Dual-Modal Immunochromatographic Test for Sensitive Detection of Zearalenone in Food Samples Based On Biosynthetic Staphylococcus aureus-Mediated Polymer Dot Nanocomposites.

The rapid detection of toxins is of great significance to food security and human health. In this work, a dual-modality immunochromatographic test (DICT) mediated by Staphylococcus aureus (SA)-biosynthesized polymer dots (SABPDs) was constructed for sensitive monitoring of zearalenone (ZEN) in agro products. The SABPDs as potent microorganism nanoscaffolds with excellent solubility, brightness, and stability were ingeniously fabricated employing hydroquinone and SA as precursors in the Schiff base reaction and a self-assembly technique. Thanks to the fact that they not only preserved an intact microsphere for loading Fc regions of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and the affinity of their labeled mAbs to antigen but also generated superb colorimetric-fluorescent dual signals, the versatile SABPDs manifested unique possibilities as the new carriers for dual-readout ICT with remarkable enhancement in sensitivity in ZEN screening (limit of detection = 0.036 ng/mL, which was 31-fold lower than that of traditional gold nanoparticle-based ICT). Ultimately, the proposed immunosensor performed well in millet and corn samples with satisfactory recoveries, demonstrating its potential for point-of-care testing. This work offers a bio-friendly strategy for biosynthesizing cell-based PD vehicles with bimodal signals for food safety analysis.

Diverse Dyes-Embedded Staphylococcus aureus as Potential Biocarriers for Enhancing Sensitivity in Biosensing.

Nanomaterials-based immunochromatographic assays (ICAs) have gained great commercial success in real-life point-of-care testing (POCT). Exploring novel carriers of ICAs with improved signaling and sustained activity favors the development of sensitive POCT. Herein a potent signal biotag, colored Staphylococcus aureus (SA), was created for ICA carriers through a mild self-assembly strategy, providing high luminance and abundant specific binding sites for immobilization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The biocompatible SA-dyes (SADs) retained both an intact surface structure for mAbs labeling (Fc portion) and the superior bioactivity of immobilized mAbs (affinity constant was about 109 M-1), thus waiving the intrinsic limitations of traditional nanomaterials and endowing high sensitivity. Proof-of-concept was demonstrated by employing Congo red- or/and fluorescein isothiocyanate-embedded SA (SACR, SAFITC, and SACR-SAFITC) as ICA carriers to detect zearalenone (ZEN) through colorimetric or/and fluorimetric signals. Furthermore, the ICAs satisfied the clinical requirement perfectly, including limit of detection (0.013 ng/mL, which was at least an 85-fold improvement over that of traditional gold nanoparticles-based ICA), linearity (R2 > 0.98), reproducibility (RSD < 8%), selectivity, and stability. Importantly, the proposed biosensors could be well-applied in four real samples for ZEN monitoring with satisfactory recoveries, correlating well with the results from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This work also proved a universal design for tailoring coloration bands for SAD-ICA detection of multiple analytes.

Dual-Emission Zr-MOF-Based Composite Material as a Fluorescence Turn-On Sensor for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Al3.

In this work, a novel zirconium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) composite material, UiO-(OH)2@RhB, has been solvothermally prepared with zirconyl chloride octahydrate, 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, and rhodamine B (RhB) for ratiometric fluorescence sensing of Al3+ ions in an aqueous medium. The luminescence measurement results showed that, at the single excitation wavelength of 420 nm, the fluorescence intensity of the ligand at 500 nm increased significantly in the case of Al3+, while that of RhB at 583 nm changed slightly, together with an apparent color change. Under optimal conditions, UiO-(OH)2@RhB exhibited an extraordinary sensitivity (10 nM), good selectivity, and a fast response (2 min) for Al3+. As far as we know, the limit of detection is superior to that of the current reported MOF-based Al3+ fluorescence sensors. The response mechanism suggested that -OH could capture Al3+ in water through coordination and high electrostatic affinity and achieved turn-on ratiometric fluorescence through the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer process and stable fluorescence of RhB. In addition, this sensor was also applied to actual food samples (grain beans), with the recoveries ranging from 89.08% to 113.61%. Such a turn-on ratiometric fluorescence sensor will provide a constructive strategy for the ultrasensitive detection of Al3+ in practical applications.

Immunochromatographic Assay based on Sc-TCPP 3D MOF for the rapid detection of imidacloprid in food samples.

In this work, a highly sensitive immunochromatographic test strip (ITS) based on Scandium-Tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) metal-organic framework nanocubes (ScTMNs) was developed for ultrasensitive and facile visual determination of imidacloprid (IDP). TCPP as the porphyrin-based planar ligand and Sc3+ as the metal center were applied to form the ScTMNs via coordination chelation. Giving the credit to its excellent optical characteristics, strong affinity with monoclonal antibodies, and favorable biocompatibility, the ScTMNs was selected as a signal tag. Under optimized conditions, the ITS exhibited a great liner relationship in the range of 0.04-3 ng/mL and the detection limit was 0.04 ng/mL for the IDP detection. Additionally, IDP was successfully detected in tomatoes, millet, corn and carrot samples with satisfied recoveries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that ScTMNs have been used in immunochromatography which are expected to have potential applications in detection of other substances.

ZIF-derived Co nanoparticles embedded into N-doped carbon nanotube composites for highly efficient electrochemical detection of nitrofurantoin in food.

Designing efficient and sensitive methods for the detection of nitrofurantoin (NFT) residues is of great importance for food safety and environmental protection. Herein, a composite with cobalt nanoparticles encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (N/Co@CNTs@CC-II) was synthesized by in-situ growth and sublimation-gas phase transformation strategy and used to establish an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for NFT determination. The N/Co@CNTs@CC-II sensor exhibits uniform N doping, fine hollow structure, and abundant active metal sites, which lays a solid foundation for the ultra-sensitive detection of NFT. Benefiting from these advantages, the N/Co@CNTs@CC-II exhibits excellent sensitivity (8.19 µA µM-1 cm-2) and low detection limit (18.41 nM) for NFT detection. The practical feasibility of N/Co@CNTs@CC-II was also demonstrated by the determination of NFT in milk and tap water samples. This study may open up new opportunities for the application of N-doped carbon nanotube materials encapsulating transition metals.

Sn/MoC@NC hollow nanospheres as Schottky catalyst for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of methyl parathion.

Developing electrode materials with excellent electrocatalytic properties for detecting pesticide residues plays a vital role in the safety of agricultural products and environmental applications. Herein, we designed a new electrochemical sensor on the basis of N-doped carbon hollow nanospheres modified with Sn/MoC Schottky junction (Sn/MoC@NC) for methyl parathion (MP) detection. The Sn/MoC@NC was prepared by self-assembled polymerization-anchoring strategy and high-temperature carbonization design. Sn/MoC Schottky junction and hollow nanosphere structure endow Sn/MoC@NC with a larger surface area, more active sites, and faster electron transfer, which is beneficial to enhancing its electrocatalytic performance. The structural characterizations and physicochemical properties of Sn/MoC@NC were explored through various microscopy, spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. The experimental results confirmed that the calibration curve for current and MP concentration (0.05-10 µg/mL) was available under optimized conditions, and the sensitivity and detection limit were respectively determined to be 9.02 µA µM1 cm2 and 8.9 ng/mL. Furthermore, the constructed sensor displayed excellent selectivity, repeatability, and stability, which qualified it for use in detecting MP in grapes and tap water with satisfactory recovery. This work may provide some interesting prospects for constructing high-performance electrocatalysts for MP detection.

Sodium caseinate decorating on shellac nanoparticles as a stabilizer for the encapsulation of quercetin.

To protect quercetin and address some of the barriers about shellac as a delivery carrier, we investigated the effects of sodium caseinate surface decoration on the formation, stability, and physiochemical properties of shellac nanoparticles (SNPs) for the first time. Herein, 0.3% caseinate was selected to prepare the quercetin-loaded shellac/sodium caseinate complex nanoparticles (SQCNPs), ensuring stable formation of nanoparticles and preventing irreversible aggregation of SNPs in acid. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and complex nanoparticle dissociation test indicated SQCNPs were fabricated based hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding interactions among Que, shellac, and caseinate. Besides, the modification of sodium caseinate can address salt instability and low redispersibility and improve encapsulation efficiency of SNPs. Meanwhile, SQCNPs possessed good antioxidant capacity, low cytotoxicity and controlled release in simulated gastrointestinal digestion. In summary, this work might open up a new, green, and sustainable method to design a bioactive substance delivery system by employing shellac as a vehicle.

Integrating electrochemical sensor based on MoO3/Co3O4 heterostructure for highly sensitive sensing of nitrite in sausages and water.

Considering excess nitrites are detrimental to the human body and environment, designing a rapid, sensitive, and real-time quantitative determination for nitrite is of great significance for environmental preservation and public health. In this paper, Co3O4 nanoflowers coupled with ultrafine MoO3 nanoparticles (MoO3/Co3O4) are obtained via a hybrid electrochemical deposition strategy (HED). The as-designed MoO3/Co3O4/CC integrating electrode exhibits superior electrocatalytic properties towards nitrite oxidation, owing to the synergistic effect between MoO3 and Co3O4 caused by the heterostructure of MoO3/Co3O4. The electrode achieved a low response time of 2 s, an excellent sensitivity of 1704.1 µA mM-1 cm-2, and a low limit of detection of 0.075 µM (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the electrode displays promise for nitrite detection in complex food such as water and sausages samples. Our study will provide a significant strategy for the application of bimetallic heterostructure to explore the design of sensing interfaces.

Hybrid structures of cobalt-molybdenum bimetallic oxide embedded in flower-like molybdenum disulfide for sensitive detection of the antibiotic drug nitrofurantoin.

Excessive residues of nitrofurantoin (NFT) can cause serious contamination of water bodies and food, and potential harm to ecosystems and food safety. Given that, rapid and efficient detection of NFT in real samples is of particular importance. MoS2 is a promising electrochemical material for this application. Here, MoS2 was modulated by Metal-organic framework through the interfacial microenvironment to enhance the catalytic activity and carbonized to form Co2Mo3O8 nanosheets with high electrical activity. The resulting Co2Mo3O8/MoS2 hybrid structure can be used to prepare highly sensitive NFT electrochemical sensor. The Co2Mo3O8/MoS2@CC electrochemical sensor exhibits strong electrochemical properties due to its fast electron transfer, excellent electrical conductivity, abundant defect sites, and high redox response. Based on this, this electrochemical sensor exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity for NFT with a wide linear detection range, low detection limit, and high sensitivity. Moreover, the electrode was successfully applied to detect NFT in milk, honey, and tap water, strongly confirming its potential in real samples. This work could furnish the evidence for interfacial microenvironmental regulation of MoS2, and also offer a novel candidate material for NFT sensing.

Golf-shaped Bi2Se3 microparticles based-immunochromatographic strip for ultrasensitive detection of Acetamiprid.

Rapid and sensitive detection of pesticide is of significance to the field of food safety and human health, but it is still challenging due to interferents from complex food matrices. Herein, a superb golf-shaped Bi2Se3 microparticles-based immunochromatographic strip (BS MPs-ICS) was constructed for ultrasensitive detection of acetamiprid (ATM). The novel immune signal tag demonstrated outstanding luminance, excellent biocompatibility, and high affinity with ATM (affinity constant was 3.874 ×107 M-1), which not only possessed a preeminent labeling efficiency but also significantly improved detection sensitivity. After optimization, the limit of detection (LOD) of the BS MPs-ICS was 8.780 pg/mL with an excellent linear relationship at the range of 0.010-6.000 ng/mL, which was approximately 62-fold lower than that of conventional gold nanoparticles-ICS (0.545 ng/mL), The BS MPs-ICS biosensor was well applied in apple and tomato samples with satisfactory recoveries of 83.823-99.223% (relative standard deviation < 1.739%). Therefore, the BS MPs-ICS could serve as a promising candidate for ATM detection in complicated samples and develop a new method in real-time monitoring.

Rose petals-like Bi semimetal embedded on the zeolitic imidazolate frameworks based-immunochromatographic strip to sensitively detect acetamiprid.

Ultrasensitive and facile detection of Acetamiprid (ACE) is of exceptional significance to assess the environmental and biological pollution. In this study, an advanced Bi semimetal/Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks hybrid material-based immunochromatographic strip (Bi/ZIF HM-ICS) sensor was developed for the sensitive detection of ACE. The novel Bi/ZIF HM was prepared through one-pot hydrothermal reduction of Bi nanoparticles on ZIF, which was selected as a signal tag taking advantages of its excellent color intensity, strong affinity with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and favorable biocompatibility. Bi/ZIF HM could not only improve the utilization efficiency of mAbs but also boost the sensing performance. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) of the Bi/ZIF HM-ICS was 4.68 pg/mL with the linear range from 0.01 ng/mL to 6 ng/mL, which was 98-fold lower than that of traditional gold nanoparticles-based ICS (0.457 ng/mL), and the recoveries of the Bi/ZIF HM-ICS ranged from 80.27% to 118.52% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) below 3.67% in pear, apple, tomato, and cucumber. Overall, the practical application of the Bi/ZIF HM-ICS in complicated samples was realized for detecting pesticide residue, and expanding its application scope in monitoring environment.

"Lighting-up" methylene blue-embedded zirconium based organic framework triggered by Al3+ for advancing the sensitivity of E. coli O157:H7 analysis in dual-signal lateral flow immunochromatographic assay.

The sensitive detection of foodborne pathogens is of great significance for ensuring food safety and quality. Herein, on the basis of methylene blue-embedded zirconium based organic framework (UIO@MB) as the remarkable capture carrier and signal indicator, with the Al3+-assisted the fluorescent signal response, we developed a label-free and dual-signal lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LDLFIA) for sensitive detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7. The UIO@MB sensing carrier without monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was manufactured, which adhered to bacteria to form the UIO@MB-E. coli O157:H7 conjugate, resulting in visible blue band. Then the fluorescent response of the OH-rich UIO@MB was excited by introducing Al3+, arising from capturing of Al3+ by -OH through coordination and electrostatic affinity, thus generating a green fluorescent band. Impressively, a smartphone-based portable reading system was developed that can reflect the test results of UIO@MB-LDLFIA immediately. Under optimum conditions, UIO@MB-LDLFIA can complete colorimetric and fluorescent mode detection within 90 min, with a detection sensitivity of 103 CFU/mL, which were 100 times lower than traditional gold nanoparticles-based LFIA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, the feasibility of the method was further evaluated by the determination of E. coli O157: H7 in drinking water and cabbage with average recoveries of 85.1-123.0%.

Simple high-temperature annealing affords commercial carbon cloth with enhanced electrochemical performance for highly sensitive detection of imidacloprid.

Imidacloprid (IDP) residue in modern agricultural production seriously endangers human health and environmental safety. The establishment of a rapid and efficient method for the detection of IDP residue can effectively prevent its harm to human health. Herein, we demonstrate the carbon cloth (CC) prepared by a high-temperature annealing strategy possesses enhanced electrochemical performance, which could be directly used in electrochemical IDP sensing. Annealed carbon cloth (ACC) is endowed with higher defects, rougher surfaces, more functional groups, more hydrophilic surface, and increased ion-accessible surface area. Furthermore, the ACC electrode shows superior electrocatalytic reduction activity towards IDP, possessing a wide linear range of 5-100 µM, a low detection limit of 0.04 µM, and high sensitivity of 35.58 µA mM-1 cm-2. Meanwhile, this sensor can be applied for sensing IDP in grapes and apples with a good recovery of 96.8-104.1%. Compared with other modified electrodes, the ACC electrode has the advantages of no binder, no complicated modification, excellent detection effect, low cost, and easy large-scale production. Consequently, this work designs a self-supporting metal-free electrode with high electrochemical performance, providing a new idea for the development of environmentally friendly IDP sensors.

Metal-polydopamine framework based lateral flow assay for high sensitive detection of tetracycline in food samples.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-based lateral flow assay (LFA) enables a rapid detection of tetracycline (TET) in food samples but suffers from low sensitivity. Herein, metal-polydopamine framework (MPF), as a label, was employed to load monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directly as the probe in LFA for highly sensitive sensing of TET. Combining zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) and polydopamine (PDA), a stable MPF with large size, well water-dispersible, excellent affinity and optical properties was prepared through a versatile layer-by-layer assembly (LLA) strategy. Under optimized conditions, the biosensor (MPF-LFA) exhibited a great linear relationship in the range of 0.09-6 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.045 ng/mL for TET detection, which was over 66-fold more sensitive than traditional AuNPs based LFA. Furthermore, the MPF-LFA was successfully applied to the screening of TET in fish, chicken, milk and shrimp samples with satisfied recoveries from 91% to 114%.

Well-orientation strategy for direct binding of antibodies: Development of the immunochromatographic test using the antigen modified Fe2O3 nanoprobes for sensitive detection of aflatoxin B1.

One of the major concerns in the application of nanocarriers in biosensing is the impair of the recognition molecules bioactivity loaded on their surfaces due to harsh and laborious cross-linking and random orientation, resulting in unsatisfactory sensitivity. Herein, we proposed a novel immunochromatographic test strip (FNS-ag-DICTS) by taking advantage of the antigen (ag) modified Fe2O3 nanostructures (FNSs) as new signal tags and goat anti-mouse IgG labeling on the detection line instead of ag, which was used for sensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The fabricated FNS-ag can orientate the Fab region of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), waiving the intrinsic limitations of traditional nanomaterials labeled mAbs. Under optimal conditions, FNS-ag-DICTS possessed excellent specificity and a wide detection range, with a visual limit of detection (vLOD) of 0.0125 ng mL-1. In addition, the biosensor successfully detected AFB1 in peanut, green bean and corn, with an average recovery rate of 82.8-124.9%.

Immunochromatographic Assay Based on Polydopamine-Decorated Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles for the Rapid Detection of Salbutamol in Food Samples.

Salbutamol (SAL), a ß-2 adrenoreceptor agonist, is an unpopular addition to livestock and poultry, causing several side effects to human health. Thus, it is very important to develop a simple and rapid analytical method to screen SAL in the field of food safety. Here, we present an immunochromatographic assay (ICA) method for sensitively detecting SAL with polydopamine-decorated iridium oxide nanoparticles (IrO2@PDA NPs) as a signal tag. The IrO2@PDA with excellent hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and stability was synthesized by oxidating self-polymerization of dopamine hydrochloride (DAH) on the surface of IrO2 NPs and used to label monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) through simple physical adsorption. Compared with IrO2 NPs, the IrO2@PDA also possessed superior optical properties and higher affinity with mAbs. With the proposed method, the limit of detection for SAL was 0.002 ng/mL, which was improved at least 24-fold and 180-fold compared with the IrO2 NPs-based ICA and conventional gold nanoparticles-based ICA, respectively. Furthermore, the SAL residuals in pork, pork liver, and beef were successfully detected by the developed biosensor and the recoveries ranged from 85.56% to 115.56%. Briefly, this work indicated that the powerful IrO2@PDA-based ICA can significantly improve detection sensitivity and has huge potential for accurate and sensitive detection of harmful small molecules analytes in food safety fields.

Multifunctional bacteria-derived tags for advancing immunoassay analytical performance with dual-channel switching and antibodies bioactivity sustaining.

Constructing multifunctional immunochromatographic assays (ICA) carriers with multiple signals and retaining bioactivity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are conducive to the sensitive and accurate point-of-care testing (POCT). To fulfill this pressing need, a microorganism-based microsphere mediated dual-modal ICA (DICA) was developed for sensitive and reliable detection of zearalenone (ZEN). As the key to the biosensor, a superb biotag with an intact coccus morphology was designed based on Staphylococcus aureus biosynthesized quantum dots incorporating Ru(bpy)32+ (SAQDsRu), in which SA offered a specific recognition capacity for Fc region of mAbs, QDs endowed a naked-eye discernible colorimetric signal on the SA, and robust fluorescence signal that remedied for the insufficient brightness of QDs was derived from Ru(bpy)32+. The characterization of SAQDsRu-labeled mAb (SAQDsRu-mAb) probe demonstrated strong luminescence, excellent stability and high affinity with ZEN (affinity constant was approximately 1.723 × 109 M-1), which can significantly improve the detection sensitivity. Impressively, a portable sensing system was developed by the integration of SAQDsRu-DICA with a smartphone-based readout. After optimization, this DICA indicated a limit of detection reaching down to 0.008 ng/mL (colorimetric mode) and 0.0058 ng/mL (fluorescent mode), which were much lower than that of conventional gold nanoparticles-based ICA (0.1029 ng/mL), possessing favorable specificity and repeatability (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 10%). Moreover, the feasibility of the immunoassay was further assessed by measuring ZEN in real samples with satisfactory recoveries, and the results are good consistent with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

An innovative prussian blue nanocubes decomposition-assisted signal amplification strategy suitable for competitive lateral flow immunoassay to sensitively detect aflatoxin B1.

A prussian blue nanocubes decomposition-assisted signal amplification strategy for competitive lateral flow immunoassay (PBNCD-SALFIA) was innovatively proposed to analyze aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in foodstuffs. The signal was amplified on account of the PBNCs can degrade and fade under alkaline condition, which could weak the color of the test- and control-lines, thereby improving the sensitivity of the sensor. The strategy was technically-simple, just using NaOH as an amplifier can realize signal amplification in the competition assay. Under optimized conditions, the enhanced strip exhibited excellent specificity and sensitivity in AFB1 monitoring with a detection limit of 23 pg/mL, which was approximately 4- and 8-folds lower than those of PBNCs-LFIA (90 pg/mL) and conventional gold nanoparticles-LFIA (175 pg/mL), respectively. Taking the advantage of the color-fading, this platform revealing the lowest detectable concentration of 0.184, 0.368 and 0.184 µg/kg for AFB1 in corn, peanut and pumpkin seed within 58 min, separately, showing reliable results.

Gold nanoparticles-functionalized three-dimensional flower-like manganese dioxide: A high-sensitivity thermal analysis immunochromatographic sensor.

A sensitive photothermal immunochromatographic test strip (PITS) for the detection of deoxynivalenol (DON) was developed using flower-like gold nanoparticle-deposited manganese dioxide nanocarrier (FMD-G NC) labeled antibodies (Abs) as the photothermal-sensing probe. FMD was used as a template to deposit small gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to synthesize FMD-G NC with large specific surface area and significant photothermal conversion property. The FMD-G-Ab probe was competitively captured by DON target and antigen coated on test line (T-line), forming colorimetric signals under naked eyes and photothermal signals under an 808 nm laser. Under optimal conditions, the PITS exhibited sensitive and specific detection of DON from 0.19 ng mL-1 to 12 ng mL-1 with detection limits of 0.013 ng mL-1, which were over 15-fold and 58-fold more sensitive than visual FMD-G-ITS and traditional GNPs-ITS. In addition, the novel FMD-G-PITS possessed a universal applicability, which could be well applied in green bean, corn, and millet.

Chitosan-based bifunctional composite aerogel combining absorption and phototherapy for bacteria elimination.

The bacterial infection is one of the most common but critical problems in the wound healing process due to the general antibiotic resistance of bacteria. Hence it is increasingly necessary and urgent to develop an advanced and efficient sterilization strategy. Herein, a chitosan-based aerogel embedded amino-functionalized molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (abbreviated to CS/NMNSs) was successfully constructed through amino modification and physical assembly. Scanning electron microscopy characterizations and swelling experiments indicated that freeze-dried chitosan aerogel is provided with extremely regular sponge-like structure, high porosity, and favorable swelling property. The CS aerogel can be used as an ideal bacterial adsorption agent ascribed to its inherent positive charge. The result of antibacterial studies showed that the CS/NMNSs exhibited efficient bacterial elimination capacity via capture ability of chitosan aerogel and near infrared induced photothermal sterilization. Therefore, the CS/NMNSs have great potential in developing as a photothermal antibacterial agent in future application.