[Serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella strains recovered from environmental samples between 2008-2014]. / 2008-2014 yillari arasinda çevresel örneklerden izole edilen Salmonella suslarinin serotip dagilimi ve antimikrobiyal duyarliliklari.

Despite the measures taken and control applications worldwide, Salmonella infections continue to threat the public health. Since these infections also cause significant economical loss, the salmonellas continue to be forefront globally. The determination of Salmonella serotypes and their sources is important for epidemiological point of view. In this study, serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of environmental isolates of Salmonella spp. recovered from the poultry farms, that were send for confirmation and serotyping between seven years period, 2008-2014, were evaluated. Strains isolated from environmental samples that were sent to Public Health Institute, Department of Microbiology Reference Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for Enteric Pathogens, were inoculated onto Salmonella-Shigella and Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate agar and evaluated after 18-24 hours of incubation at 37°C. The identification of the strains was performed by using standard biochemical tests from the suspected colonies. Strains compatible with Salmonella spp. were serotyped using polyvalent and monovalent Salmonella O and H antisera by slide agglutination method. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed and evaluated according to CLSI recommendation using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. In our study, a total of 2011 Salmonella strains were evaluated and 15 different serogroups and 75 different serotypes were identified. The most common Salmonella serotypes were S.Infantis (30.6%), followed by S.Enteritidis (21.8%), S.Typhimurium (6.5%), S.Kottbus (5.2%), S.Tennessee (4.3%), S.Mbandaka (4.1%), S.Indiana (3.9%), S.Kentucky (3%), S.Corvallis (2.5%), S.Paratyphi B (1.9%) and S.Hadar (1.7%). Among the isolates, 50.1% (1008/2011) were found susceptible to all of the tested antimicrobials. The rate of isolates that were resistant to only one drug was found to be 15.6%, whereas 30.9% of the strains showed multi-drug resistance (resistant to ≥ 3 antimicrobial drugs). Antimicrobial resistance rates of the Salmonella strains were as follows; nalidixic acid 35.9%, tetracycline 30%, sulfonamides 27.5%, trimethoprim 25.6%, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 25.4%, streptomycin 23.4% and ampicillin 13.5%, respectively. The highest resistance rates for streptomycin (91.4%) ampicillin (88.6%) and tetracycline (88.6%) were observed in S.Hadar strains; for sulfonamide (82.2%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (78.2%) in S.Infantis strains, and for nalidixic acid in S.Indiana (97.4%), S.Hadar (91.4%) and S.Infantis (88.8%) strains. In conclusion, the origins, serotypes and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the strains should be defined for the management of Salmonella infections which are still today a global problem.

Panton-Valentine leucocidin gene carriage among Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from skin and soft tissue infections in Turkey.

OBJECTIVES: Regardless of methicillin resistance, Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL)-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates are associated with various types of infections and outbreaks. Limited data exist about the PVL content of S. aureus strains in Turkey. In this multicentre study, we aimed to assess the PVL positivity and antimicrobial susceptibilities of S. aureus isolates recovered from skin and soft tissue samples of both community and nosocomial origin in the study period, 2007-08. METHODS: Two hundred and forty-two [92 community-acquired (CA) and 150 hospital-acquired (HA)] isolates were included in the study. Analysis of mecA and PVL was carried out using PCR. All isolates underwent susceptibility testing according to the CLSI. RESULTS: Out of 242 isolates, 77 were mecA positive. PVL was not found among methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates, but 8 (5.3%) HA methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 14 (15.2%) CA-MSSA, mostly isolated from furuncles (71.4%), were positive for PVL. Among PVL-positive strains, the penicillin resistance rate was 90.9%. Low resistance rates, <10%, were detected for erythromycin, fusidic acid and co-trimoxazole. PVL-positive strains showed higher rates of susceptibility to erythromycin, gentamicin and rifampicin than negative isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings of this study, infection related to PVL-carrying CA-MRSA is not at an alarmingly high level, but population-based surveillance studies should be done to determine the real status.