Measurement properties of the Inclusion Body Myositis Functional Rating Scale.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the validity, reliability, responsiveness and meaningful change threshold of the Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM) Functional Rating Scale (FRS). METHODS: Data from a large 20-month multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in IBM were used. Convergent validity was tested using Spearman correlation with other health outcomes. Discriminant (known groups) validity was assessed using standardised effect sizes (SES). Internal consistency was tested using Cronbach's alpha. Intrarater reliability in stable patients and equivalence of face-to-face and telephone administration were tested using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman plots. Responsiveness was assessed using standardised response mean (SRM). A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve anchor-based approach was used to determine clinically meaningful IBMFRS change. RESULTS: Among the 150 patients, mean (SD) IBMFRS total score was 27.4 (4.6). Convergent validity was supported by medium to large correlations (rs modulus: 0.42-0.79) and discriminant validity by moderate to large group differences (SES=0.51-1.59). Internal consistency was adequate (overall Cronbach's alpha: 0.79). Test-retest reliability (ICCs=0.84-0.87) and reliability of telephone versus face-to-face administration (ICCs=0.93-0.95) were excellent, with Bland-Altman plots showing good agreement. Responsiveness in the worsened group defined by various external constructs was large at both 12 (SRM=-0.76 to -1.49) and 20 months (SRM=-1.12 to -1.57). In ROC curve analysis, a drop in at least two IBMFRS total score points was shown to represent a meaningful decline. CONCLUSIONS: When administered by trained raters, the IBMFRS is a reliable, valid and responsive tool that can be used to evaluate the impact of IBM and its treatment on physical function, with a 2-point reduction representing meaningful decline. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02753530.

Longitudinal course of neurofilament light chain levels in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-insights from a completed randomized controlled trial with rasagiline.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Rasagiline might be disease modifying in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The aim was to evaluate the effect of rasagiline 2 mg/day on neurofilament light chain (NfL), a prognostic biomarker in ALS. METHODS: In 65 patients with ALS randomized in a 3:1 ratio to rasagiline 2 mg/day (n = 48) or placebo (n = 17) in a completed randomized controlled multicentre trial, NfL levels in plasma were measured at baseline, month 6 and month 12. Longitudinal changes in NfL levels were evaluated regarding treatment and clinical parameters. RESULTS: Baseline NfL levels did not differ between the study arms and correlated with disease progression rates both pre-baseline (r = 0.64, p < 0.001) and during the study (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). NfL measured at months 6 and 12 did not change significantly from baseline in both arms, with a median individual NfL change of +1.4 pg/mL (interquartile range [IQR] -5.6, 14.2) across all follow-up time points. However, a significant difference in NfL change at month 12 was observed between patients with high and low NfL baseline levels treated with rasagiline (high [n = 13], -6.9 pg/mL, IQR -20.4, 6.0; low [n = 18], +5.9 pg/mL, IQR -1.4, 19.7; p = 0.025). Additionally, generally higher longitudinal NfL variability was observed in patients with high baseline levels, whereas disease progression rates and disease duration at baseline had no impact on the longitudinal NfL course. CONCLUSION: Post hoc NfL measurements in completed clinical trials are helpful in interpreting NfL data from ongoing and future interventional trials and could provide hypothesis-generating complementary insights. Further studies are warranted to ultimately differentiate NfL response to treatment from other factors.

Phase 2 trial in acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive myasthenia gravis of transition from intravenous to subcutaneous immunoglobulin: The MGSCIg study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Data on maintenance therapy with subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIg) in myasthenia gravis (MG) are limited. We report on transitioning acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody-positive (Ab+) MG patients on stable intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) regimens as part of routine clinical care to SCIg 1:1.2. METHODS: This multicenter North American open-label prospective investigator-initiated study had two components: the IVIg Stabilization Period (ISP) enrolling patients already on IVIg as part of routine clinical care (Weeks -10 to -1), followed by transition of stable MG subjects to SCIg in the Experimental Treatment Period (ETP; Weeks 0 to 12). We hypothesized that >65% of patients entering the ETP would have a stable Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis (QMG) score from Week 0 to Week 12. Secondary outcome measures included other efficacy measures, safety, tolerability, IgG levels, and treatment satisfaction. RESULTS: We recruited 23 patients in the ISP, and 22 entered the ETP. A total of 12 subjects (54.5%) were female, and 18 (81.8%) were White, with mean age 51.4 ± 17 years. We obtained Week 12 ETP QMG data on 19 of 22; one subject withdrew from ETP owing to clinical deterioration, and two subjects withdrew due to dislike of needles. On primary analysis, 19 of 22 participants (86.4%, 95% confidence interval = 0.72-1.00) were treatment successes using last observation carried forward (p = 0.018). Secondary efficacy measures supported MG stability. SCIg was safe and well tolerated, and IgG levels were stable. Treatment satisfaction was comparable between ISP and ETP. CONCLUSIONS: MG patients on IVIg as part of their routine clinical care remained stable on monthly IVIg dosage, and most maintained similar disease stability on SCIg.

Open-label pilot study of ranolazine for cramps in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

INTRODUCTION/AIMS: Neuronal hyperexcitability (manifested by cramps) plays a pathological role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and drugs affecting it may help symptomatic management and slow disease progression. We aimed to determine safety and tolerability of two doses of ranolazine in patients with ALS and evaluate for preliminary evidence of drug-target engagement by assessing muscle cramp characteristics. METHODS: We performed an open-label dose-ascending study of ranolazine in 14 individuals with ALS in two sequential cohorts: 500 mg (cohort 1) and 1000 mg (cohort 2) orally twice daily. Each had a 2-week run-in period, 4-week drug administration, and 6-week safety follow-up. Primary outcome was safety and tolerability. Exploratory measures included cramp frequency and severity, fasciculation frequency, cramp potential duration, ALS Functional Rating Scale---Revised score, and forced vital capacity. RESULTS: Six and eight participants were enrolled in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. There were no serious adverse events. Two subjects in cohort 2 discontinued the drug due to constipation. The most frequent drug-related adverse event was gastrointestinal (40%). Cramp frequency decreased by 54.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39%-70.8%) and severity decreased by 46.3% (95% CI, 29.5-63.3%), which appeared to be dose-dependent, with decreased awakening due to cramps. Other outcomes showed no change. DISCUSSION: Ranolazine was well tolerated in ALS up to 2000 mg/day, with gastrointestinal side effects being the most frequent. Ranolazine reduced cramp frequency and severity, supporting its investigation for muscle cramps in a future placebo-controlled trial.

A secondary analysis of PAIN-CONTRoLS: Pain's impact on sleep, fatigue, and activities of daily living.

INTRODUCTION/AIMS: Peripheral neuropathies commonly affect quality of life of patients due to pain, sleep disturbances, and fatigue, although trials have not adequately explored these domains of care. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of nortriptyline, duloxetine, pregabalin, and mexiletine on pain, sleep, and fatigue in patients diagnosed with cryptogenic sensory polyneuropathy (CSPN). METHODS: We implemented a Bayesian adaptive design to perform a 12-wk multisite, randomized, prospective, open-label comparative effectiveness study in 402 CSPN patients. Participants received either nortriptyline (n = 134), duloxetine (n = 126), pregabalin (n = 73), or mexiletine (n = 69). At prespecified analysis timepoints, secondary outcomes, Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) surveys including Short Form (SF)-12, pain interference, fatigue, and sleep disturbance, were collected. RESULTS: Mexiletine had the highest quit rate (58%) due to gastrointestinal side effects, while nortriptyline (38%) and duloxetine (38%) had the lowest quit rates. If tolerated for the full 12 wk of the study, mexiletine had the highest probability (>90%) of positive outcomes for improvements in pain interference and fatigue. There was no significant difference among the medications for sleep disturbance or SF-12 scores. Adverse events and lack of efficacy were the two most common reasons for cessation of therapy. DISCUSSION: Physicians caring for patients with CSPN should consider mexiletine to address pain and fatigue, although nortriptyline and duloxetine are better medications to trial first since they are better tolerated. Future research should compare other commonly used medications for CSPN to determine evidence-based treatment strategies.

Tocilizumab is safe and tolerable and reduces C-reactive protein concentrations in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of ALS patients.

INTRODUCTION/AIMS: We tested safety, tolerability, and target engagement of tocilizumab in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. METHODS: Twenty-two participants, whose peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression profile reflected high messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of inflammatory markers, were randomized 2:1 to three tocilizumab or placebo treatments (weeks 0, 4, and 8; 8 mg/kg intravenous). Participants were followed every 4 wk in a double-blind fashion for 16 wk and assessed for safety, tolerability, plasma inflammatory markers, and clinical measures. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected at baseline and after the third treatment. Participants were genotyped for Asp358 Ala polymorphism of the interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R) gene. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics, safety, and tolerability were similar between treatment groups. One serious adverse event was reported in the placebo group; no deaths occurred. Mean plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) level decreased by 88% in the tocilizumab group and increased by 4% in the placebo group (-3.0-fold relative change, P < .001). CSF CRP reduction (-1.8-fold relative change, P = .01) was associated with IL-6R C allele count. No differences in PBMC gene expression or clinical measures were observed between groups. DISCUSSION: Tocilizumab treatment was safe and well tolerated. PBMC gene expression profile was inadequate as a predictive or pharmacodynamic biomarker. Treatment reduced CRP levels in plasma and CSF, with CSF effects potentially dependent on IL-6R Asp358 Ala genotype. IL-6 trans-signaling may mediate a distinct central nervous system response in individuals inheriting the IL-6R C allele. These results warrant further study in ALS patients where IL-6R genotype and CRP levels may be useful enrichment biomarkers.

Exacerbation Rate in Generalized Myasthenia Gravis and Its Predictors.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to estimate the exacerbation incidence rate (IR) in acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR)-positive generalized myasthenia gravis (MG) and its predictors. METHODS: The primary outcome in this retrospective study was to estimate moderate-to-severe (M-S) exacerbations IR in the early course of generalized MG. The secondary outcome was to explore the predictors of MG exacerbations. RESULTS: Between 1999 and 2015, we identified 78 AChR-positive generalized MG patients and 37 M-S exacerbations over the first 6 years following the onset of generalized MG symptoms. The M-S exacerbation IR was 12.2 per 100 person years (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.8-16.8). Any exacerbation (including mild) IR was 24.4 per 100 person years (95% CI 19.4-30.7). After controlling for confounding factors, MG exacerbation IR predictors included gender, disease severity at onset, and prednisone dose reduction with risk ratio of 0.34 (male gender), 2.67, and 20.8, respectively (all p values <0.05). M-S exacerbation occurred in 25 cases (32.1%), while any exacerbation (mild or M-S) was detected in 45 cases (57.7%). CONCLUSION: More than half of newly diagnosed AChR + MG cases experience an exacerbation in the first 6 years. Gender, disease severity at onset and prednisone dose reduction are predictors that could inform clinical practice and future research.

Primary lateral sclerosis: consensus diagnostic criteria.

Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the adult motor system. Characterised by a slowly progressive upper motor neuron syndrome, the diagnosis is clinical, after exclusion of structural, neurodegenerative and metabolic mimics. Differentiation of PLS from upper motor neuron-predominant forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remains a significant challenge in the early symptomatic phase of both disorders, with ongoing debate as to whether they form a clinical and histopathological continuum. Current diagnostic criteria for PLS may be a barrier to therapeutic development, requiring long delays between symptom onset and formal diagnosis. While new technologies sensitive to both upper and lower motor neuron involvement may ultimately resolve controversies in the diagnosis of PLS, we present updated consensus diagnostic criteria with the aim of reducing diagnostic delay, optimising therapeutic trial design and catalysing the development of disease-modifying therapy.

Immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies for neuromuscular diseases. Part I: Traditional agents.

Immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies have had a major effect on the treatment of immune-mediated neuromuscular diseases. After the landmark introduction of synthetic corticosteroids, other therapies have become available, including plasma exchange (PLEX), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and steroid-sparing immunosuppressive drugs. More recently, novel biologically derived and antigen-specific pharmaceuticals have entered neuromuscular practice. Various levels of evidence guide the use of these treatments. This article reviews current immune-based therapies in neuromuscular diseases and is divided into two parts. Part I provides an update on the evidence and use of traditional therapies, such as corticosteroids, PLEX, intravenously delivered IgG (IVIG), and steroid-sparing immunosuppressive drugs. Part II focuses on the recently US Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies eculizumab and subcutaneous IgG (SCIG), the current indications for rituximab in neuromuscular disease, and on novel immunosuppressive therapeutic approaches under development.

Immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies for neuromuscular diseases. Part II: New and novel agents.

While traditional immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies remain the cornerstone of immune-mediated neuromuscular disease management, new and novel agents including antigen-specific, monoclonal antibody drugs, have emerged as important treatment options. This article is the second of a two-part series that reviews immune-based therapies in neuromuscular diseases. The first article provides an update on the use of traditional immune-based therapies such as corticosteroids, plasma exchange, steroid-sparing immunosuppressive drugs, and intravenous immunoglobulin G. This second article focuses on new and novel immune-based therapies, including eculizumab, a complement inhibitor approved for acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive myasthenia gravis; rituximab, a B-cell depletion therapy with evolving indications in neuromuscular diseases; and the subcutaneous formulation of immunoglobulin G that gained approval for use in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy in 2018. Finally, several novel antigen-specific drugs at different stages of investigation in neuromuscular disease are also reviewed.

Guidelines on clinical presentation and management of nondystrophic myotonias.

The nondystrophic myotonias are rare muscle hyperexcitability disorders caused by gain-of-function mutations in the SCN4A gene or loss-of-function mutations in the CLCN1 gene. Clinically, they are characterized by myotonia, defined as delayed muscle relaxation after voluntary contraction, which leads to symptoms of muscle stiffness, pain, fatigue, and weakness. Diagnosis is based on history and examination findings, the presence of electrical myotonia on electromyography, and genetic confirmation. In the absence of genetic confirmation, the diagnosis is supported by detailed electrophysiological testing, exclusion of other related disorders, and analysis of a variant of uncertain significance if present. Symptomatic treatment with a sodium channel blocker, such as mexiletine, is usually the first step in management, as well as educating patients about potential anesthetic complications.

Magnetic resonance imaging correlates with electrical impedance myography in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

INTRODUCTION: Electrical impedance myography (EIM) has been proposed as a noninvasive biomarker of muscle composition in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Here we determine the associations of EIM variables with muscle structure measured by MRI. METHODS: We evaluated 20 patients with FSHD at two centers, comparing EIM measurements (resistance, reactance, and phase at 50, 100, and 211 kHZ) recorded from bilateral vastus lateralis, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius muscles to MRI skin and subcutaneous fat thickness, MRI T1-based muscle severity score (T1 muscle score), and MRI quantitative intramuscular Dixon fat fraction (FF). RESULTS: While reactance and phase both correlated with FF and T1 muscle score, 50 kHz reactance was most sensitive to muscle structure alterations measured by both T1 score (ρ = -0.71, P < .001) and FF (ρ = -0.74, P < .001). DISCUSSION: This study establishes the correlation of EIM with structural MRI features in FSHD and supports further evaluation of EIM as a potential biomarker in FSHD clinical trials.

Randomized Trial of Thymectomy in Myasthenia Gravis.

BACKGROUND: Thymectomy has been a mainstay in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, but there is no conclusive evidence of its benefit. We conducted a multicenter, randomized trial comparing thymectomy plus prednisone with prednisone alone. METHODS: We compared extended transsternal thymectomy plus alternate-day prednisone with alternate-day prednisone alone. Patients 18 to 65 years of age who had generalized nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis with a disease duration of less than 5 years were included if they had Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America clinical class II to IV disease (on a scale from I to V, with higher classes indicating more severe disease) and elevated circulating concentrations of acetylcholine-receptor antibody. The primary outcomes were the time-weighted average Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis score (on a scale from 0 to 39, with higher scores indicating more severe disease) over a 3-year period, as assessed by means of blinded rating, and the time-weighted average required dose of prednisone over a 3-year period. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients underwent randomization between 2006 and 2012 at 36 sites. Patients who underwent thymectomy had a lower time-weighted average Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis score over a 3-year period than those who received prednisone alone (6.15 vs. 8.99, P<0.001); patients in the thymectomy group also had a lower average requirement for alternate-day prednisone (44 mg vs. 60 mg, P<0.001). Fewer patients in the thymectomy group than in the prednisone-only group required immunosuppression with azathioprine (17% vs. 48%, P<0.001) or were hospitalized for exacerbations (9% vs. 37%, P<0.001). The number of patients with treatment-associated complications did not differ significantly between groups (P=0.73), but patients in the thymectomy group had fewer treatment-associated symptoms related to immunosuppressive medications (P<0.001) and lower distress levels related to symptoms (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Thymectomy improved clinical outcomes over a 3-year period in patients with nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis. (Funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and others; MGTX ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00294658.).

Investigation of the psychometric properties of the inclusion body myositis functional rating scale with rasch analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The Inclusion Body Myositis Functional Rating Scale (IBMRFS) is a 10-item clinician-rated ordinal scale developed for people with inclusion body myositis. METHODS: Single observations of the IBMFRS were collected from 132 patients. After Rasch analysis, modifications were made to the scale to optimize fit to the Rasch model while maintaining clinical validity and utility. RESULTS: The original IBMFRS did not fit the assumptions of the Rasch model because of multidimensionality of the scale. Items assessed local dependence, disordered step thresholds, and differential item functioning. Deconstructing the scale into upper limb (IBMFRS-UL) and lower limb (IBMFRS-LL) scales improved fit to the Rasch model. A 9-item scale with the swallowing item removed (IBMFRS-9) remained multidimensional but demonstrated the ability to discriminate patients along the severity continuum. IBMFRS-UL, IBMFRS-LL, and IBMFRS-9 scores were transformed to a 0-100 scale for comparability. DISCUSSION: This analysis has led to the development of 3 optimized versions of the IBMFRS. Muscle Nerve 60: 161-168, 2019.

Long-term safety and efficacy of eculizumab in generalized myasthenia gravis.

INTRODUCTION: Eculizumab is effective and well tolerated in patients with antiacetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG; REGAIN; NCT01997229). We report an interim analysis of an open-label extension of REGAIN, evaluating eculizumab's long-term safety and efficacy. METHODS: Eculizumab (1,200 mg every 2 weeks for 22.7 months [median]) was administered to 117 patients. RESULTS: The safety profile of eculizumab was consistent with REGAIN; no cases of meningococcal infection were reported during the interim analysis period. Myasthenia gravis exacerbation rate was reduced by 75% from the year before REGAIN (P < 0.0001). Improvements with eculizumab in activities of daily living, muscle strength, functional ability, and quality of life in REGAIN were maintained through 3 years; 56% of patients achieved minimal manifestations or pharmacological remission. Patients who had received placebo during REGAIN experienced rapid and sustained improvements during open-label eculizumab (P < 0.0001). DISCUSSION: These findings provide evidence for the long-term safety and sustained efficacy of eculizumab for refractory gMG. Muscle Nerve 2019.

Rasagiline for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A randomized, controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Rasagiline is a monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor with possible neuroprotective effects in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS: We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 80 ALS participants with enrichment of the placebo group with historical controls (n = 177) at 10 centers in the United States. Participants were randomized in a 3:1 ratio to 2 mg/day rasagiline or placebo. The primary outcome was average slope of decline on the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R). Secondary measures included slow vital capacity, survival, mitochondrial and molecular biomarkers, and adverse-event reporting. RESULTS: There was no difference in the average 12-month ALSFRS-R slope between rasagiline and the mixed placebo and historical control cohorts. Rasagiline did not show signs of drug-target engagement in urine and blood biomarkers. Rasagiline was well tolerated with no serious adverse events. DISCUSSION: Rasagiline did not alter disease progression compared with controls over 12 months of treatment. Muscle Nerve 59:201-207, 2019.

Thymectomy may not be associated with clinical improvement in MuSK myasthenia gravis.

INTRODUCTION: A randomized trial demonstrated benefit from thymectomy in nonthymomatous acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-antibody positive myasthenia gravis (MG). Uncontrolled observational and histologic studies suggest thymectomy may not be efficacious in anti-muscle-specific kinase (MuSK)-MG. METHODS: The therapeutic impact of thymectomy was evaluated from data collected for a multicenter, retrospective blinded review of rituximab in MuSK-MG. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar between thymectomy (n = 26) and nonthymectomy (n = 29) groups, including treatment with rituximab (42% vs. 45%). At last visit, 35% of thymectomy subjects reached the primary endpoint, a Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) post-intervention status (PIS) score of minimal manifestations (MM) or better, compared with 55% of controls (P = 0.17). After controlling for age at onset of MG, rituximab, prednisone, and intravenous immunoglobulin/plasma exchange treatment, thymectomy was not associated with greater likelihood of favorable clinical outcome (odds ratio = 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.12-1.53, P = 0.19). DISCUSSION: Thymectomy was not associated with additional clinical improvement in this multicenter cohort of MuSK-MG patients. Muscle Nerve 59:404-410, 2019.

Dysregulation of B Cell Repertoire Formation in Myasthenia Gravis Patients Revealed through Deep Sequencing.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a prototypical B cell-mediated autoimmune disease affecting 20-50 people per 100,000. The majority of patients fall into two clinically distinguishable types based on whether they produce autoantibodies targeting the acetylcholine receptor (AChR-MG) or muscle specific kinase (MuSK-MG). The autoantibodies are pathogenic, but whether their generation is associated with broader defects in the B cell repertoire is unknown. To address this question, we performed deep sequencing of the BCR repertoire of AChR-MG, MuSK-MG, and healthy subjects to generate ∼518,000 unique VH and VL sequences from sorted naive and memory B cell populations. AChR-MG and MuSK-MG subjects displayed distinct gene segment usage biases in both VH and VL sequences within the naive and memory compartments. The memory compartment of AChR-MG was further characterized by reduced positive selection of somatic mutations in the VH CDR and altered VH CDR3 physicochemical properties. The VL repertoire of MuSK-MG was specifically characterized by reduced V-J segment distance in recombined sequences, suggesting diminished VL receptor editing during B cell development. Our results identify large-scale abnormalities in both the naive and memory B cell repertoires. Particular abnormalities were unique to either AChR-MG or MuSK-MG, indicating that the repertoires reflect the distinct properties of the subtypes. These repertoire abnormalities are consistent with previously observed defects in B cell tolerance checkpoints in MG, thereby offering additional insight regarding the impact of tolerance defects on peripheral autoimmune repertoires. These collective findings point toward a deformed B cell repertoire as a fundamental component of MG.

Toxic myopathies.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Our aim is to highlight major advances reported in the last few years in drug-induced muscle toxicity. RECENT FINDINGS: Our focus is on myopathies induced by statins and immune checkpoint inhibitors with a brief overview of rare steroid myopathies. Statin muscle injury is frequently because of direct toxicity rather than an autoimmune mechanism. Laboratory testing and muscle pathologic features distinguish these two conditions. Statin-associated necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (SANAM) is associated with an autoantibody in 66% of cases targeting the HMGCR enzyme. The later autoantibody is a marker for necrotizing autoimmune myopathy, regardless of statin exposure. In SANAM, MHC-I antigens are expressed on the surface of intact muscle fibers. Genetic HLA loci predispose patients exposed to statins to immunologic toxicity. SANAM requires long-term therapy with multiple immunosuppressive therapies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are powerful emerging therapies for advanced cancer that pause a novel therapeutic challenge. SUMMARY: This review is focused on statins, the most prevalent myotoxic drug class. In addition, we examine the accumulating body of evidence of muscle injury and its management with immune checkpoint inhibitors. We anticipate the reader to become more knowledgeable in recent discoveries related to these myotoxic drugs, and their mechanisms of action and management.

Using automated electronic medical record data extraction to model ALS survival and progression.

BACKGROUND: To assess the feasibility of using automated capture of Electronic Medical Record (EMR) data to build predictive models for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) outcomes. METHODS: We used an Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside search discovery tool to identify and extract data from 354 ALS patients from the University of Kansas Medical Center EMR. The completeness and integrity of the data extraction were verified by manual chart review. A linear mixed model was used to model disease progression. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the effects of BMI, gender, and age on survival. RESULTS: Data extracted from the EMR was sufficient to create simple models of disease progression and survival. Several key variables of interest were unavailable without including a manual chart review. The average ALS Functional Rating Scale - Revised (ALSFRS-R) baseline score at first clinical visit was 34.08, and average decline was - 0.64 per month. Median survival was 27 months after first visit. Higher baseline ALSFRS-R score and BMI were associated with improved survival, higher baseline age was associated with decreased survival. CONCLUSIONS: This study serves to show that EMR-captured data can be extracted and used to track outcomes in an ALS clinic setting, potentially important for post-marketing research of new drugs, or as historical controls for future studies. However, as automated EMR-based data extraction becomes more widely used there will be a need to standardize ALS data elements and clinical forms for data capture so data can be pooled across academic centers.