RESUMO
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in 30% of patients infused with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors and long-term outcomes after AKI in patients who received CAR T-cell therapy. Methods: Medical records of 115 adult patients with R/R hematological malignancies treated with CD19-targeted CAR T-cells at Vall d'Hebron University Hospital between July 2018 and May 2021. Baseline demographic data including age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), and co-morbidities, as well as the type of hematological neoplasia and prior lines of therapy were collected. Laboratory parameters including serum creatinine and whole blood hemoglobin were retrospectively reviewed and values were gathered for days +1, +7, +14, +21, and +28 post-infusion. Results: A total of 24/115 (21%) patients developed AKI related to CAR T-cell therapy; 6/24 with AKI over chronic kidney disease (CKD). Two patients had AKI in the context of lymphodepleting (LD) chemotherapy and the other 22 after CAR T-cell infusion, starting at day+1 in 3 patients, day+7 in 13 patients, day +14 in 1 patient, day+21 in 2 patients, and day+28 in 3 patients. Renal function was recovered in 19/24 (79%) patients within the first month after infusion. Male gender, CKD, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) were associated with AKI. Male gender, CKD, ICANS grade ≥3 and CRS grade ≥2 were identified as independent risk factors for AKI on multivariable analysis. In terms of the most frequent CAR T-cell related complications, CRS was observed in 95 (82%) patients and ICANS in 33 (29%) patients. Steroids were required in 34 (30%) patients and tocilizumab in 37 (32%) patients. Six (5%) patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (1 for septic shock, 4 for CRS grade ≥2 associated to ICANS grade ≥2, and 1 for CRS grade ≥3). A total of 5 (4.4%) patients died in the first 30 days after CAR T-cell infusion for reasons other than disease progression, including 4 cases of infectious complications and 1 of heart failure. Conclusion: Our results suggest that AKI is a frequent but mild adverse event, with fast recovery in most patients.
RESUMO
ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS: La biopsia renal transyugular (BTY) es una alternativa a la biopsia renal ecoguiada percutánea en caso de que existan contraindicaciones para su realización. En la actualidad, pocos centros realizan este procedimiento y la literatura acerca de las indicaciones, complicaciones y rentabilidad diagnóstica es limitada. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las indicaciones, rendimiento diagnóstico, seguridad y complicaciones de la biopsia renal transyugular percutánea en los últimos 15 años en nuestro centro. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo que revisa las biopsias renales transyugulares (BTY) realizadas en el Hospital Vall d'Hebrón de 2003 a 2018 para lo cual se ha llevado a cabo una revisión exhaustiva de las historias clínicas de los pacientes sometidos a este procedimiento durante el periodo de estudio. RESULTADOS: Durante el periodo de estudio se realizaron 56 BTY. Los pacientes fueron 31 hombres (55,4%) y 25 mujeres (44,6%), con una mediana de edad de 62 años (rango intercuartil (IQ) 25-75 [52,5-69,5]). La mediana de creatinina fue 2,69 mg/dL (IQ 25-75 [1,7-4,3]) y la de proteinuria (en 24 horas) de 2.000 mg (IQ 25-75[0,41-4,77]. Más de la mitad presentaban hematuria en el momento de la biopsia. La presión arterial media sistólica fue de 140 +/- 26 mmHg y diastólica 75 +/- 15 mmHg. La biopsia se realizó por insuficiencia renal aguda en 19 pacientes, enfermedad renal crónica en 12 y síndrome nefrótico en 10 casos; en 15 pacientes se realizó por otros motivos. Se decidió realización del procedimiento por vía transyugular por imposibilidad técnica ecoguiada en 16 de 56 casos (incluyendo riñones infracostales, obesidad y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica), alteraciones en hemostasia (n = 6), trombocitopenia (n = 5) y riñón único (n = 7). El 12,5% de las biopsias fueron hepato-renales. Se obtuvo diagnóstico histológico en dos tercios de las biopsias renales. La media de cilindros obtenidos fue de de 2,5 ± 1,3, y la media de glomérulos 6,6 ± 6,2. Los diagnósticos histológicos más frecuentes fueron nefropatía IgA, glomerulonefritis membranoproliferativa y microangiopatía trombótica. Se observaron tres complicaciones mayores: rotura de fórnix y dos requerimientos transfusionales por sangrado y hematoma subcapsular. CONCLUSIONES: En nuestro centro, la realización de BTY permitió el diagnóstico histológico en dos tercios de los pacientes que presentaban contraindicación para la realización de biopsia renal ecoguiada, permitiendo el diagnóstico y posterior tratamiento dirigido en dichos pacientes
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transjugular renal biopsies (TRB) are an alternative when percutaneous ultrasound renal biopsy is contraindicated. Few sites are currently carrying out this procedure, with limited literature existing on the indications, complications and diagnostic yield thereof. The aim of the study is to analyse the indications, diagnostic yield, safety and complications of percutaneous transjugular renal biopsies in our site over the last 15 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study of all transjugular renal biopsies performed in our site, the Hospital Vall d'Hebron, between 2003 and 2018. For this, an exhaustive review of the clinical records of patients subjected to this procedure during the study period was conducted. RESULTS: 56 TRBs were performed during the study period. Out of the patients, 31 were men (55.4%) and 25 were women (44.6%), with a median age of 62 years (IQ range 25-75 [52.5-69.5]). More than half presented with haematuria at the time of biopsy, with a median creatinine of 2.69 mg/dL (IQ 25-75 [1.7-4.3]) and median proteinuria at 24 hours of 2000 mg (IQ 25-75 [0.41-4.77]).The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were 140 +/- 26 mmHg and 75 +/- 15 mmHg, respectively. The biopsy was carried out owing to acute kidney failure in 19 patients, chronic kidney disease in 12 patients and nephrotic syndrome in 10 patients; in 15 patients it was carried out for other reasons. The most frequent TRB indication was technical impossibility in 16 of 56 cases (including infracostal kidneys, obesity and COPD), alterations in haemostasis (n = 6), thrombocytopenia (n = 5) and solitary kidney (n = 7). 12.5% of the biopsies were hepato-renal. Histological diagnoses were obtained in two thirds of the renal biopsies. The average number of cylinders obtained was 2.5 ± 1.3, with the average number of glomeruli being 6.6 ± 6.2. The most frequent histological diagnoses were IgA nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and thrombotic microangiopathy. Three major complications were observed: fornix rupture and two transfusion requirements due to bleeding and subcapsular hematoma. CONCLUSIONS: In our site, TRB allowed for a histological diagnosis in 2/3 of patients for whom percutaneous ultrasound renal biopsy is contraindicated. This allowed us to diagnose and subsequently treat said patients