Prevalence and characteristics of children with mild intellectual disability in a French county.

BACKGROUND: Studies conducted on mild intellectual disability (MID) in children are infrequent and the prevalence rates vary widely. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of MID in children in a French county (Isère), to describe the clinical signs and associated comorbidities, and to specify the aetiologies of this disability. METHODS: The target population was comprised of the 15 100 children born in 1997 residing in Isère County, France, in 2008. Our goal was to find the children in this group with MID diagnosed between 9 and 13 years of age. MID was defined as an overall IQ score of between 50 and 69 [International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10)]; this definition was adjusted for the study by integrating confidence intervals so that the risk of IQ measurement relativity and possible discrepancy of scores could be taken into account. Children were identified through an administrative data source designed to assist disabled persons that contains health information, and an educational data source. Parents who agreed to let their children participate responded to an in-depth questionnaire on their child's medical and academic history. A genetic investigation was proposed for those children whose MID had an unknown aetiology. RESULTS: The preliminary selection included 267 children, resulting in a prevalence rate of 18 per 1000 (CI [15.6; 19.9]), within the expected mean. Of these 267 cases, 181 families agreed to participate in the study (68%). MID more often affected boys [male gender ratio = 1.4 (CI [1.2; 1.6])], low socioeconomic groups, and families with a history of intellectual disability. The clinical signs and comorbidities associated with MID were very frequent, with 54% spoken language disorders and 10% pervasive developmental disorder. Only 9% of the children had undergone a genetic investigation before the study. The known aetiology rate for MID was 19% among all the children who had had genetic tests performed. CONCLUSION: MID is an important public health issue based on its prevalence. The associated clinical signs and comorbidities may be warning signs of MID in case of learning difficulties. This study may help decision-makers to develop and organise screening and care for MID.

Public health issues and health rendezvous for migrants from conflict zones in Ukraine: A French practice guideline.

Given the number of people leaving the war zone in Ukraine and arriving in France, the French high council for public health (HCSP) has drawn up a number of recommendations. The experts have taken into account the vulnerability of migrant populations, which is exacerbated by (a) promiscuity that increases the risk of exposure to infectious agents; (b) the psychological consequences of conflict, family separation and exile; (c) prevalence in Ukraine of communicable diseases such as (possibly multi-resistant) tuberculosis, HIV and HCV; (d) low vaccination coverage (risk of circulation of poliovirus) and (e) the risk of spreading infectious diseases (Covid-19, measles…). Consequently, experts recommend that priority be given to: (i) Initial (immediate) reception, which will help to provide emergency care and to assess immediate needs (psychological disorders, risk of medication breakdown and risk of infection); (ii) Other priority measures (vaccination catch-up, including vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and mandatory vaccination for children's entry into school, screening for post-traumatic stress disorder and tuberculosis) must be implemented as soon as feasible. At this stage, it is imperative: To ensure coordination and access to information throughout the country, by providing medico-social support (opening of social rights and access to care); To digitize medical data for the purposes of traceability; To use professional interpreting and/or health facilitators, or else, if necessary, digital translation tools. (iii) Finally, experts stress the need for vigilance in terms of management, conservation of social rights and continuity of care after the initial period, and organization of a "health rendezvous" within four months of a migrant's entering the country.

Colonoscopy practices, and colorectal cancer and polyp screening, as assessed in the French district of Isère from May to July in 2004.

BACKGROUND: A pilot program of organized screening for colorectal cancers was conducted in Isère, an administrative district in France. A fecal occult blood test (Hemoccult II(®)) was proposed for all individuals aged greater than 50 years (women since 1991 and men since 2002), followed by colonoscopy for those testing positive. A prospective study was carried out from May to July in 2004 and compared with a similar study conducted in 1996. The goal was to investigate colonoscopy practices, especially the role of screening. METHODS: Gastroenterologists practising in Isère (n=39/42 practitioners) completed a questionnaire including their patients' age and gender, indications, methods and results for all colonoscopies performed in those aged greater than 20 years. Any tissue samples taken were sent away for histological evaluation. RESULTS: The study involved 2558 colonoscopies (54% female, 73% patients aged greater or equal to 50 years), an increase of 35% from 1996 to 2004. Of the patients referred, 50.0% were symptomatic (pain; bowel problems: 28.7%; rectal bleeding: 21.3%), 23.5% had colonic disease and 22.5% came from screening (3.1% had positive stool tests, 17.8% had a family history). Recommendations related to family history (update of the 1998 consensus conference: screening indicated for patients with a first-degree relative diagnosed with cancer or advanced polyps aged less than 60 years) were well applied in terms of relatedness (81%) but, in 52% of cases, the age was greater than 60 years. Colonoscopy was carried out in almost all cases (0.1% failure), with complications in 0.4% of the examinations. Of the 2558 colonoscopies performed, 10% revealed advanced polyps or cancer: 30% were following a positive test compared with 8% for symptoms and 6% with a family history. Multivariate analyses showed that polyps greater or equal to 10mm or malignant tumors are 1.5 times more common in men than in women, and six times more frequently seen in patients having colonoscopy following a positive test for blood in stools than in those with a family history of colorectal cancer. The number of pathologies found increased significantly in those aged greater than 50 years. CONCLUSION: This cross-sectional survey of colonoscopy practices in Isère shows an increase in the number of colonoscopies performed between 1996 and 2004. This increase is not explained by expansion of the screening program, which was the reason for only 3% of colonoscopies. However, the best diagnostic yield for advanced polyps or cancers was obtained in screened patients (30%).

[Evaluation of the follow-up of women aged 50-74 years after cervical cytological Ascus abnormalities in cancer screening: adherence to clinical practice guidelines in Isere, France; 1991-2000]. / Evaluation de la prise en charge des femmes de 50 à 74 ans après frottis du col de l'utérus répondu Ascus dans un dépistage organisé en Isère 1991-2000 : application de la conduite à tenir de l'Agence nationale d'accréditation et d'évaluation en santé.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to compare to the guideline (1998 and 2001) the follow-up of Ascus cytological abnormalities among women aged 50-74 years who have participated at the combined breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening programme from 1991 to 2000 in Isère, France. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The follow-up of 1154 women with Ascus smear was analysed. A woman was defined according follow-up if she have made a colposcopy or biopsy less than four months after one positive smear or if she has repeated three smears: 3-7 months and 10-14 months after the positive smear and 1 year after the last negative smear. RESULTS: The follow-up was according to guidelines for 28.4% of the 1154 women (150 women are unknowns), 58.6% had a follow-up with too long delay and 17.2% had an uncompleted follow-up. The follow-up did not differ before 1998. It did not differ from women age. Women who were treated by gynaecologist (548) had a better follow-up (according: 35.4%) than the women who were treated by a general practitioner (595). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The follow-up of Ascus cytological abnormalities is not according to guideline. The follow-up in the screening program will be intensified.

[Sensitivity and specificity of the breast screening program in the Isere region based on positive results between 1991 and 1999]. / Analyse de la sensibilité et de la spécificité des mammographies en fonction des taux de tests positifs dans le programme de dépistage organisé de l'Isère de 1991 à 1999.

PURPOSE: The screening program guidelines specify that the call back rate of women for additional imaging (positive mammogram) should not exceed 7% at initial screening, and 5% at subsequent screening. Materials and methods. Results in the Isere region (12%) have prompted a review of the correlation between the call back rate and indicators of quality (detection rate, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value) for the radiologists providing interpretations during that time period. RESULTS: Three groups of radiologists were identified: the group with call back rate of 10% achieved the best results (sensitivity: 92%, detection rate: 0.53%, specificity: 90%). The group with lowest call back rate (7.7%) showed insufficient sensitivity (58%). The last group with call back rate of 18.3%, showed no improvement in sensitivity (82%) and detection rate (0.53%), but showed reduced specificity (82%). CONCLUSION: The protocol update in 2001 does not resolve this problematic situation and national results continue to demonstrate a high percentage of positive screening mammograms. A significant increase in the number of positive screening examinations compared to recommended guidelines is not advantageous and leads to an overall decrease in the quality of the screening.

[Schooling and care of mild intellectual disability children]. / Parcours scolaire et prise en charge médico-éducative des enfants avec déficience intellectuelle légère.

Studies on mild intellectual disability (MID) are scarce. The aim of this study was to describe the educational and medical care trajectories and their determinants in children with MID. The study population concerned children born in 1997 and resident in a French county (Isère) in 2008. MID was defined as an overall IQ score between 50 and 69. For the present study, this definition was adjusted by integrating the IQ confidence intervals so that the risk of IQ measurement relativity and possible score discrepancy could be taken into account. Of the 267 children included, 180 (67%) were identified through an institute that decides upon special education and allowances (MDPH) and 87 (33%) through the educational system. The parents of 181 children (68%) accepted to answer a telephone questionnaire, describing their child's educational and medical history. Children with MID frequently presented clinical signs and comorbidities. Educational trajectories were quite varied: a majority of the children (52.9%) were oriented toward sections with adapted general and professional education (SEGPA) after finishing primary school, a minority (41.3%) were oriented towards specialized schools, such as medical-educational institutions, and a small proportion of children (5.8%) stayed in ordinary school. Children followed the SEGPA orientation more frequently when a relative written language disorder was present, and autism-spectrum disorders or other clinical signs were absent. Concerning follow-up care and rehabilitation, children mostly took part in speech therapy (76.2%) and psychotherapy (55.8%). The French law dating from 2005, ensuring equal opportunity for people with disabilities, has borne fruit in the diversification of educational trajectories.

[The anticancer regional office, a screening facility in Isère]. / L'Office départemental de lutte contre le cancer, une structure de dépistage en Isère.

The Isère anticancer departmental office (ODLC) created by order in June 1981, assumes the responsibility of screening. Since 1991 its action has focused on breast cancer mass screening in women aged 50 to 69 years, as well as cervix, colon and rectum carcinomas for the same age group. The board of directors includes politicians and representatives of administrative services from, DASS, DISS, CHU, cancer registry, centre d'études nucléaires, University Joseph Fourier, the French Medical Association, medical trade-unions, CPAM, and charitable organizations. Its budget for 1995 was 3.6 million FF, subsidized up to 90% by the regional council. After being invited by CPAM or private insurances, each woman is submitted to a consultation with a general practitioner or gynecologist who fill in the questionnaire, perform a clinical examination (including PAP smears), prescribe a mammography and give a hemoccult test. This mass screening is free of charge thanks to FNPIES, CPAM and private insurances. ODLC seems to be the most qualified structure of coordination and follow-up to take charge of a departmental mass screening.

[Campaign for cervical cancer screening with vaginal smears in women aged 50-69 years in Isère (France). Results of the first round (January 1991-June 1993)]. / Campagne de dépistage du cancer du col utérin par frottis cervicovaginaux chez les femmes de 50 à 69 ans en Isère. Résultats de la première vague (janvier 1991-juin 1993).

The department of Isère, which is involved since 1990 in a breast cancer screening campaign concerning women aged 50 to 69, has managed to associate a cervical and colorectal cancers screening program. The target sample size is 98,000 individuals. Women are asked to refer their general practitioner or gynaecologist for cervicovaginal smears. Each woman is invited at a screening interval of 30 months. The results of the first invitation (November 1990-December 1992) are reported. Thus 29,570 women did referred, so that the screening uptake is 30% and 20,083 women (68%) had Pap smears inside the screening program. 1.1% of the smears were unsatisfactory and 1.2% of the tests showed abnormalities. Ninety-six percent of the women who had been referred for further examinations have been followed up. Thirty-eight women (representing 17% of smears with abnormalities) had surgery (conisation, hysterectomy, Wertheim). Among them, 5 cases of invasive cervical carcinoma and 25 in situ carcinoma were detected. The detected cancer prevalence per 1,000 women screened is 1.5/1000. An organised screening program for cervical cancer in association with breast cancer screening, seems to be an effective way of increasing smears realisation in women aged 50 to 69, and of involving general practitioners in cervical cancer screening.

[Simultaneous screening of cancers of the breast, cervix, colon and rectum. The Isère experience]. / Dépistage simultané des cancers du sein, du col utérin, du côlon et du rectum. Expérience de l'Isère.

The mass screening program for cancer in the Isere department offers women between 50 and 69 years a medical consultation and three tests: mammography for breast cancer screening, Pap smear for cervical cancer screening, and hemoccult for colorectal cancer. During the first round, 29,570 women took part in the program, 21% had a mammography, 20% Pap smears and 25% a hemoccult. In breast cancer screening, the rate for further examination was 11.9%, the breast cancer detection rate was 5.4 per 1,000 women screened and the detection rate of invasive tumor < or = 10 mm: 2.0 per 1,000. In cervical cancer screening, the rate of abnormal examinations was 1.2%. The cervical cancer detection rate was 1.5 per 1,000. The rate of positive hemoccult was 2.7% and the rate of colorectal cancers and polyps 10 mm or larger was 2.7 per 1000. Results of screening are satisfying, but compliance rate is too low. Acceptance rate must be examined in following rounds.

[Infant mortality trends compared with trends in handicapped children in Isere, 1976-1985]. / Comparaison de l'évolution de la mortalité infantile et de l'évolution des handicaps de l'enfant en Isère, 1976-1985.

Since 1960 progress in obstetric and neonatology modified the survival chance of babies and the pattern of mortality causes. With the information available in the death certificates the aim was to analyse the trends in infant mortality for all 0-1 year children deaths occurring from 1976 to 1991, and to look at its influence on disabled children prevalence rates. The study was conducted in Isere (France) and include 1702 infant deaths. A part from death groups with perinatal disease and/or with congenital defects, a group of deaths with risk factor of disability was identified. This group represented 43% of all the infantile deaths and showed a significant decreasing trend, very similar to the decrease of the early neonatal mortality component (until 1983). However, during the same period, for the disabled children prevalence and for the other infant mortality components, no significant variation was found. The decrease of the deaths with risk factor of disability suggests some influence on the disabled children prevalence.

[Vaccination practices following the end of compulsory BCG vaccination. A cross-sectional survey of general practitioners and pediatricians]. / Pratiques vaccinales déclarées suite à la levée de l'obligation de vaccination généralisée par le BCG. Enquête auprès des médecins généralistes et des pédiatres.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis prevention has been based on generalized BCG vaccination in France since 1949. The aim of this cross-sectional survey was to assess the impact of the change in BCG administration (in January 2006) and the end of compulsory vaccination (in July 2007). METHOD: A self-administered postal questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 2248 physicians practicing in 6 departments in the Rhône-Alpes region in 2008. RESULTS: Overall, 923 questionnaires were analyzed. The median age of the respondents was 52 years, 67 % were male, 93 % were general practitioners, and 91 % practiced in private practice offices. The median number of BCG vaccines administered on a quarterly basis was 5 (interquartile range [IQR], 3-10) before January 2006, one (IQR, 0-3) between January 2006 and July 2007, and zero (IQR, 0-1) after July 2007 (P<0.001). The rate of BCG vaccination was significantly lower for male physicians, physicians older than 50 years, general practitioners, practitioners working in private offices, and for some departments. Thirty-nine percent of the physicians were informed of the national program against tuberculosis 2007-2009, and 41 % wished to be trained in the practice of intradermal vaccination. CONCLUSION: This survey suggests that the withdrawal of Monovax and the lifting of generalized vaccination requirements were followed by a substantial decrease in the number of BCG vaccinations. The intradermal route constitutes an obstacle for BCG vaccination that might be overcome by specific training.