Prognostic value of the S100B protein in newly diagnosed and recurrent glioma patients: a serial analysis.

The S100B protein is associated with brain damage and a breached blood-brain barrier. A previous pilot study showed that high serum levels of S100B are associated with shorter survival in glioma patients. The aim of our study was to assess the prognostic value in terms of survival and longitudinal dynamics of serum S100B for patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent glioma. We obtained blood samples from patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent glioma before the start (baseline) and at fixed time-points during temozolomide chemotherapy. S100B-data were dichotomized according to the upper limit of the reference value of 0.1 µg/L. Overall survival (OS) was estimated with Kaplan-Meier curves and groups were compared with the log rank analysis. To correct for potential confounders a Cox regression analysis was used. We included 86 patients with newly-diagnosed and 27 patients with recurrent glioma. Most patients in both groups had baseline serum levels within normal limits. In the newly diagnosed patients we found no significant difference in OS between the group of patients with S100B levels >0.1 µg/L at baseline compared to those with <0.1 µg/L. In the patients with recurrent glioma we found a significantly shorter OS for patients with raised levels. In both groups, S100B values did not change significantly throughout the course of the disease. Serum S100B levels do not seem to have prognostic value in newly diagnosed glioma patients. In recurrent glioma patients S100B might be of value in terms of prognostication of survival.

CSF neurofilament and N-acetylaspartate related brain changes in clinically isolated syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Axonal damage is considered a major cause of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) and may start early in the disease. Specific biomarkers for this process are of great interest. OBJECTIVE: To study if cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for axonal damage reflect and predict disease progression already in the earliest stages of the disease, that is, in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). METHODS: We assessed CSF levels of neurofilament heavy (NFH), neurofilament light (NFL) and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in 67 patients with CIS and 18 controls with neuropsychiatric diseases of non-inflammatory aetiology (NC). Patients with CIS underwent baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3T, and a follow-up MRI after 1 year was obtained in 28 of them. RESULTS: Compared with NC, patients with CIS had higher NFH (p=0.05) and NFL (p<0.001) levels. No significant group differences were found for NAA. Patients' NFH levels correlated with physical disability (r=0.304, p<0.05) and with change in brain volume over 1 year of follow-up (r=-0.518, p<0.01) but not with change in T2 lesion load. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm increased neurofilament levels already in CIS being related to the level of physical disability. The association of NFH levels with brain volume but not lesion volume changes supports the association of these markers with axonal damage.

Age independent first trimester screening for Down syndrome: improvement in test performance.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare screening performance for Down syndrome of the absolute risk (AR) method to the first trimester combined test (FCT) at different maternal ages. METHODS: There was a retrospective analysis of 32,448 FCT. AR was defined as final risk divided by maternal age risk. RESULTS: The likelihood of receiving a true prediction was comparable between both methods in all age groups. With the AR method, two extra Down syndrome cases were detected in women <30 years, three cases were missed in women ≥36 years, and the likelihood of receiving a false prediction decreased overall (OR 0.82, CI 0.77-0.87; P < 0.0001), in women aged 36-40 years (0.45, CI 0.41-0.51; P < 0.0001), in women aged 41-45 years (0.18, CI 0.13-0.26; P < 0.0001) and increased in women aged ≤25 years (2.12, CI 1.52-2.96; P < 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The AR method results in a significant decreased likelihood of receiving a false prediction with a comparable likelihood of receiving a true prediction. Thus, fewer invasive diagnostic tests will be performed. It will take away the misunderstanding about differences in screening performance for women of different ages. This might lead to a higher uptake of first trimester screening resulting in a more efficient screening policy.

Increased plasma 8,12-iso-iPF2alpha- VI levels in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients are not predictive of disease progression.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress plays an important role in multiple sclerosis (MS). Isoprostanes are biomarkers for oxidative stress and have been related to neurological disease progression. OBJECTIVE: To study whether plasma isoprostane levels were related to disease progression in MS. METHODS: Plasma levels of 8,12-iso-iPF2alpha-VI were determined in 17 patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), 41 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients and 5 primary progressive MS (PPMS) patients and related to MRI and clinical disease parameters. RESULTS: Isoprostane levels were similar in CIS (60.9, interquartile range (IQR): 47.7-77.7 pg/ml) and RRMS patients (65.3, IQR: 51.9-82.8 pg/ml). The plasma levels were lower in PPMS patients (42.5, IQR: 37.1-49.9) pg/ml, p<0.05) compared to CIS and RRMS patients in this cohort, which was not confirmed in a second cohort. Baseline isoprostane levels were not related to clinical progression defined by conversion form CIS to RRMS or change in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) or MS Functional Composite (MSFC) scores during six years of follow-up (CIS + RRMS), nor to change in volume of gadolinium enhancing lesions, T2 lesion load or T1 hypointense lesion load during 2.8 years of follow-up (CIS + RRMS). CONCLUSION: These results do not support a strong role of 8,12-iso-iPF2alpha-VI in the prediction of disease progression in MS.

No effects of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on serum total testosterone levels in older men: the Alpha Omega Trial.

The intake of the n-3 fatty acids alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been related to testosterone levels in epidemiological analyses. The aim of this study was to assess whether the n-3 fatty acids affects testosterone levels in post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients, who are at risk of testosterone deficiency. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose supplementation of n-3 fatty acids, we included 1850 male post-MI patients aged 60-80 years who participated in the Alpha Omega Trial. Patients were randomly allocated to margarines that provided 400 mg/day of EPA-DHA (n = 453), 2 mg/day of ALA (n = 467), EPA-DHA plus ALA (n = 458), or placebo (n = 472). Serum testosterone levels were assessed at baseline and after 41 months using whole day blood samples obtained at the subjects' home or at the hospital. Subjects were on average age of 68.4 (SD 5.3) years old and had baseline mean serum total testosterone of 14.8 (SD 5.6) nmol/L. The four randomized groups did not differ for baseline characteristics. ALA, EPA-DHA, and EPA-DHA plus ALA supplementation did not affect serum total testosterone compared to placebo. Moreover, n-3 fatty acid supplementation did not affect the risk of incident testosterone deficiency (n = 76 with total testosterone <8.0 nmol/L). We conclude that n-3 fatty acids supplementation did not affect serum total testosterone in men who had had a MI.

Frequency distribution of polymorphisms in the FSH receptor gene in infertility patients of different ethnicity.

Studies on the frequency distribution of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) polymorphisms report conflicting results. It has been suggested that ethnicity might influence these outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the frequency distribution of FSHR polymorphisms at position 680 of exon 10 within a large group of women with fertility problems from different ethnic backgrounds. A total of 1771 women of different ethnic origin (Caucasian, Asian, Hindustani, Creole and Mediterranean) were studied. FSHR single-nucleotide polymorphisms at codon 680 of exon 10 were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism of amplicons generated by polymerase chain reaction. Genotypes were compared with serum FSH concentrations and between different ethnic groups. A significantly lower number of Asians (10.5%) were found to have the Ser680Ser receptor variant compared with Caucasians (21.5%) and Mediterraneans (22.3%) (P = 0.010). FSH concentrations did not differ between the various ethnic groups, or the different FSHR polymorphisms. In conclusion, the Ser680Ser receptor variant is less common in the Asian subgroup compared with Caucasians and Mediterraneans. This indicates that, when comparing allelic frequency distributions of the FSHR polymorphism variants, ethnic background should be accounted for. FSH concentrations did not differ between FSHR polymorphisms or between ethnic groups.

First trimester screening for intra-uterine growth restriction and early-onset pre-eclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess first trimester placental growth factor (PlGF) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) as screening markers for early-onset pre-eclampsia (PE) and intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR). METHODS: PlGF concentration was retrospectively measured in first trimester serum specimens of 23 cases of early-onset PE (<34 weeks), 26 cases of IUGR (birth weight < 5th centile) and 5 controls per case. Levels were adjusted for gestational age (GA), ethnicity and smoking to obtain multiples of the expected median (MoM). Logistic regression was used to assess PlGF, PAPP-A and maternal characteristics as potential predictors of early-onset PE and IUGR. RESULTS: PlGF MoM levels were significantly lower in the early-onset PE group (P < 0.0001) compared with controls, but not in the IUGR group. PAPP-A MoM levels were significantly lower in the IUGR group (P < 0.01) compared with controls but not in the early-onset PE group. PlGF significantly improved the ability of systolic blood pressure at the first prenatal visit to predict early-onset PE [achieving a receiver-operating characteristics curve with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.8]. Combining systolic blood pressure at the first prenatal visit and PlGF did not significantly improve the predictive ability compared with PlGF alone (AUC = 0.83). CONCLUSION: Serum PlGF is an acceptable marker in first trimester screening for early-onset PE, but a poor marker in screening for IUGR. Screening performance of serum PAPP-A is poor for both early-onset PE and IUGR.

Frequency distribution of polymorphisms in the FSH receptor gene in infertility patients of different ethnicity.

Studies on the frequency distribution of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) polymorphisms report conflicting results. It has been suggested that ethnicity might influence these outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the frequency distribution of FSHR polymorphisms at position 680 of exon 10 within a large group of women with fertility problems from different ethnic backgrounds. A total of 1771 women of different ethnic origin (Caucasian, Asian, Hindustani, Creole and Mediterranean) were studied. FSHR single-nucleotide polymorphisms at codon 680 of exon 10 were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism of amplicons generated by polymerase chain reaction. Genotypes were compared with serum FSH concentrations and between different ethnic groups. A significantly lower number of Asians (10.5%) were found to have the Ser680Ser receptor variant compared with Caucasians (21.5%) and Mediterraneans (22.3%) (P=0.010). FSH concentrations did not differ between the various ethnic groups, or the different FSHR polymorphisms. In conclusion, the Ser680Ser receptor variant is less common in the Asian subgroup compared with Caucasians and Mediterraneans. This indicates that, when comparing allelic frequency distributions of the FSHR polymorphism variants, ethnic background should be accounted for. FSH concentrations did not differ between FSHR polymorphisms or between ethnic groups.

New research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease applied in a memory clinic population.

BACKGROUND: In the newly proposed research criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD), patients are defined as having memory dysfunction in addition to either hippocampal atrophy or an abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile. This study applies the criteria in a memory clinic population, using clinical criteria as the reference criterion. METHODS: 138 AD patients, 145 nondemented subjects, 78 patients with other dementias and 91 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were included. Dichotomized medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) score on MRI and dichotomized CSF profiles (based on beta-amyloid1-42, tau and phosphorylated tau at threonine 181 levels) were used in combination with an episodic memory test to assess sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios (LR) of the newly proposed criteria and their components separately. RESULTS: We found specificities of 95 and 49% for comparison with nondemented subjects and other demented patients, respectively, with a sensitivity of 86% for AD. Specificity was highest (100 and 77%, respectively, LR+ = 48) when both MTA score and CSF profile were abnormal in addition to the episodic memory test, at the cost of a low sensitivity (48%). CONCLUSION: The newly proposed research criteria for AD yield a good specificity for comparison with nondemented subjects. When the type of dementia is clinically doubted, however, at least two supportive features should be considered (i.e. abnormal MTA score and CSF profile) in addition to memory impairment as core diagnostic criterion.

First trimester maternal serum ADAM12s levels in twin pregnancies.

BACKGROUND: A disintegrin and metalloprotease 12s (ADAM12s) is a potential first trimester serum marker for fetal trisomy and adverse pregnancy outcome in singletons. In this study, ADAM12s levels in first trimester serum of uncomplicated and complicated twins were evaluated. METHODS: ADAM12s was studied in maternal serum of 215 twin pregnancies, collected between 2004 and 2008. ADAM12s was measured 'blind to outcome' using AutoDelfia (PerkinElmer, Turku, Finland). As a reference, data from 2423 singletons were used. RESULTS: The median ADAM12s level was increased in euploid twins [1.61 multiples of the median (MoM); n = 209] compared with singletons. The median ADAM12s MoM was significantly lower in monochorionic (1.36 MoM; n = 41) compared with dichorionic twins (1.67 MoM; n = 168) (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.005). Trisomy 21 was identified in two pregnancies. Median ADAM12s MoM in twins complicated by hypertensive disorders (1.77 MoM, n = 35) or small for gestational age fetus (1.54 MoM; n = 24) was not significantly different from uncomplicated twins (1.64 MoM; n = 134). CONCLUSION: Median ADAM12s MoM in euploid twins was increased compared with singletons. Monochorionic had significantly lower median ADAM12s MoM than dichorionic twins. Median ADAM12s MoMs were not significantly different in twins complicated by hypertensive disorders or small for gestational age fetus compared with uncomplicated twins.

First-trimester serum marker distribution in singleton pregnancies conceived with assisted reproduction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate marker distribution of free beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (fbeta-hCG) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in singleton pregnancies conceived by assisted reproduction techniques (ART). METHODS: In vitro fertilization (IVF) (n = 203) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (n = 192) cases from a database of 14 645 first-trimester combined tests (overall study group) were selected and matched to 1164 controls for gestational age at sample date and maternal age. RESULTS: In the IVF group and ICSI group, lnPAPP-A was lower (IVF 6.74 vs 7.08; P = 0.0001; ICSI 6.59 vs 7.07; P = 0.0001) compared with the matched controls. Lnfbeta-hCG was lower in the IVF group (3.75 vs 3.90; P = 0.005) but not significantly different in the ICSI group (3.87 vs 3.93; P = 0.27). The computed correction factors for PAPP-A and fbeta-hCG were 1.42 and 1.17 for the IVF group and 1.56 and 1.05 for the ICSI group.The false-positive rate (FPR) in the IVF and ICSI group compared with the matched controls was higher (IVF 10.3% vs 8.6% and ICSI 10.9% vs 7.5%). In the overall age-biased [maternal age significantly lower compared with all ART and control groups] study group the FPR was 6.8%. CONCLUSION: The increase in FPR in the ART groups can be explained by decreased PAPP-A values. Therefore, an adjustment in risk analysis for Down syndrome is suggested.

Differences in total human chorionic gonadotropin immunoassay analytical specificity and ability to measure human chorionic gonadotropin in gestational trophoblastic disease and germ cell tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the ability of several radioimmunoassays and commercial two-site immunoassays to detect the first World Health Organization International Reference Reagents (IRRs) for 6 defined human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) variants and to compare their performance in measuring hCG in sera from patients with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and germ cell tumors (GCTs) of the testis or ovary. STUDY DESIGN: The reactivity of the different assays with the 6 IRRs together with the current fourth International Standard (IS, 75/589) was tested using 5 commercial two-site assays as well as 2 competitive polyclonal radioimmunoassays (RIAs) and a competitive monoclonal immunoassay. Individual samples from 41 patients (19 GCT and 22 GTD) with high circulating levels of hCG (range, 718-6,055,000 IU/L) were diluted and measured using the various immunoassays. RESULTS: The results of 4 GCT patient samples varied markedly among the assays, including 1 sample that was grossly underestimated by 3 of the commercial assays. CONCLUSION: Comparison of each assay's reactivity to the variant isoforms revealed that recognition of the isoforms was highly variable, particularly for hCGbeta and hCGbeta core fragment (hCGbetacf).

Clomiphene citrate resistance in relation to follicle-stimulating hormone receptor Ser680Ser-polymorphism in polycystic ovary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Clomiphene citrate (CC) response in anovulatory women is difficult to predict and patient-tailored treatment would benefit patient care and time-management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) Ser680Ser-polymorphism as a predictor for CC response. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 193 patients, diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) according to Rotterdam criteria and treated with ovulation induction, were included over a 5-year period in a university hospital in the Netherlands. Data on demographics, BMI, menstrual cycle, laboratory screening (including FSHR genotyping), transvaginal ultrasonography of ovaries and ovulation parameters were collected. Main outcome measures were response to CC and FSHR genotype. RESULTS: The frequency distribution of the 680-polymorphism was 26% (Asn/Asn), 50% (Asn/Ser) and 24% (Ser/Ser). No significant differences in basal characteristics were found. Significantly more patients with Ser/Ser-polymorphism were resistant to CC (28%) compared with Asn/Ser (14%) and Asn/Asn group (15%), with an odds ratio for ovulation of 0.44 (95% CI, 0.21-0.97). Patients with higher FSH levels, higher age and lower BMI were significantly more likely to ovulate in univariate analysis. In a multivariate logistic regression model, corrected for age, BMI, mean ovarian, volume, hyperandrogenism, and amenorrhoea, only FSHR and basal FSH levels were predictive for ovulation. CONCLUSIONS: Chance of resistance to CC is almost double in women with PCOS harbouring the Ser/Ser genotype.

Changes in plasma TIMP-1 levels after resection for primary colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Increased plasma levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) are associated with poor outcome in colorectal cancer (CRC), however postoperative changes in plasma TIMP-1 levels after resections for CRC have not been thoroughly evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plasma samples were collected from 45 patients with primary CRC, preoperatively, 2 hours after surgery, and at days 1, 2, 7, 28, 45, 60, 75 and 90 after surgery. TIMP-1 and CEA levels were determined using the ARCHITECT Immunoanalyzer. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the mean (geometric) TIMP-1 level increased and had a maximum level at day 1 (p < 0.0001). The mean TIMP-1 level then declined to a level at day 90 similar to the mean preoperative level. CONCLUSION: A mean decline in plasma TIMP-1 levels was not observed within 90 days. However, individual significant reductions of plasma TIMP-1 levels did occur within 28-60 days postoperatively.

A worldwide multicentre comparison of assays for cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: Different cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta 1-42 (Abeta(1-42)), total Tau (Tau) and Tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-Tau) levels are reported, but currently there is a lack of quality control programmes. The aim of this study was to compare the measurements of these CSF biomarkers, between and within centres. METHODS: Three CSF-pool samples were distributed to 13 laboratories in 2004 and the same samples were again distributed to 18 laboratories in 2008. In 2004 six laboratories measured Abeta(1-42), Tau and P-Tau and seven laboratories measured one or two of these marker(s) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). In 2008, 12 laboratories measured all three markers, three laboratories measured one or two marker(s) by ELISAs and three laboratories measured the markers by Luminex. RESULTS: In 2004, the ELISA intercentre coefficients of variance (interCV) were 31%, 21% and 13% for Abeta(1-42), Tau and P-Tau, respectively. These were 37%, 16% and 15%, respectively, in 2008. When we restricted the analysis to the Innotest (N = 13) for Abeta(1-42), lower interCV were calculated (22%). The centres that participated in both years (N = 9) showed interCVs of 21%, 15% and 9% and intra-centre coefficients (intraCV) of variance of 25%,18% and 7% in 2008. CONCLUSIONS: The highest variability was found for Abeta(1-42). The variabilities for Tau and P-Tau were lower in both years. The centres that participated in both years showed a high intraCV comparable to their interCV, indicating that there is not only a high variation between but also within centres. Besides a uniform standardization of (pre)analytical procedures, the same assay should be used to decrease the inter/intracentre variation.

ADAM12s as a first-trimester screening marker of trisomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential of maternal serum A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 12-S (ADAM12s) as an additional marker for the combined test in the Dutch first-trimester national Down syndrome (DS) screening program. METHODS: Serum samples were collected between 2004 and 2007 as part of the national program. A total of 218 singleton cases of trisomy 21 (DS), 62 trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) and 29 trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) were identified. All cases were matched with controls for gestation, maternal weight and maternal age. The serum concentration of ADAM12s was determined 'blind' to outcome and expressed in multiples of the gestation-specific median for controls (MoM). RESULTS: The median ADAM12s was 1.00 MoM in controls and in the DS cases at 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 weeks it was 0.45 (n = 3), 0.73 (22), 0.74 (53), 0.85 (37), 0.92 (71), 1.06 (32) MoM, respectively. The median for trisomy 18 was 0.85 MoM and for trisomy 13 0.63 MoM. CONCLUSION: The ADAM12s MoM values were clearly reduced in early first-trimester for all trisomies. However, the screening performance for DS did not greatly improve adding ADAM12s. ADAM12s could be an additional biochemical marker for first-trimester screening for trisomies other than DS.

Distribution of APOE genotypes in a memory clinic cohort.

AIM: To describe the distribution of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes in a cohort of memory clinic patients. METHODS: We included 749 memory clinic patients. Diagnoses were made in a multidisciplinary consensus meeting and the APOE genotype was determined. The community-based cohort of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam was used as control population (n = 2,233). RESULTS: In the memory clinic sample, there were 173 patients with subjective complaints, 125 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 251 patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), 107 patients with another type of dementia, and 93 patients with another neurologic or psychiatric diagnosis. The APOE allele distribution differed among groups. There was no difference in the prevalence of the epsilon2 allele, but there were differences in distribution of the epsilon3 and epsilon4 alleles. Compared with the control population (15%), the prevalence of APOE epsilon4 was increased among patients with subjective complaints (22%), MCI (36%), AD (42%) and other types of dementia (25%). CONCLUSION: We observed an increased prevalence of APOE epsilon4 in patients with MCI and subjective complaints. This finding is of great clinical importance as nondemented patients positive for APOE epsilon4 could be identified as being at genetic risk of AD, and for that reason monitored more closely.

Assessment of the biological variation of plasma tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1.

BACKGROUND: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) measurements in plasma may be useful for the early detection and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Data on analytical performance and normal intra- and interindividual biological variation are required in order to interpret the utility of TIMP-1 in CRC. The aim of this study was to establish the biological and analytical variation of plasma TIMP-1 in volunteers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three separate studies were undertaken. 1: Plasma was collected from 23 volunteers 6 times within a 3-week period, first in September 2004 (round [R] 1), then repeated in May 2005 (R2) and May 2006 (R3) in the same group of individuals. TIMP-1 levels were determined by the MAC15 ELISA assay and with the Abbott ARCHITECT i2000 Immunoanalyzer. 2: Circadian variation was evaluated in plasma collected 7 times within a 24-hour period (n=16). 3: Effects of physical exercise were evaluated in plasma collected before and after bicycling (n=14). In studies 2 and 3 TIMP-1 levels were determined with the MAC15 ELISA assay only. RESULTS: A significant correlation between TIMP-1 MAC15 and ARCHITECT i2000 was shown (rs=0.78, p<0.002), with consistently higher levels being detected by the ARCHITECT i2000. Median levels of TIMP-1 (ARCHITECT) at 8 a.m. in each round were 74.9 ng/mL (range 65.7-89.9) (R1), 87.3 ng/mL (range 72.7-127.9) (R2), and 81.9 ng/mL (range 66.8-113.6) (R3). The within-subject variation was 10.7%, the variation between rounds was 7.4%, and the intraclass correlation was 46.2%. Comparison between the 3 rounds and time of collection showed that TIMP-1 values decreased by 11% after storage for more than 16 months (p=0.0002). A systematic circadian variation in plasma TIMP-1 levels was not observed (p=0.17). No significant variation of plasma TIMP-1 was found in relation to physical exercise (p=0.92 [global test]). CONCLUSION: Levels of plasma TIMP-1 in volunteers show limited circadian, day-to-day, week-to-week and season-to-season variation. In addition, physical exercise has no impact on plasma TIMP-1 levels. Possible storage-dependent decreases in plasma TIMP-1 levels warrant further investigation.

Humoral immune responses to MUC1 in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer patients with early disease and a natural humoral response to MUC1 have a favourable prognosis, suggesting a possible role of MUC1 antibodies (ab) in controlling haematogenous tumour dissemination and outgrowth. The aim of the study was to evaluate humoral immune responses to MUC1 in women at hereditary high risk of breast cancer to investigate whether this immune response could play a role in the prevention of disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CA15.3 (U/mL), and IgG and IgM ab to MUC1 (arbitrary units per mL, Arb-U/mL) were measured in serum samples obtained from 422 women at hereditary high risk of breast/ovarian cancer, of whom 127 BRCA1/2 carriers, attending the Familial Cancer Clinic of the VU University Medical Centre, and from 370 age-matched healthy controls. Serum samples obtained from women who developed breast cancer (N=12) or breast cancer recurrence (N=17), and from women who underwent prophylactic mastectomy (N=12) and had no breast lesions were also tested. RESULTS: CA15.3 ranked significantly higher in mutation carriers than in controls (P=0.03). MUC1 IgG ab levels ranked significantly lower in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers than in controls (P=0.003). MUC1 IgG levels were not significantly different (P=0.53) between women who developed primary breast cancer (median 0.72Arb-U/ml, range 0.52-2.44Arb-U/ml) and women who underwent prophylactic mastectomy and had no breast lesions (median 1.04Arb-U/ml, range 0.43-2.88Arb-U/ml). CONCLUSION: Serum levels of natural IgG ab to MUC1 are lower in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers than in healthy controls. Furthermore, in contrast to previous results in women with sporadic breast cancer, no elevated MUC1 IgG ab were seen in women at hereditary high risk who developed breast cancer. Prophylactic immunotherapy with MUC1 substrates may be a strategy to reduce the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, strengthening tumour immune surveillance.

Decreased cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta (1-40) levels in frontotemporal lobar degeneration.

The role of amyloid metabolism in the pathophysiology of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) has yet to be elucidated. We compared CSF levels of amyloid beta 1-40 (Abeta40) and amyloid beta 1-42 (Abeta42) in patients with FTLD (n = 21) versus patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 39) and in control subjects (n = 30). While in AD cases Abeta42 levels were lower and CSF Abeta40 levels equal to those in controls, a significant decrease in Abeta40 and increase in the CSF Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio was observed in FTLD compared with AD and control subjects. These findings favour a differential involvement of amyloid beta peptides in FTLD compared with AD.