77.3%). Median expanded disability status scale (EDSS) was 2.0. The proportion of current users was 15.5% (95% CI 13.9-17.1) and 36.4% of them disclosed to their physician their unprescribed cannabis use. 15.0% patients were former users while 69.5% never used cannabis. Current users more frequently reported a medical use (i.e., current medical users) compared to former users (p < 0.001). 41.1% of never users would use cannabis if it was legal. Young age, being male, and a free marital status were associated with current use. Current medical users had higher disability, spasticity and pain, reduced quality of life, concomitant neurological/psychiatric drugs and analgesics use. Unprescribed cannabis appeared relatively safe, with limited addiction risk, and reported clinical benefits, including concomitant medications reduction. CONCLUSION: Unprescribed cannabis use is common in patients with MS in Italy, with observed prevalence seemingly superior to the general population, often intended for medical use and without the disclosure to the treating physician, although with potential clinical benefits.

The role of ethnicity and native-country income in multiple sclerosis: the Italian multicentre study (MS-MigIT).

OBJECTIVE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disorder in which environmental and genetic factors interact modifying disease risk and course. This multicentre, case-control study involving 18 Italian MS Centres investigated MS course by ethnicity and native-country economic status in foreign-born patients living in Italy. METHODS: We identified 457 MS patients who migrated to Italy and 893 age- and sex-matched native-born Italian patients. In our population, 1225 (93.2%) subjects were White Europeans and White Northern Americans (WENA) and 89 (6.8%) patients were from other ethnical groups (OEG); 1109 (82.1%) patients were born in a high-income (HI) Country and 241 (17.9%) in a low-middle-income (LMI) Country. Medical records and patients interviews were used to collect demographic and disease data. RESULTS: We included 1350 individuals (973 women and 377 men); mean (SD) age was 45.0 (11.7) years. At onset, 25.45% OEG patients vs 12.47% WENA (p = 0.039) had > 3 STIR spine lesions. At recruitment, the same group featured mean (SD) EDSS score of 2.85 (2.23) vs 2.64 (2.28) (p = 0.044) reached in 8.9 (9.0) vs 12.0 (9.0) years (p = 0.018) and underwent 1.10 (4.44) vs. 0.99 (0.40) annual MRI examinations (p = 0.035). At disease onset, patients from LMI countries had higher EDSS score than HI patients (2.40 (1.43) vs 1.99 (1.17); p = 0.032). DISCUSSION: Our results suggested that both ethnicity and socio-economic status of native country shape MS presentation and course and should be considered for an appropriate management of patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting on the impact of ethnicity in MS at an individual level and beyond an ecological population-perspective.

A cross-sectional, multicentre study of the therapeutic management of multiple sclerosis relapses in Italy.

Despite the existence of therapeutic guidelines, management of multiple sclerosis relapse remains heterogeneous. Optimisation of relapse outcome demands an improved understanding of the neurologist's therapeutic attitude towards relapse management, which is the aim of this study. Neurologists from 13 multiple sclerosis centres completed a questionnaire every time they assessed multiple sclerosis relapses. The questionnaire requested a guided description of the relapse's clinical characteristics and an indication of the prescribed therapy, supported with up to 3 out of 20 suggested reasons. Over 3 months, 368 questionnaires were collected. Median percentage (%) of 21 relapses resulting in a prescription was 88.9%. Corticosteroids represented the most frequent prescription. A short-course of high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone was the most used corticosteroid (73.7%). Treatment was administrated mainly in day case unit (80.0%) and at home (13.6%). A tapered therapy was prescribed to 28.8% of patients. Neurologists' therapeutic decisions were driven mainly by relapse severity (45.3%) and symptom evolution (24.2%). Our study confirms the therapeutic attitude of multiple sclerosis specialists in treating relapses with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids in a day hospital setting, with a tapering in a proportion of cases. The main reasons for prescription are relapse severity and symptom evolution.

Quality of care provided by Multiple Sclerosis Centers during Covid-19 pandemic: Results of an Italian multicenter patient-centered survey.

BACKGROUND: Covid-19 pandemic impacted on management of people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS). Level of satisfaction of pwMS regarding the care received by the staff of Multiple Sclerosis Centers (MSCs) during the pandemic was not fully investigated. In a large patient-centered multicenter study, the therapeutic adherence and quality of care of MSCs was assessed. METHODS: In April-May 2021, an online survey was widespread by 16 Italian MSCs. Frequencies, percentages and/or means and standard deviations were calculated to describe the sample. ANOVAs were performed to evaluate the effect of sociodemographic and clinical variables on overall pwMS' rating of MSC assistance. RESULTS: 1670 pwMS completed the survey (67.3% women). During the pandemic, 88% did not change their disease modifying therapy schedule, and 89.1% reached their MSCs with no or little difficulties. Even if only 1.3% of participants underwent a tele-health follow-up visit with their MSC staff, the 80.1% believed that tele-health services should be improved regardless of pandemic. 92% of participants were satisfied of how their MSC took charge of their needs; ANOVAs revealed an effect of disease duration on pwMS' level of satisfaction on MSCs management during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed an efficient MSCs response to Covid-19 pandemic and provided the basis for the implementing of tele-health services that would further improve the taking charge of patients, particularly those with longer disease, higher disability, and/or living far from their MSC.

Patients with multiple sclerosis choose a collaborative role in making treatment decision: results from the Italian multicenter SWITCH study.

BACKGROUND: Clinicians are increasingly recognizing the importance of shared decision-making in complex treatment choices, highlighting the importance of the patient's rationale and motivation for switching therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the association between different modalities of changing multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments, cognitive profile and attitude and preferences of patients concerning treatment choice. METHODS: This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted at 28 Italian MS centers in the period between June 2016 and June 2017. We screened all MS patients treated with any DMT, with a treatment compliance of at least 80% of therapy administered during the 3 last months who needed to modify MS therapy because of efficacy, safety or other reasons during a follow-up visit. At the time of switching the symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) and the Control Preference Scale (CPS) were evaluated. According to the CPS, patients were classified as "active" (i.e. who prefer making the medical decision themselves), "collaborative" (i.e. who prefer decisions be made jointly with the physician), or "passive" (i.e. who prefer the physician make the decision). RESULTS: Out of 13,657 patients recorded in the log, 409 (3%) changed therapy. Of these, 336 (2.5%) patients, 69.6% were female and with mean age 40.6 ± 10.5 years, were enrolled. According to the CPS score evaluation, a significant high percentage of patients (51.1%) were considered collaborative, 74 patients (22.5%) were passive, and 60 (18.2%) patients were active. Stratifying according to CPS results, we found a higher SDMT score among collaborative patients compared to active and passive ones (45.8 ± 12.3 versus 41.0 ± 13.2 versus 41.7 ± 12.8, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In this study, the CPS evaluation showed that more than 50% of patients who needed to change therapy chose a "collaborative" role in making treatment decision. Cognitive profile with SDMT seems to correlate with patients' preference on treatment decision, showing better scores in collaborative patients.

Early Immunotherapy and Longer Corticosteroid Treatment Are Associated With Lower Risk of Relapsing Disease Course in Pediatric MOGAD.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify early factors associated with relapse and outcome in paediatric-onset myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders (MOGAD). METHODS: In a multicenter retrospective cohort of pediatric MOGAD (≤18 years), onset features and treatment were compared in patients with monophasic vs relapsing disease (including cases with follow-up ≥12 months after onset or relapse at any time) and in patients with final Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 0 vs ≥1 at last follow-up (including cases with follow-up >3 months after last event or EDSS0 at any time). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with relapsing disease course and EDSS ≥ 1 at final follow-up. RESULTS: Seventy-five children were included (median onset age 7 years; median 30 months of follow-up). Presentation with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis was more frequent in children aged 8 years or younger (66.7%, 28/42) than in older patients (30.3%, 10/33) (p = 0.002), whereas presentation with optic neuritis was more common in children older than 8 years (57.6%, 19/33) than in younger patients (21.4%, 9/42) (p = 0.001). 40.0% (26/65) of patients relapsed. Time to first relapse was longer in children aged 8 years or younger than in older patients (median 18 vs 4 months) (p = 0.013). Factors at first event independently associated with lower risk of relapsing disease course were immunotherapy <7 days from onset (6.7-fold reduced odds of relapsing course, OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03-0.61, p = 0.009), corticosteroid treatment for ≥5 weeks (6.7-fold reduced odds of relapse, OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03-0.80, p = 0.026), and abnormal optic nerves on onset MRI (12.5-fold reduced odds of relapse, OR 0.08, 95% CI 0.01-0.50, p = 0.007). 21.1% (15/71) had EDSS ≥ 1 at final follow-up. Patients with a relapsing course had a higher proportion of final EDSS ≥ 1 (37.5%, 9/24) than children with monophasic disease (12.8%, 5/39) (p = 0.022, univariate analysis). Each 1-point increment in worst EDSS at onset was independently associated with 6.7-fold increased odds of final EDSS ≥ 1 (OR 6.65, 95% CI 1.33-33.26, p = 0.021). DISCUSSION: At first attack of pediatric MOGAD, early immunotherapy, longer duration of corticosteroid treatment, and abnormal optic nerves on MRI seem associated with lower risk of relapse, whereas higher disease severity is associated with greater risk of final disability (EDSS ≥ 1).