Mixed-dimensional moiré systems of twisted graphitic thin films.

Moiré patterns formed by stacking atomically thin van der Waals crystals with a relative twist angle can give rise to notable new physical properties1,2. The study of moiré materials has so far been limited to structures comprising no more than a few van der Waals sheets, because a moiré pattern localized to a single two-dimensional interface is generally assumed to be incapable of appreciably modifying the properties of a bulk three-dimensional crystal. Here, we perform transport measurements of dual-gated devices constructed by slightly rotating a monolayer graphene sheet atop a thin bulk graphite crystal. We find that the moiré potential transforms the electronic properties of the entire bulk graphitic thin film. At zero and in small magnetic fields, transport is mediated by a combination of gate-tuneable moiré and graphite surface states, as well as coexisting semimetallic bulk states that do not respond to gating. At high field, the moiré potential hybridizes with the graphitic bulk states due to the unique properties of the two lowest Landau bands of graphite. These Landau bands facilitate the formation of a single quasi-two-dimensional hybrid structure in which the moiré and bulk graphite states are inextricably mixed. Our results establish twisted graphene-graphite as the first in a new class of mixed-dimensional moiré materials.

Cellular mechanotransduction of human osteoblasts in microgravity.

Astronauts experience significant and rapid bone loss as a result of an extended stay in space, making the International Space Station (ISS) the perfect laboratory for studying osteoporosis due to the accelerated nature of bone loss on the ISS. This prompts the question, how does the lack of load due to zero-gravity propagate to bone-forming cells, human fetal osteoblasts (hFOBs), altering their maturation to mineralization? Here, we aim to study the mechanotransduction mechanisms by which bone loss occurs in microgravity. Two automated experiments, 4 microfluidic chips capable of measuring single-cell mechanics of hFOBs via aspiration and cell spheroids incubated in pressure-controlled chambers, were each integrated into a CubeLab deployed to the ISS National Laboratory. For the first experiment, we report protrusion measurements of aspirated cells after exposure to microgravity at the ISS and compare these results to ground control conducted inside the CubeLab. Our analysis revealed slightly elongated protrusions for space samples compared to ground samples indicating softening of hFOB cells in microgravity. In the second experiment, we encapsulated osteoblast spheroids in collagen gel and incubated the samples in pressure-controlled chambers. We found that microgravity significantly reduced filamentous actin levels in the hFOB spheroids. When subjected to pressure, the spheroids exhibited increased pSMAD1/5/9 expression, regardless of the microgravity condition. Moreover, microgravity reduced YAP expression, while pressure increased YAP levels, thus restoring YAP expression for spheroids in microgravity. Our study provides insights into the influence of microgravity on the mechanical properties of bone cells and the impact of compressive pressure on cell behavior and signaling in space.

Cellular mechanotransduction of human osteoblasts in microgravity.

Astronauts experience significant and rapid bone loss as a result of an extended stay in space, making the International Space Station (ISS) the perfect laboratory for studying osteoporosis due to the accelerated nature of bone loss on the ISS. This prompts the question, how does the lack of load due to zero-gravity propagate to bone-forming cells, human fetal osteoblasts (hFOBs), altering their maturation to mineralization? Here, we aim to study the mechanotransduction mechanisms by which bone loss occurs in microgravity. Two automated experiments, microfluidic chips capable of measuring single-cell mechanics via aspiration and cell spheroids incubated in pressure-controlled chambers, were each integrated into a CubeLab deployed to the ISS National Laboratory. For the first experiment, we report protrusion measurements of aspirated cells after exposure to microgravity at the ISS and compare these results to ground control conducted inside the CubeLab. We found slightly elongated protrusions for space samples compared to ground samples indicating softening of hFOB cells in microgravity. In the second experiment, we encapsulated osteoblast spheroids in collagen gel and incubated the samples in pressure-controlled chambers. We found that microgravity significantly reduced filamentous actin levels in the hFOB spheroids. When subjected to pressure, the spheroids exhibited increased pSMAD1/5/9 expression, regardless of the microgravity condition. Moreover, microgravity reduced YAP expression, while pressure increased YAP levels, thus restoring YAP expression for spheroids in microgravity. Our study provides insights into the influence of microgravity on the mechanical properties of bone cells and the impact of compressive pressure on cell signaling in space.

Synthesis of Polyhedral Metal-Organic Framework@Mesoporous Silica Hybrid Nanocomposites with Branched Shapes.

The structural modulation of multicompartment porous nanomaterials is one of the major challenges of nanoscience. Herein, by utilizing the polyhedral effects/characteristics of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), we present a versatile approach to construct MOF-organosilica hybrid branched nanocomposites with MOF cores, SiO2 shells, and periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) branches. The morphology, structure, and functions of the obtained hybrid nanocomposites can be facilely modulated by varying particle size, shape, or crystalline structures of the MOF cores. Specifically, these branched multicompartment porous nanoparticles exhibit evasion behaviors in epithelial cells compared with macrophage cells, which may endow them great potential as a vehicle for immunotherapy.

Simulating microgravity using a random positioning machine for inducing cellular responses to mechanotransduction in human osteoblasts.

The mechanotransduction pathways that mediate cellular responses to contact forces are better understood than those that mediate response to distance forces, especially the force of gravity. Removing or reducing gravity for significant periods of time involves either sending samples to space, inducing diamagnetic levitation with high magnetic fields, or continually reorienting samples for a period, all in a manner that supports cell culturing. Undesired secondary effects due to high magnetic fields or shear forces associated with fluid flow while reorienting must be considered in the design of ground-based devices. We have developed a lab-friendly and compact random positioning machine (RPM) that fits in a standard tissue culture incubator. Using a two-axis gimbal, it continually reorients samples in a manner that produces an equal likelihood that all possible orientations are visited. We contribute a new control algorithm by which the distribution of probabilities over all possible orientations is completely uniform. Rather than randomly varying gimbal axis speed and/or direction as in previous algorithms (which produces non-uniform probability distributions of orientation), we use inverse kinematics to follow a trajectory with a probability distribution of orientations that is uniform by construction. Over a time period of 6 h of operation using our RPM, the average gravity is within 0.001 23% of the gravity of Earth. Shear forces are minimized by limiting the angular speed of both gimbal motors to under 42 °/s. We demonstrate the utility of our RPM by investigating the effects of simulated microgravity on adherent human osteoblasts immediately after retrieving samples from our RPM. Cytoskeletal disruption and cell shape changes were observed relative to samples cultured in a 1 g environment. We also found that subjecting human osteoblasts in suspension to simulated microgravity resulted in less filamentous actin and lower cell stiffness.