Secondary Neurologic Deterioration After Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: Development of a Multivariable Prediction Model and Proposition of a Simple Triage Score.

BACKGROUND: Identifying patients at risk of secondary neurologic deterioration (SND) after moderate traumatic brain injury (moTBI) is a challenge, as such patients will need specific care. No simple scoring system has been evaluated to date. This study aimed to determine clinical and radiological factors associated with SND after moTBI and to propose a triage score. METHODS: All adults admitted in our academic trauma center between January 2016 and January 2019 for moTBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score, 9-13) were eligible. SND during the first week was defined either by a decrease in GCS score of >2 points from the admission GCS in the absence of pharmacologic sedation or by a deterioration in neurologic status associated with an intervention, such as mechanical ventilation, sedation, osmotherapy, transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU), or neurosurgical intervention (for intracranial mass lesions or depressed skull fracture). Clinical, biological, and radiological independent predictors of SND were identified by logistic regression (LR). An internal validation was performed using a bootstrap technique. A weighted score was defined based on beta (ß) coefficients of the LR. RESULTS: A total of 142 patients were included. Forty-six patients (32%) showed SND, and 14-day mortality rate was 18.4%. Independent variables associated with SND were age above 60 years (odds ratio [OR], 3.45 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.45-8.48]; P = .005), brain frontal contusion (OR, 3.22 [95% CI, 1.31-8.49]; P = .01), prehospital or admission arterial hypotension (OR, 4.86 [95% CI, 2.03-12.60]; P = .006), and a Marshall computed tomography (CT) score of 6 (OR, 3.25 [95% CI, 1.31-8.20]; P = .01). The SND score was defined with a range from 0 to 10. The score included the following variables: age >60 years (3 points), prehospital or admission arterial hypotension (3 points), frontal contusion (2 points), and Marshall CT score of 6 (2 points). The score was able to detect patients at risk of SND, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.65-0.82). A score of 3 had a sensitivity of 85%, a specificity of 50%, a VPN of 87%, and a VPP of 44 % to predict SND. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we demonstrate that moTBI patients have a significant risk of SND. A simple weighted score at hospital admission could be able to detect patients at risk of SND. The use of the score may enable optimization of care resources for these patients.

[Latest treatments for septic shock and the current state of research]. / Nouveautés dans les traitements du choc septique et état de la recherche.

The treatment of septic shock is a medical emergency. International guidelines advise immediate care and the first hour is generally critical. It is an emergency on both an etiological and symptomatic level.

Design and Evaluation of a Wireless Electrocardiogram Monitor in an Operating Room: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Wired electrocardiogram monitors are an important component of current perioperative monitoring. Wireless monitoring units could help reduce the number of cables attached to patients and thus improve anesthesia ergonomics and patient management. However, there is concern that electromagnetic interference generated by electrosurgical units may prevent effective wireless signals in the operating room. To evaluate the extent of this problem, we developed a Bluetooth electrocardiogram prototype monitor and compared its electrocardiogram traces to those captured with a standard wired electrocardiogram monitor in our operating room. METHODS: Bluetooth electrocardiogram and standard electrocardiogram traces captured from 10 patients undergoing surgical procedures that required use of an electrosurgical unit were compared by analysis of the durations of the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave and the position of the ST segment from the isoelectric line. The impact of the electrosurgical units on the Bluetooth electrocardiogram and S-electrocardiogram recordings was also assessed. RESULTS: There were no clinically relevant differences in P wave, QRS complex, or T-wave durations (0.006, 0.004, and 0.017 seconds, respectively) between Bluetooth electrocardiogram and standard electrocardiogram or in the position of the ST segment from the isoelectric line (0.02 mV). Mean differences were near zero, and Bland-Altman limits of agreement for individual differences were narrow (-0.035 to 0.047, -0.03 to 0.038, and -0.112 to 0.078 seconds for P wave, QRS complex, and T-wave durations, respectively, and -0.13 to 0.17 mV for ST segment position). Electrosurgical units use electrically disrupted Bluetooth electrocardiogram and standard electrocardiogram signals, but there was no electromagnetic interference effect on the Bluetooth electrocardiogram signals. CONCLUSIONS: Wireless electrocardiogram using Bluetooth can be reliably used in the operating room. The electrosurgical unit induces electric rather than electromagnetic artifacts, thus affecting wired and wireless electrocardiogram in a similar fashion.

Extremity injuries in the Sahelian conflict: lessons learned from a French Forward Surgical Team deployed in Gao, Mali.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to analyse extremity combat-related injuries (CRIs) and non-combat related injuries (NCRIs) treated in the French Forward Surgical Team deployed in Gao, Mali. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted using the French surgical database OpEX (French Military Health Service) from January 2013 to August 2022. Patients operated on for an extremity injury less than one month old were included. RESULTS: During this period, 418 patients with a median age of 28 years [range 23-31 years] were included and totalized 525 extremity injuries. Among them, 190 (45.5%) sustained CRIs and 218 (54.5%) sustained NCRIs. Multiple upper extremity injuries and associated injuries were significantly more common in the CRIs group. The majority of NCRIs involved the hand. Debridement was the most common procedure in both groups. External fixation, primary amputation, debridement, delayed primary closure, vascular repair and fasciotomy were significantly predominant in the CRIs group. Internal fracture fixation and reduction under anaesthesia were statistically more frequent in the NCRIs group. The overall number of procedures and the overall number of surgical episodes were significantly higher in the CRIs group. CONCLUSION: CRIs were the most severe injuries and did not involve the upper and lower limbs separately. A sequential management was required with application of damage control orthopaedics followed by several procedures for reconstruction. NCRIs were predominant and mostly involved the hand among the French soldiers. This review supports the fact that any deployed orthopaedic surgeon should be trained in basic hand surgery and preferably have microsurgical skills. The management of local patients requires the execution of reconstructive surgery and therefore imposes the presence of adequate equipment.

Advances in trauma care to save lives from traumatic injury: A narrative review.

ABSTRACT: Recent advances on trauma management from the prehospital setting to in hospital care led to a better surviving severe trauma rate. Mortality from exsanguination remains the first preventable mortality. Damage-control resuscitation and surgery are evolving and thus some promising concepts are developing. Transfusion toolkit is brought on the prehospital scene while temporary bridge to hemostasis may be helpful. Panel transfusion products allow an individualized ratio assumed by fresh frozen or lyophilized plasma, fresh or cold-stored whole blood, fibrinogen, four-factor prothrombin complex concentrates. Growing interest is raising in whole blood transfusion, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta use, hybrid emergency room, viscoelastic hemostatic assays to improve patient outcomes. Microcirculation, traumatic endotheliopathy, organ failures and secondary immunosuppression are point out since late deaths are increasing and may deserve specific treatment.As each trauma patient follows his own course over the following days after trauma, trauma management may be seen through successive, temporal, and individualized aims.

Evaluation of free-floating tracheal intubation in weightlessness via ice-pick position with a direct laryngoscopy and classic approach with indirect videolaryngoscopy.

Long duration spaceflights to the Moon or Mars are at risk for emergency medical events. Managing a hypoxemic distress and performing an advanced airway procedure such as oro-tracheal intubation may be complicated under weightlessness due to ergonomic constraints. An emergency free-floating intubation would be dangerous because of high failure rates due to stabilization issues that prohibits its implementation in a space environment. Nevertheless, we hypothesized that two configurations could lead to a high first-pass success score for intubation performed by a free-floating operator. In a non-randomized, controlled, cross-over simulation study during a parabolic flight campaign, we evaluated and compared the intubation performance of free-floating trained operators, using either a conventional direct laryngoscope in an ice-pick position or an indirect laryngoscopy with a video-laryngoscope in a classic position at the head of a high-fidelity simulation manikin, in weightlessness and in normogravity. Neither of the two tested conditions reached the minimal terrestrial ILCOR recommendations (95% first-pass success) and therefore could not be recommended for general implementation under weightlessness conditions. Free-floating video laryngoscopy at the head of the manikin had a significant better success score than conventional direct laryngoscopy in an ice-pick position. Our results, combined with the preexisting literature, emphasis the difficulties of performing oro-tracheal intubation, even for experts using modern airway devices, under postural instability in weightlessness. ClinicalTrials registration number NCT05303948.

Characteristics and outcomes of SARS-COV 2 critically ill patients after emergence of the variant of concern 20H/501Y.V2: A comparative cohort study.

There are currently no data regarding characteristics of critically ill patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant of concern (VOC) 20H/501Y.V2. We therefore aimed to describe changes of characteristics in critically ill patients with Covid-19 between the first and the second wave when viral genome sequencing indicated that VOC was largely dominant in Mayotte Island (Indian Ocean). Consecutive patients with Covid-19 and over 18 years admitted in the unique intensive care unit (ICU) of Mayotte during wave 2 were compared with an historical cohort of patients admitted during wave 1. We performed a LR comparing wave 1 and wave 2 as outcomes. To complete analysis, we built a Random Forest model (RF), that is, a machine learning classification tool- using the same variable set as that of the LR. We included 156 patients, 41 (26.3%) and 115 (73.7%) belonging to the first and second waves respectively. Univariate analysis did not find difference in demographic data or in mortality. Our multivariate LR found that patients in wave 2 had less fever (absence of fever aOR 5.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.89-14.48, p = .001) and a lower simplified acute physiology score (SAPS II) (aOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91-0.99, p = .007) at admission; at 24 hours, the need of invasive mechanical ventilation was higher (aOR 3.49, 95% CI 0.98-12.51, p = .055) and pO2/FiO2 ratio was lower (aOR 0.99, 95 % CI 0.98-0.99, p = .03). Patients in wave 2 had also an increased risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (aOR 4.64, 95% CI 1.54-13.93, p = .006). Occurrence of VAP was also a key variable to classify patients between wave 1 and wave 2 in the variable importance plot of the RF model. Our data suggested that VOC 20H/501Y.V2 could be associated with a higher severity of respiratory failure at admission and a higher risk for developing VAP. We hypothesized that the expected gain in survival brought by recent improvements in critical care management could have been mitigated by increased transmissibility of the new lineage leading to admission of more severe patients. The immunological role of VOC 20H/501Y.V2 in the propensity for VAP requires further investigations.

SARS Cov2 outbreak management on a landing helicopter dock: An observational retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Even though SARS Cov2 outbreak management has been well-described, scant information is available in military settings. We aimed to describe a SARS Cov2 outbreak and its management on the Dixmude, a French landing helicopter dock. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed an observational retrospective and monocentric study in a ship. Role 1 was reinforced by additional roles 1 and 2. Our analysis included all infected crew personnel. We described demographic data, outbreak course, and biological samples including Covid-19 diagnosis. All infected patients were monitored for 10 days. RESULTS: Between February 16th 2021 and March 12th 2021, 54 patients (10% of the entire crew) were included. No patient had previously been vaccinated against SARS Cov2. The global mission was maintained. The crew members were healthy, male, and young (median age 28 years) with no medical history. Ranks of every status were concerned. Covid-19 disease was mainly diagnosed by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR). Thirty-two patients (59%) were symptomatic, four (8%) were presymptomatic and 18 (33%) remained asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: The present work describes specific SARS Cov2 outbreak management in an austere military environment. Early individual and global measures were set and implemented on board.

Ileus in the critically ill: causes, treatment and prevention.

Bowel dysfunction, especially ileus, has been increasingly recognized in critically ill patients. Ileus is commonly associated to constipation, however abnormal motility can also concern the upper digestive tract, therefore impaired gastrointestinal transit (IGT) seems to be a more appropriate term. IGT, especially constipation, is common among patients under mechanical ventilation, occurring in up to 80% of the patients during the first week, and has been associated with worse outcome in intensive care unit (ICU). It is acknowledged that the most relevant definition for constipation in ICU is the absence of stool for the first six days after admission. Concerning the upper digestive intolerance (UDI), the diagnosis should rely only on vomiting and the systematic gastric residual volume (GRV) monitoring should be avoided. IGT results from a complex pathophysiology in which both the critical illness and its specific treatments may have a deleterious role. Both observational and experimental studies have shown the deleterious effect of sepsis, multiorgan failure, sedation (especially opioids) and mechanical ventilation on gut function. To date few studies have reported effect of treatment on IGT and the level of evidence is low. However, cholinesterase inhibitors seem safe and could probably be used in case of constipation but remains poorly prescribed. Prevention with bowel management protocol using osmotic laxatives appears to be safe but did not demonstrate its effectiveness. For patients treated with high posology of opioids during sedation, enteral opioid antagonists may be a promising strategy.

Transfusion strategies in non-bleeding critically ill adults: a clinical practice guideline from the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine.

OBJECTIVE: To develop evidence-based clinical practice recommendations regarding transfusion practices in non-bleeding, critically ill adults. DESIGN: A task force involving 13 international experts and three methodologists used the GRADE approach for guideline development. METHODS: The task force identified four main topics: red blood cell transfusion thresholds, red blood cell transfusion avoidance strategies, platelet transfusion, and plasma transfusion. The panel developed structured guideline questions using population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) format. RESULTS: The task force generated 16 clinical practice recommendations (3 strong recommendations, 13 conditional recommendations), and identified five PICOs with insufficient evidence to make any recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: This clinical practice guideline provides evidence-based recommendations and identifies areas where further research is needed regarding transfusion practices and transfusion avoidance in non-bleeding, critically ill adults.