The golden hour in shock management: do a lot, do it quickly.

Cardiogenic shock can be defined as a state of inadequate organ perfusion linked primarily to cardiac pump dysfunction. The two predominant causes of this condition are acute myocardial infarction and acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF). In recent years, a significant increase in cases of cardiogenic shock from ADHF has been described. Recent evidence has defined that the factors with the greatest impact on the prognosis in this context are the early clinical assessment, the definition of the aetiology, the timely application of pharmacological therapies, or individualized mechanical supports for the circulation. Haemodynamic monitoring can help in the phenotyping of cardiogenic shock and therefore guide therapeutic choices, especially if implemented with the aid of advanced monitoring tools such as the Swan-Ganz catheter. Finally, the presence of a dedicated shock team in the 'hub' centres is fundamental, which facilitates the choice of the best therapeutic strategy on a case-by-case basis.

Acute heart failure: differential diagnosis and treatment.

Acute heart failure is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome and is the first cause of unplanned hospitalization in people >65 years. Patients with heart failure may have different clinical presentations according to clinical history, pre-existing heart disease, and pattern of intravascular congestion. A comprehensive assessment of clinical, echocardiographic, and laboratory data should aid in clinical decision-making and treatment. In some cases, a more accurate evaluation of patient haemodynamics via a pulmonary artery catheter may be necessary to undertake and guide escalation and de-escalation of therapy, especially when clinical, echo, and laboratory data are inconclusive or in the presence of right ventricular dysfunction. Similarly, a pulmonary artery catheter may be useful in patients with cardiogenic shock undergoing mechanical circulatory support. With the subsequent de-escalation of therapy and haemodynamic stabilization, the implementation of guideline-directed medical therapy should be pursued to reduce the risk of subsequent heart failure hospitalization and death, paying particular attention to the recognition and treatment of residual congestion.

Evolution of Cardiogenic Shock Management and Development of a Multidisciplinary Team-Based Approach: Ten Years Experience of a Single Center.

Background: The management of cardiogenic shock (CS) after ACS has evolved over time, and the development of a multidisciplinary team-based approach has been shown to improve outcomes, although mortality remains high. Methods: All consecutive patients with ACS-CS admitted at our CICU from March 2012 to July 2021 were included in this single-center retrospective study. In 2019, we established a "shock team" consisting of a cardiac intensivist, an interventional cardiologist, an anesthetist, and a cardiac surgeon. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Results: We included 167 patients [males 67%; age 71 (61-80) years] with ischemic CS. The proportion of SCAI shock stages from A to E were 3.6%, 6.6%, 69.4%, 9.6%, and 10.8%, respectively, with a mean baseline serum lactate of 5.2 (3.1-8.8) mmol/L. Sixty-six percent of patients had severe LV dysfunction, and 76.1% needed ≥ 1 inotropic drug. Mechanical cardiac support (MCS) was pursued in 91.1% [65% IABP, 23% Impella CP, 4% VA-ECMO]. From March 2012 to July 2021, we observed a significative temporal trend in mortality reduction from 57% to 29% (OR = 0.90, p = 0.0015). Over time, CS management has changed, with a significant increase in Impella catheter use (p = 0.0005) and a greater use of dobutamine and levosimendan (p = 0.015 and p = 0.0001) as inotropic support. In-hospital mortality varied across SCAI shock stages, and the SCAI E profile was associated with a poor prognosis regardless of patient age (OR 28.50, p = 0.039). Conclusions: The temporal trend mortality reduction in CS patients is multifactorial, and it could be explained by the multidisciplinary care developed over the years.