Tracheal Stenosis After Prolonged Intubation Due to COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES: The authors aimed to evaluate the characteristics and management outcomes of patients who developed tracheal stenosis after invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) due to COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The data of 7 patients with tracheal stenosis and 201 patients without tracheal stenosis after IMV due to COVID-19 between March 2020 and October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. INTERVENTIONS: Flexible bronchoscopy was performed for the diagnosis of tracheal stenosis and the evaluation of the treatment's effectiveness, and rigid bronchoscopy was applied for the dilatation of tracheal stenosis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In the follow-up period, tracheal stenosis was observed in 7 of 208 patients (2 women, 5 men; 3.3%). The patients were divided into 2 groups as patients with tracheal stenosis (n = 7) and patients without tracheal stenosis (n = 201). There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of age, sex, body mass index, and comorbidities (p > 0.05). The mean duration of IMV of the patients with tracheal stenosis was longer than patients without tracheal stenosis (27.9 ± 13 v 11.2 ± 9 days, p < 0.0001, respectively). Three (43%) of the stenoses were web-like and 4 (57%) of them were complex-type stenosis. The mean length of the stenoses was 1.81 ± 0.82 cm. Three of the patients were treated successfully with bronchoscopic dilatation, and 4 of them were treated with tracheal resection. CONCLUSIONS: Tracheal stenosis developed in 7 of 208 (3.3%) patients with COVID-19 who were treated with IMV. The most important characteristic of patients with tracheal stenosis was prolonged IMV support.

Comparison of clinical outcomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients with and without hiatal hernia.

Introduction: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease of unknown etiology with an unpredictable course. We aimed to investigate the effects of the presence of hiatal hernia (HH) and its consequences on the clinical manifestation of IPF. Materials and Methods: Patients diagnosed with IPF with or without hiatal hernia were retrospectively compared in terms of clinical findings, total fibrosis scores (TFS), and lung function in the interstitial lung diseases (ILD) outpatient clinic. Result: A total of 142 IPF patients were included in the study. HH was detected in 62.7% (n= 89) of the patients. There was no statistically significant difference between IPF patients with or without HH in terms of age, gender, smoking history, and anti-reflux drug use (p> 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between IPF patients with or without HH in terms of symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, regurgitation, heartburn, nausea, dysphagia, chest pain, and hoarseness (p> 0.05). In addition, no statistically significant difference was found between IPF patients with or without HH in terms of mortality rate, survival time after diagnosis, and exacerbations (p> 0.05). Six-minute walking distance and SpO2 change, percentage of predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) value, and percentage of predicted diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) value did not differ significantly between the groups (p> 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of total fibrosis score (p= 0.668). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, 62.7% (n= 89) of IPF patients had HH, and there was no difference in clinical outcomes, TFS, and pulmonary functions between IPF patients with or without HH.

Hepatitis C and pulmonary fibrosis.

Hepatitis C is one of the most important infectious agents worldwide. There are conflicting results regarding the relationship between pulmonary fibrosis and hepatitis C. It is thought that hepatitis C may play a role in the development or exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, but no clear link between hepatitis C and pulmonary fibrosis development has been demonstrated yet to date. In the recent era, indirect effects of hepatitis C rather than a direct effect are more suspected on pulmonary fibrosis. These indirect effects could also been documented only by a few case-based studies.

[Venous thromboembolism and cancer]. / Venöz tromboembolizm ve kanser.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is one of the complications which have significant influence on mortality in patient with cancer. Early mortality rate is high in cancer patients who have VTE. This complication is related with cell type and stage of the cancer, surgery applied during cancer treatment, applying catheter and the chemotherapeutic agents. VTE prophylaxis and/or treatment in treatment and follow-up of cancer patients will provide a reduction in mortality and morbidity rates. VTE prophylaxis and treatment poses differences according to both treatment approaches which will be applied and the type of cancer. It has been aimed to describe pathogenesis, risk factors and treatment approaches taking into account international consensus reports in this review.

Diaphragmatic ultrasonography in patients with IPF: Is diaphragmatic structure and mobility related to fibrosis severity and pulmonary functional changes?

Introduction: There is evidence to suggest that dyspnea and impaired exercise capacity are associated with respiratory muscle dysfunction in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients. We aimed to evaluate the functions of the diaphragm with ultrasonography (US) and to determine the correlation of the data obtained with the pulmonary function parameters of the patients, exercise capacity, and the extent of fibrosis radiologically. Materials and Methods: Diaphragmatic mobility, thickness, and thickening fraction (TF) were measured by ultrasonography in IPF patients and the control group. The correlation between these measurements, pulmonary function tests (PFT), six-minute walking test (6MWT), mMRC score, and total fibrosis score (TFS) was evaluated. Result: Forty-one IPF patients and twenty-one healthy volunteers were included in the study. No difference was found between the patient and control groups in diaphragmatic mobility during quiet breathing (QB) on ultrasound (2.35 cm and 2.56 cm; p= 0.29). Diaphragmatic mobility during deep breathing (DB) was found to be lower in the patient group when compared to the control group (5.02 cm and 7.66 cm; p<0.0001). Diaphragmatic thickness was found to be higher during QB and DB in IPF patients (0.33 cm and 0.31 cm, p= 0.043; 0.24 cm and 0.22 cm, p= 0.045). No difference was found between the two groups in terms of thickening fraction (39.37%, 44.16%; p= 0.49). No significant correlation was found between US measurements and PFT, 6MWT, mMRC score, and TFS in IPF patients (p> 0.05). Conclusions: The functions of the diaphragm do not appear to be affected in patients with mild-to-moderate restrictive IPF. This study showed that there was no relationship between diaphragmatic functions and respiratory function parameters and the extent of fibrosis. Further studies, including advanced stages of the disease, are needed to understand the changes in diaphragmatic functions in IPF and to determine whether this change is associated with respiratory function parameters and the extent of fibrosis.

The Comparison Between Non-High Risk Patients with and Without Cancer Diagnosed with Pulmonary Embolism.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the pulmonary embolism (PE) location and clot burden on computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA), the degree of right ventricular dysfunction (RVD), D-dimer, and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels, and the presence of a lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients with and without cancer diagnosed with a non high risk pulmonary embolism (PE). METHOD: We calculated Miller score for each patient for clot burden. The location of PE was also evaluated at CTPA. D-dimer and cardiac cTnI levels were measured. Patients had echocardiography for RVD and lower extremity color flow Doppler ultrasonography for DVT. RESULTS: The study included 71 patients with PE. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of cancer. There was no statistically significant difference for D-dimer levels (P=0.15), PE location (p=0.67), clot burden (P=0.34), RVD (P=0.28) and DVT (P=0.33) between groups (P=0.15). Cancer patients diagnosed as PE had statistically significantly higher levels of cTnI than those who were diagnosed as PE without cancer (P=0.03). CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between patients diagnosed as PE with and without cancer in terms of D-dimer levels, clot burden and emboli location, RVD and DVT. cTnI levels were higher in non-high risk PE patients with cancer than these patients without cancer.

The Collapsing Variant of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) Secondary to Sarcoidosis, A Very Rare Case.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Renal involvement in sarcoidosis patients is occurred, but the incidence and prevalence is uncertain. The most common renal involvement of systemic sarcoidosis is nephrocalcinosis and interstitial nephritis. After sarcoidosis was diagnosed in a 31-year-old male patient, we performed a renal biopsy because of nephrotic range proteinuria and renal dysfunction. The collapsing variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) secondary to sarcoidosis was diagnosed by kidney biopsy.

The Relationship between COVID-19 Severity and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure history in healthcare workers: a multi-center study.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought countries' health services into sharp focus. It was drawn to our group's attention that healthcare workers (HCWs) had a lower mortality rate against higher COVID-19 incidence compared to the general population in Turkey. Since risk of exposure to tuberculosis bacillus among healthcare workers are higher than the population, we aimed to investigate if there is a relationship between BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure history with COVID-19 severity in infected HCWs. This study was conducted with 465 infected HCWs from thirty-three hospitals to assess the relationship between COVID-19 severity (according to their hospitalization status and the presence of radiological pneumonia) and BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure history. HCWs who required hospital admission had significantly higher rates of chronic diseases, radiological pneumonia, and longer working hours in the clinics. Higher rates of history of contact and care to tuberculosis patients, history of tuberculosis, and BCG vaccine were observed in hospitalized HCWs. HCWs who had radiological pneumonia had a significantly increased ratio of history of care to tuberculosis patients and a higher family history of tuberculosis. The findings from our study suggest that the lower mortality rate despite the more severe disease course seen in infected HCWs might be due to frequent exposure to tuberculosis bacillus and the mortality-reducing effects of the BCG vaccine.

Retrospective analysis of severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir: A comparison with survivor and non-survivor patients.

BACKGROUND: Currently there is no proven medical treatment for COVID-19. We aimed to determine the factors affecting mortality and changes in clinical and laboratory findings in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia treated with lopinavir/ritonavir (Lpv/r). METHODS: Data of survivor and non-survivor severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients treated with Lpv/r were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 73 patients, 26 (35.6%) females and 47 (64.4%) males were included in the study. The mean age of non-survivor and survivor patients was 64.3 ± 12 and 52.6 ± 12.2, respectively (p < 0.0001). Frequency of smoking and comorbid diseases was higher in non-survivor patients than in survivor patients (37% vs. 8.7% p = 0.003 and 92.6% vs. 28.3%, p < 0.0001, respectively). Age (Odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.03-1.14), smoking (OR 6.18, 1.7-22.42), presence of comorbid disease (OR 31.73, 6.26-153.56), coronary artery disease (OR 9.26, 1.79-47.77), arrhythmia (OR 13.8, 1.56-122.22), hypertension (OR 14, 4.28-45.74), diabetes (OR 7.22, 2-25.99) and congestive heart failure (OR 10.22, 1.13-92.93) were statistically associated with increased mortality (p < 0.05). Also increased neutrophil (OR 1.26, 1.08-1.46), C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR 1.01, 1.003-0.02), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), (OR 1.002, 1.001-1.004), D-dimer (OR 1.001, 1.002-1.003), and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels (OR 1.05, 1.02-1.08 were associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSION: The presence of advanced age, active smoking, comorbidity, especially hypertension, diabetes, arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and neutrophil, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, D-dimer and aspartate transaminase were associated with mortality. The efficacy of Lpv/r, warrants further verification in future studies.

Desquamative interstitial pneumonia: Risk factors, laboratory and bronchoalveolar lavage findings, radiological and histopathological examination, clinical features, treatment and prognosis.

Desquamative interstitial pneumonia is a type of smoking-associated major idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, which is characterized by accumulation of alveolar macrophages in alveolar lumens and septa and develops secondary to mainly active or passive exposure to cigarette smoke. Desquamative interstitial pneumonia mostly occurs in male smokers in association with non-specific symptoms responsive to steroid therapy and has a better prognosis than usual interstitial pneumonia. To date, no large-scale clinical studies have been performed on desquamative interstitial pneumonia patients. Factors responsible for the scarcity of data on the clinical course of this condition include the retrospective nature of the available information as well as its rare occurrence. Despite this, a general consensus exists as to the nature of its symptoms, association with smoking, age and gender distribution, findings of respiratory function tests, steroid responsivity and mortality. The objective of the present review article was to report on desquamative interstitial pneumonia and to describe its etiology, risk factors and clinical features, as well as the laboratory, bronchoalveolar lavage, radiological and histopathological findings, and the treatment and prognosis of affected patients.

Relation between inflammatory cytokine levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and gene polymorphism in young adult patients with bronchiectasis.

AIM: Bronchiectasis develops as a result of genetic and environmental factors and its etiopathogenesis is not still clear. Recent studies have revealed that inflammatory cytokines, which are formed as a result of chronic infection and inflammation, play a role in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis. For this purpose, the level of inflammatory cytokines in bronchiectasis and the presence or absence of a genetic predisposition with the gene polymorphism of these cytokines was investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 60 patients, 40 study cases and 20 controls, which were monitored with the diagnosis of bronchiectasis were included in the study. In these individuals, cytokine levels [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, along with the routine blood tests, were determined. Furthermore, the polymorphism in IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α cytokine genes and its frequency were studied in the obtained DNA by the automatic sequence analysis method and the results were compared. FINDINGS: It was found that in serum and BAL fluid of the patient group, the IL-8 level was high, whereas the IL-10 level was low (P<0.05). No significant difference was detected in the other cytokines (P>0.05). It was found that in cytokine gene polymorphisms IL-8 -251 A/T, IL-10 -592 A/C, and IL-10 -819 T/C genotypes are associated with increased risk of bronchiectasis. It was detected that the IL-8 -251 A/T genotype increased the risk of having the disease by 4.19 fold. (OR =4.19, 95% CI =1.24-14.17, P=0.021). The IL-10 -592 C/A genotype increased the risk of having the disease by 5.71 fold (OR = 5.71, 95% CI =1.35-24.06, P=0.017) and the IL-10 -819 T/C genotype increased the risk of having the disease by 5.06 fold (OR =5.06, 95% CI =1.20-21.27, P=0.048). No significant correlation was found between the other polymorphisms and bronchiectasis. CONCLUSIONS: The IL-8, IL-10 levels and the gene polymorphism of these cytokines differ. In addition to detecting higher levels of pro-inflammatory IL-8 and lower levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10, detection of gene polymorphism related to these two cytokines in bronchiectasis gives rise to the thought that cytokines may have role in a predisposition to bronchiectasis. However, as the number of patients is small, precise remarks could not be made on this subject. There is need for further studies include a larger number of patients.

Angiopoietin 2 levels in serum and bronchial lavage fluids and their relationship with cancer stages in lung cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Angiopoietin 2 (Ang-2) has an important role in tumor angiogenesis. In this study, Ang-2 levels of serum and bronchioloalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) in patients with lung cancer were measured and correlated with clinical and biochemical parameters. METHODS: Thirty-five cases newly diagnosed with lung cancer and 18 controls with non-cancerous lung diseases were included in the study. Tumor histology, staging, metastasis, tumor markers, biochemical and clinical parameters were all recorded. RESULTS: Serum Ang-2 levels were significantly higher in the lung cancer group compared to the control (lung cancer median: 2.42 ng/mL [2.19-2.98], control 0.67 [0.31-1.10]; P < 0.001), whereas Ang-2 levels in BALF were lower in the lung cancer group compared to the control (lung cancer median 0.41 ng/mL [0.22-0.79], control 0.67 [0.46-1.03]; P = 0.02). In the cancer group, higher serum Ang-2 levels (r = 0.52, P < 0.001) were associated with the stage of cancer. No significant correlation was observed between BALF Ang-2 levels and non-small cell lung cancer stages and small-cell lung cancer advanced stage (P = 0.793, r = 0.07). Serum Ang-2 levels were significantly higher in distant metastasis (M1) versus no distant metastasis (M0) (M1: 2.57 ng/mL [2.38-2.87], M0: 2.22 [1.49-2.40], P = 0.01). No significant correlation was observed between BALF Ang-2 levels and M1 (r = 0.11, P = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS: Serum Ang-2 levels were significantly higher in lung cancer patients and positive correlations were observed between serum Ang-2, tumor stage, and metastasis.

Scimitar syndrome and azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava diagnosed in an adult--an unusual association.

Anormal drainage of the pulmonary veins into the inferior vena cava is known as scimitar syndrome. Scimitar syndrome often presents during infancy and rarely during adulthood, and the adult patients are mostly asymptomatic. It is usually in association with dextrocardia, hypoplasia of right lung, and congenital heart defects. However, interruption of inferior vena cava with azygous continuation is rarely associated with this syndrome.

Linfadenitis granulomatosa mediastínica tras tratamiento con bacilo Calmette-Guérin intravesical que simula metástasis distante de carcinoma vesical primario / Mediastinal Granulomatous Lymphadenitis After Intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Treatment Mimicking Distant Metastasis of Primary Bladder Carcinoma

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