Detection and genotyping of zoonotic microsporidia in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus).

Microsporidia is a diverse group of obligate, intracellular, and spore-forming parasites that infect a wide range of animals. Among them, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. are the most frequently reported species in humans. Limited information is available about the presence and molecular diversity of microsporidian species in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Presence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. was investigated by molecular methods in wild and captive Iberian lynxes from Spain. Overall, E. bieneusi was detected in 3.2% (8/251) of the animals examined. None of the samples tested were positive for Encephalitozoon spp. Four known (D, EbfelA, PigEBITS7, and Type IV) and a novel (named as LynxSpEb1) E. bieneusi genotypes were identified. All the genotypes found belonged to the zoonotic Group 1 of E. bieneusi. This study provides the first genotyping data of E. bieneusi in Iberian lynx in Spain. Our result indicate that the Iberian lynx does not seem to play a relevant role in the epidemiology of Encephalitozoon spp., and that this endangered felid is likely acting as spillover host rather than a true reservoir of E. bieneusi. Additional studies should be conducted to assess the impact of this parasite in the health status of the endangered Iberian lynx.

Evaluation of the Use of Singleplex and Duplex CerTest VIASURE Real-Time PCR Assays to Detect Common Intestinal Protist Parasites.

Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica are species of protozoa- causing diarrhoea that are common worldwide, while Entamoeba dispar, Dientamoeba fragilis and Blastocystis sp. appear to be commensal parasites whose role in pathogenicity remains controversial. We conducted the clinical evaluation of five singleplex and one duplex CerTest VIASURE Real-Time PCR Assays against a large panel of positive DNA samples (n = 358), and specifically to Cryptosporidium spp. (n = 96), G. duodenalis (n = 115), E. histolytica (n = 25) E. dispar (n = 11), Blastocystis sp. (n = 42), D. fragilis (n = 37), and related parasitic phylum species such as Apicomplexa, Euglenozoa, Microsporidia and Nematoda. DNA samples were obtained from clinical stool specimens or cultured isolates in a national reference centre. Estimated diagnostic sensitivity and specificity values were 0.94-1 for Cryptosporidium spp., 0.96-0.99 for G. duodenalis, 0.96-1 for E. histolytica, 1-1 for E. dispar, and 1-0.99 for D. fragilis in the evaluated singleplex assays. In the duplex assay for the simultaneous detection of Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis these values were 1-0.98 and 1-0.99, respectively. Measures of diagnostic precision for repeatability and reproducibility were found to be under acceptable ranges. The assays identified six Cryptosporidium species (C. hominis, C. parvum, C. canis, C. felis, C. scrofarum, and C. ryanae), four G. duodenalis assemblages (A, B, C, and F), and six Blastocystis subtypes (ST1-ST5, and ST8). The evaluated singleplex and duplex VIASURE Real-Time PCR assays provide sensitive, practical, and cost-effective choices to the molecular diagnosis of the main diarrhoea-causing intestinal protists in clinical microbiology and research laboratories.

Microscopy detection and molecular characterisation of Giardia duodenalis infection in outpatients seeking medical care in Egypt.

Introduction: Giardiosis remains one of the most prevalent enteric parasitic infections globally. Earlier molecular-based studies conducted in Egypt have primarily focused on paediatric clinical populations and most were based on single genotyping markers. As a result, there is limited information on the frequency and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis infections in individuals of all age groups. Methods: Individual stool samples (n = 460) from outpatients seeking medical care were collected during January-December 2021 in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, northern Egypt. Initial screening for the presence of G. duodenalis was conducted by coprological examination. Microscopy-positive samples were further confirmed by real-time PCR. A multilocus sequence typing approach targeted amplification of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), beta-giardin (bg), and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes was used for genotyping purposes. A standardised epidemiological questionnaire was used to gather basic sociodemographic and clinical features of the recruited patients. Results: Giardia duodenalis cysts were observed in 5.4% (25/460, 95% CI: 3.6-7.9) of the stool samples examined by conventional microscopy. The infection was more frequent in children under the age of 10 years and in individuals presenting with diarrhoea but without reaching statistical significance. Stool samples collected during the winter period were more likely to harbour G. duodenalis. All 25 microscopy-positive samples were confirmed by real-time PCR, but genotyping data was only available for 56.0% (14/25) of the isolates. Sequence analyses revealed the presence of assemblages A (78.6%, 11/14) and B (21.4%, 3/14). All assemblage A isolates were identified as sub-assemblage AII, whereas the three assemblage B sequences belonged to the sub-assemblage BIII. Patients with giardiosis presenting with diarrhoea were more frequently infected by the assemblage A of the parasite. Conclusion: This is one of the largest epidemiological studies evaluating G. duodenalis infection in individuals of all age groups in Egypt. Our molecular data suggest that G. duodenalis infections in the surveyed population are primarily of anthropic origin. However, because assemblages A and B are zoonotic, some of the infections identified can have an animal origin. Additional investigations targeting animal (domestic and free-living) and environmental (water) samples are warranted to better understand the epidemiology of giardiosis in Egypt.

Detection and Molecular Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in the Endangered Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), Spain.

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are the main non-viral causes of diarrhoea in humans and domestic animals globally. Comparatively, much less information is currently available in free-ranging carnivore species in general and in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) in particular. Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were investigated with molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) methods in individual faecal DNA samples of free-ranging and captive Iberian lynxes from the main population nuclei in Spain. Overall, Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were detected in 2.4% (6/251) and 27.9% (70/251) of the animals examined, respectively. Positive animals to at least one of them were detected in each of the analysed population nuclei. The analysis of partial ssu rRNA gene sequences revealed the presence of rodent-adapted C. alticolis (n = 1) and C. occultus (n = 1), leporid-adapted C. cuniculus (n = 2), and zoonotic C. parvum (n = 2) within Cryptosporidium, and zoonotic assemblages A (n = 5) and B (n = 3) within G. duodenalis. Subgenotyping analyses allowed for the identification of genotype VaA19 in C. cuniculus (gp60 locus) and sub-assemblages AI and BIII/BIV in G. duodenalis (gdh, bg, and tpi loci). This study represents the first molecular description of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in the Iberian lynx in Spain. The presence of rodent/leporid-adapted Cryptosporidium species in the surveyed animals suggests spurious infections associated to the Iberian lynx's diet. The Iberian lynx seems a suitable host for zoonotic genetic variants of Cryptosporidium (C. parvum) and G. duodenalis (assemblages A and B), although the potential risk of human transmission is regarded as limited due to light parasite burdens and suspected low excretion of infective (oo)cysts to the environment by infected animals. More research should be conducted to ascertain the true impact of these protozoan parasites in the health status of the endangered Iberian lynx.

Diagnóstico diferencial de filariasis importada mediante técnicas moleculares (2006-2009) / Differential diagnosis of imported filariasis by molecular techniques (2006-2009)

Introducción: Durante los últimos años se ha registrado un aumento creciente de la población inmigrante y de viajeros procedentes de áreas endémicas de filariasis producidas por Loa loa (L. loa), Mansonella perstans(M. perstans) y Wuchereria bancrofti (W. bancrofti). Esta situación epidemiológica ha hecho necesario el desarrollo de técnicas específicas de diagnóstico molecular, alternativas al método parasitológico clásico.Por lo tanto, el objetivo planteado en este trabajo ha sido la utilización de las técnicas moleculares optimizadas en nuestro laboratorio, nested-PCR e ITS1-RFLP, en el diagnóstico de filariasis importadas, y la comparación de los resultados obtenidos con los derivados del diagnóstico parasitológico. Material y métodos: Se ha estudiado mediante la técnica de concentración de Knott, nested-PCR e ITS1-RFLP un total de 523 muestras (517 sangres, 5 helmintos adultos y un humor vítreo) que fueron remitidas al Servicio de Parasitología del Centro Nacional de Microbiología-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, entre los años 2006 y 2009, por 47 centros sanitarios de las comunidades autónomas. Resultados: Las técnicas moleculares utilizadas demostraron ser más sensibles que el método de concentración de Knott, tanto en el diagnóstico de L. loa (n = 12 frente a n = 4) como en el de M. perstans (n=57frente a n = 25) en el total de muestras de sangre estudiadas. Conclusión: Los métodos de PCR utilizados permiten un diagnóstico específico y más sensible de L. loay M. perstans en muestras clínicas de población inmigrante y viajeros procedentes de áreas endémicas, donde estas especies de filarias son coendémicas. El método de concentración de Knott debe emplearse como técnica complementaria siempre que sea posible (AU)

Introduction: The last few years has seen an increase in the number of immigrants and travellers from endemic areas where filariasis are mainly caused by Loa loa (L. loa), Mansonella perstans (M. perstans) and Wuchereria bancrofti (W. bancrofti) species. These demographic changes has led to the need for better filariae species-specific molecular diagnostic tests to solve problems, as alternatives to the more time consuming classic parasitology methods. Thus, the objective of the present work was the implementation of optimised molecular protocols (nested-PCR and ITS1-RFLP) developed in our laboratory, for the differential diagnosis of filarial parasites. The results obtained were compared with those obtained using the conventional parasitological methods. Material and methods: A total of 523 samples (517 peripheral blood, 5 adult worms and one vitreous body)were sent to Parasitology Department of the National Microbiology Centre, Carlos II Research Institute(ISCIII), from 47 Health Centres in the Autonomous Regions of Spain, from 2006 to 2009. The samples were studied by the Knott technique, nested-PCR and ITS1-RFLP.Results: The molecular techniques applied on blood samples showed to be more sensitive that Knott’s concentration technique in the diagnosis of both L. loa (n=12 versus n=4) and M. perstans (n=57 versusn = 25) infections (AU)

A pilot study on the prevalenceof loiasis in Equatorial Guineausing an accurate Nested PCR

Background: In the last years loiasis has emerged as a public health problem in areas where Loa loa is co-endemic with Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti and other filarial parasites. The objective of this work was to carried out a preliminary field study on the prevalence ofloiasis in Equatorial Guinea. Methods: The study design was carried out in three villages situated in the continental region and the insular region from Equatorial Guinea. A total of 236 human blood samples were obtained from individuals living in the continental region (n=142) and on the island of Bioko(n=96). Blood samples were diagnosed by leucoconcentration and microscopy examination formicrofilariae of L. loa and other filarial species. The molecular diagnosis was carried out by theL. loa specific nested PCR. Results: The study results shown a 22.8% of loiasis prevalence by microscopy observation, whereas the nested PCR revealed a prevalence of 76.4% in the continental region. In the 94samples obtained from individuals from the island of Bioko, loiasis was not detected either bymicroscopy analysis or by nested PCR. Conclusions: The nested PCR used in this work showed itself to be an accurate technique that detects the presence of L. loa DNA and it could be a useful complementary tool in ascertaining more precise estimates of the prevalence of loiasis in Equatorial Guinea (AU)

Fundamentos: En los últimos años la loasis se ha convertido en un grave problema de Salud Pública en áreas donde Loa loa es co-endémica con Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereriabancrofti y otras filarias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue llevar a cabo un estudio preliminar de la prevalencia de loasis en Guinea Ecuatorial. Método: El diseño del estudio se llevo a cabo en tres poblaciones de la región continental yen la región insular de Guinea Ecuatorial. Se obtuvieron un total de 236 muestras de sangre procedentes de individuos de la región continental (n=142) y de la isla de Bioko (n=96). Las muestras fueron diagnosticadas por leuco concentración y examen microscópico de Loa loa y otras especies de filarias. El diagnóstico molecular se llevó a cabo mediante una nested PCR específica para Loa loa. Resultados: El resultado del estudio reveló una prevalencia de loasis del 22,8 % mediante diagnóstico microscópico y del 76,4% mediante nested PCR en la región continental. Loa loano fue detectada ni por análisis microscópico ni por nested PCR en las 94 muestras obtenidas de individuos de la Isla de Bioko. Conclusiones: La nested PCR utilizada en el trabajo y optimizada en nuestro laboratorio, es un método sensible que permite la detección de ADN de Loa loa y podría ser una herramienta complementaría útil en una evaluación más precisa de la prevalencia de loasis en Guinea Ecuatorial (AU)