Topical application of povidone-iodine/dimethylsulfoxide ophthalmic gel preparation in Dutch-Belted rabbits.

Purpose: To determine the ocular and systemic toxicity of a novel, topically applied ophthalmic gel preparation of povidone-iodine (PVP-I) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in Dutch-Belted rabbits. Materials and Methods: Rabbits were administered doses of the test material or control by ocular instillation four times/eye/day, 7 d/week, for a minimum of 14 consecutive days. Dosing consisted of instillation of 50 µl of the appropriate test material solution or control material (saline) into each eye of the rabbit. On the last dose of the day, 250 µl of the appropriate test material solution or control material was applied to the eyelids of each eye. Results: Treatment-related clinical signs observed during the study were limited to mild non-inflammatory changes to the eyelids and eyelashes. There was no associated pathology upon histological examination of ocular or systemic tissues. Body weights and body weight gains were unaffected by treatment. Evaluation of clinical pathology profiles (haematology, coagulation, and clinical chemistry) did not reveal any test article-related toxicity and there were no macroscopic or microscopic findings at the terminal sacrifice. Conclusions: The compositions studied in the present investigation were developed to enable repeat-dosed application to the ocular surface and periocular skin surfaces without ocular, skin or systemic toxicity. The PVP-I/DMSO compositions tested did not cause any toxicity to the ocular surface or the periocular skin. Systemic toxicity from the preparations under study was not observed in any histological or gross pathological examination.

Incidence of endophthalmitis after corneal transplant or cataract surgery in a medicare population.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of infectious endophthalmitis after corneal transplant or cataract surgery, to evaluate the trend of endophthalmitis during the study period, and to assess demographic risk factors for endophthalmitis after surgeries. DESIGN: A retrospective population-based cohort study. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS: Study cohorts were derived from the Medicare claims databases, 2006 to 2011. Patients were continuously enrolled in Medicare Part A, Part B, and Part D. Patients undergoing corneal transplant or cataract surgery were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) procedure codes. METHODS: Endophthalmitis was defined in 3 different ways: (1) using ICD-9-CM codes (sensitive definition), (2) combining ICD-9-CM codes with Current Procedural Terminology, Fourth Edition (CPT-4) codes (specific definition), or (3) combining ICD-9-CM codes with antifungal prescriptions for endophthalmitis caused by fungal infection. Demographic risk factors for endophthalmitis were examined using multivariate Cox models. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence rates of endophthalmitis were calculated and compared for each definition of endophthalmitis at 6-week and 6-month intervals after corneal transplant or cataract surgery. RESULTS: The infectious endophthalmitis incidence rates ranged from 0.11% to 1.05% in the corneal transplant cohort, 0.06% to 0.20% in the cataract surgery cohort, and 0.16% to 0.68% in the concurrent surgery cohort, depending on the definition and time interval after surgery. Compared with the cataract surgery cohort, the corneal transplant cohort had a higher adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of endophthalmitis within the 6-week postoperative interval (HR, 2.744; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.544-4.880 in the sensitive definition and HR, 2.792; 95% CI, 1.146-6.802 in the specific definition) and within the 6-month postoperative interval (HR, 4.607; 95% CI, 3.144-6.752 for the sensitive definition and HR, 4.385; 95% CI, 2.245-8.566 for the specific definition). CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to monitor the trend of infectious endophthalmitis after corneal transplant or cataract surgery through examining Medicare claims databases as long as a consistent definition of endophthalmitis is used. The annual incidence of endophthalmitis was stable over time during the study period for both corneal transplant and cataract surgery procedures; however, there was a wider year-to-year variation for the corneal transplant cohort.

A Phase I, Single Ascending Dose Study of GEM103 (Recombinant Human Complement Factor H) in Patients with Geographic Atrophy.

Purpose: To establish the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of an intravitreal injection of recombinant human complement factor H (CFH), GEM103, in individuals with genetically defined age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and geographic atrophy (GA). Design: Phase I single ascending-dose, open-label clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT04246866). Participants: Twelve individuals 50 years of age or older with a confirmed diagnosis of foveal GA in the study eye. Methods: Participants were assigned to the increasing dose cohorts and received 1 50-µl intravitreal injection of GEM103 at doses of 50 µg/eye, 100 µg/eye, 250 µg/eye, or 500 µg/eye; dose escalation was dependent on the occurrence of dose-limiting toxicities. Main Outcome Measures: Safety assessments included ocular and systemic adverse events (AEs), ocular examinations, clinical laboratory and vital signs, and serum antidrug antibody levels. Biomarkers, measured in the aqueous humor (AH), included CFH and complement activation biomarkers factor Ba and complement component 3a. Results: No dose-limiting toxicities were reported, enabling escalation to the maximum study dose. No anti-GEM103 antidrug antibodies were detected during the study. Four participants experienced AEs; these were nonserious, mild or moderate in severity, and unrelated to GEM103. The AEs in 2 of these participants were related to the intravitreal injection procedure. No clinically significant ophthalmic changes and no ocular inflammation were observed. Visual acuity was maintained and stable throughout the 8-week follow-up period. No choroidal neovascularization occurred. CFH levels increased in a dose-dependent manner after GEM103 administration with supraphysiological levels observed at week 1; levels were more than baseline for 8 weeks or more in all participants receiving single doses of 100 µg or more. Complement activation biomarkers were reduced 7 days after dose administration. Conclusions: A single intravitreal administration of GEM103 (up to 500 µg/eye) was well tolerated in individuals with GA. Of the few mild or moderate AEs reported, none were determined to be related to GEM103. No intraocular inflammation or choroidal neovascularization developed. CFH levels in AH were increased and stable for 8 weeks, with pharmacodynamic data suggesting that GEM103 restored complement regulation. These results support further development in a repeat-dose trial in patients with GA with AMD.

Gene Therapy in Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration: Three-Year Follow-up of a Phase 1 Randomized Dose Escalation Trial.

PURPOSE: To assess the safety of rAAV.sFlt-1 subretinal injection in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD) over 36 months. DESIGN: Phase 1 dose escalation trial. METHODS: Eight subjects with advanced, treatment-experienced wet AMD were randomly assigned (3:1) to treatment and non-gene therapy control groups. Eligible subjects were ≥65 years, had wet AMD, and had best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) 10/200 to 20/80 in the study eye and 20/200 or better in the other eye. Three of the treatment group subjects received low-dose (1 × 1010 vector genomes) and 3 high-dose (1 × 1011 vector genomes) rAAV.sFLT-1 via subretinal injection. Study monitoring was monthly to the primary endpoint at month 12 and then protocol-driven follow-up study visits were conducted at months 18 and 36. All subjects received intravitreal ranibizumab at baseline and at week 4, and retreatment injections at subsequent visits based on prespecified criteria for active wet AMD. The primary endpoint was ocular and systemic safety, but exploratory data including BCVA, retinal center point thickness, and the number of ranibizumab retreatments at and between study visits were also analyzed. RESULTS: Six of the 8 subjects completed the 36-month study. Subretinal injection with pars plana vitrectomy was well tolerated in this cohort. No ocular or systemic safety signals were observed during the long-term follow-up period. Exploratory data analysis suggests stability of wet AMD over the 36-month period. CONCLUSIONS: Subretinal delivery of rAAV.sFLT-1 was well tolerated and demonstrated a favourable safety profile through month 36. Thus, rAAV.sFLT-1 could be safely considered for future evaluation in the treatment of wet AMD.

Phase 2a Randomized Clinical Trial: Safety and Post Hoc Analysis of Subretinal rAAV.sFLT-1 for Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration.

BACKGROUND: We present the results of a Phase 2a randomized controlled trial investigating the safety, and secondary endpoints of subretinal rAAV.sFLT-1 gene therapy in patients with active wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD). METHODS: All patients (n=32), (ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT01494805), received ranibizumab injections at baseline and week 4, and thereafter according to prespecified criteria. Patients in the gene therapy group (n=21) received rAAV.sFLT-1 (1×1011vg). All patients were assessed every 4weeks to the week 52 primary endpoint. FINDINGS: Ocular adverse events (AEs) in the rAAV.sFLT-1 group were mainly procedure related and self-resolved. All 11 phakic patients in the rAAV.sFLT-1 group showed progression of cataract following vitrectomy. No systemic safety signals were observed and none of the serious AEs were associated with rAAV.sFLT-1. AAV2 capsid was not detected and rAAV.sFLT-1 DNA was detected transiently in the tears of 13 patients. ELISPOT analysis did not identify any notable changes in T-cell response. In the rAAV.sFLT-1 group 12 patients had neutralizing antibodies (nAb) to AAV2. There was no change in sFLT-1 levels in bodily fluids. In the rAAV.sFLT-1 group, Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) improved by a median of 1.0 (IQR: -3.0 to 9.0) Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters from baseline compared to a median of -5.0 (IQR: -17.5 to 1.0) ETDRS letters change in the control group. Twelve (57%) patients in the rAAV.sFLT-1 group maintained or improved vision compared to 4 (36%) in the control group. The median number of ranibizumab retreatments was 2.0 (IQR: 1.0 to 6.0) for the gene therapy group compared to 4.0 (IQR: 3.5 to 4.0) for the control group. Interpretation rAAV.sFLT-1 combined with the option for co-treatment appears to be a safe and promising approach to the treatment of wAMD. FUNDING: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (AP1010405), Lions Eye Institute, Perth Australia, Avalanche Biotechnologies, Menlo Pk, CA, USA.