Mapping, Associated Factors, and Pathophysiology of Nodding Syndrome in Africa: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Nodding syndrome (NS) remains a poorly understood disorder. For a long time, it has been thought to be restricted to East Africa; however, cases in Central Africa have been increasing over time. The objective of this systematic review (SR) was to provide a summary of the state of knowledge on NS to date. METHODS: All original articles published on NS up to November 2021 were searched in four major databases and in the gray literature. Commentaries, editorials, book chapters, books, conference paper, qualitative studies that mentioned NS cases were also included. Data retrieved included study location (with GPS coordinates searched), year of study and publication, population characteristics, definition and diagnosis of NS, associated factors, and treatment if applicable. A meta-analysis of associated factors was performed where possible, and results were presented as odds ratios (ORs) and visualized as forest plots. Geographic information systems were used for cartographic representations. The quality of the articles included was assessed. RESULTS: Of the 876 articles initially identified, 67 (corresponding to 59 studies) were included in the SR. NS is only present in Central and East Africa. Interestingly, there were reports of NS in Central Africa prior to 2010, earlier than previously thought. The way NS diagnosis was established varies according to studies, and the 2012 WHO classification was used in only 60% of the studies. Approximately 11% of the articles did not meet the quality requirements set for this review. In our meta-analysis, the main factor associated with NS was onchocerciasis (OR = 8.8 [4.8, 15.9]). However, the pathophysiology of the disease remains poorly understood. The lack of common anti-epileptic drugs is a significant barrier to the management of head nodding and associated epileptic seizures. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The lack of an operational definition of NS is an obstacle to its diagnosis and, thus, to its appropriate treatment. Indeed, diagnostic difficulties might have led to false positives and false negatives which could have altered the picture of NS presented in this article. Treatment should take into account nutritional and psychological factors, as well as associated infections. Some risk factors deserve further investigation; therefore, we suggest a multicentric study with an etiological focus using a more operational definition of NS.

Effects of an intervention program to improve mental health and epilepsy care in Madagascar.

BACKGROUND: Despite the high prevalence of mental disorders and epilepsy in low- and middle-income countries, nearly 80% of patients are not treated. In Madagascar, initiatives to improve access to epilepsy and mental health care, including public awareness and training of general practitioners (GPs), were carried out between 2013 and 2018. Our study's main objective was to assess the effectiveness of these initiatives, two to five years post-intervention. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study (intervention vs. control areas) included five surveys assessing: general population's Knowledge Attitudes and Practices (KAP), GPs' KAP , number of epilepsy and mental health consultations at different levels of the healthcare system, diagnostic accuracy, and treatments' availability. OUTCOMES: In the general population, KAP scores were higher in intervention areas for epilepsy (11.4/20 vs. 10.3/20; p = 0.003). For mental disorders, regardless of the area, KAP scores were low, especially for schizophrenia (1.1/20 and 0.1/20). Among GPs, KAP scores were higher in intervention areas for schizophrenia (6.0/10 vs. 4.5/10; p = 0.008) and epilepsy (6.9/10 vs. 6.2/10; p = 0.044). Overall, there was a greater proportion of mental health and epilepsy consultations in intervention areas (4.5% vs 2.3%). Although low, concordance between GPs' and psychiatrists' diagnoses was higher in intervention areas. There was a greater variety of anti-epileptic and psychotropic medications available in intervention areas. INTERPRETATION: This research has helped to better understand the effectiveness of initiatives implemented in Madagascar to improve epilepsy and mental health care and to identify barriers which will need to be addressed. FUNDING: Sanofi Global Health, as part of the Fight Against STigma Program.

Epidemiology of alcohol use disorder in the general population of Togo and Benin: the ALCOTRANS study.

INTRODUCTION: Access to data concerning mental health, particularly alcohol use disorders (AUD), in sub-Saharan Africa is very limited. This study aimed to estimate AUD prevalence and identify the associated factors in Togo and Benin. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and May 2022, targeting individuals aged 18 years and above in the Yoto commune of Togo and the Lalo commune of Benin. Subjects were recruited using a multi-stage random sampling technique. AUD diagnoses were made using the MINI adapted to DSM-5 criteria. Our study collected sociodemographic information, data on psychiatric comorbidities, stigmatization, and assessed cravings, using a series of scales. The association between AUD and various factors was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: In Togo, 55 of the 445 people investigated had AUD (12.4%; [95% CI: 9.5-15.7%]). Among them, 39 (70.9%) had severe AUD and the main associated comorbidities were suicidal risk (36.4%), and major depressive disorder (16.4%). Associated factors with AUD were male gender (aOR: 11.3; [95% CI: 4.8-26.7]), a higher Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score (aOR: 1.2; [95% CI: 1.1-1.3]) and a lower Stigma score measured by the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) (aOR: 0.9; [95% CI: 0.8-0.9). The stigma scores reflect perceived societal stigma towards individuals with AUD. In Benin, 38 of the 435 people investigated had AUD (8.7%; [95% CI: 6.4-11.7]), and the main associated comorbidities were suicidal risk (18.4%), tobacco use disorder (13.2%) and major depressive episode (16.4%). Associated factors with AUD were male gender (aOR: 6.4; [95% CI: 2.4-17.0]), major depressive disorder (aOR: 21.0; [95% CI: 1.5-289.8]), suicidal risk (aOR: 3.7; [95% CI: 1.2-11.3]), a lower Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) score (aOR:0.8; [95% CI: 0.8-0.9]) and a lower perceived stigma score (by EMIC )(aOR: 0.9; [95% CI: 0.8-0.9]). CONCLUSION: In these communes of Togo and Benin, AUD prevalence is notably high. A deeper understanding of the disease and its local determinants, paired with effective prevention campaigns, could mitigate its impact on both countries.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of general practitioners on peripheral neuropathies in Benin in 2021.

PURPOSE: First healthcare actors in neurological diseases management, General Practitioners (GPs) still limited in the assessment of Peripheral Neuropathies (PN). This study assesses the knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP) of GPs on PN in Benin in 2021 and identifying associated factors to low KAP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a cross-sectional study conducted from 20 November 2020 to 30 June 2021 which included GPs registered in the National Order of Physicians in Benin and interns in last year of medical studies (MS). An overall KAP score of 24 points was derived. KAP levels were low (score < 17), medium (17 to 19) and high (score ≥ 20). Multivariable regression models were performed to identify factors associated with low KAP. RESULTS: 645/1,066 participants (60.5%) were included in the study with median age 28 years [Interquartile range IQR: 26-30 years], and 442 (68.5%) were male. The KAP level was low in 70.1%. 16.7% had a low knowledge of polyneuropathy manifestations, 35% perceived PN as an incurable disease. Lack of knowledge on PN before MS (adjusted Odds-ratio aOR = 1.6 [95% confidence interval CI: 1.1-2.3]), and no postgraduate training on PN (aOR = 1.8 [95% CI: 1.--3.0]) were associated with low overall KAP level. Working in rural area (aOR = 0.4 [95%CI: 0.2-0.7]), and being an intern (aOR = 0.6 [95%CI: 0.4-0.9]) were associated with better overall KAP level. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need for better training with strong emphasis on PN during the MS and the organization of postgraduate training for GPs; the cornerstone for improving the management of PN in Benin.

Spatio-temporal clustering of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in France: A population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess spatial aggregates of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) incident cases, using a solid geo-epidemiological statistical method, in France. METHODS: This population-based study (2003-2011) investigated 47.1 million person-years of follow-up (PYFU). Case ascertainment of incident ALS cases was based on multiple sources (ALS referral centers, hospital centres and health insurance data). Neurologists confirmed all ALS diagnoses. Exhaustiveness was estimated through capture-recapture. Aggregates were investigated in four steps: (a) geographical modelling (standardized incidence ratio (SIR) calculation), (b) analysis of the spatial distribution of incidence (Phothoff-Winttinghill's test, Global Moran's Index, Kulldorf's spatial scan statistic, Local Moran's Index), (c) classification of the level of certainty of spatial aggregates (i.e. definite cluster; probable over-incidence area; possible over-incidence area) and (d) evaluation of the robustness of the results. RESULTS: The standardized incidence of ALS was 2.46/100,000 PYFU (95% CI 2.31-2.63, European population as reference) based on 1199 incident cases. We identified 13 areas of spatial aggregates: one cluster (stable in robustness analysis), five probable over-incidence areas (2 stable in robustness analysis) and seven possible over-incidence areas (including 4 stable areas in robustness analysis). A cluster was identified in the Rhône-Alpes region: 100 observed vs 54.07 expected cases for 2,411,514 PYFU, SIR: 1.85 (95% CI 1.50-2.25). CONCLUSION: We report here one of the largest investigations of incidence and spatial aggregation of ALS ever performed in a western country. Using a solid methodology framework for case ascertainment and cluster analysis, we identified 13 areas that warrant further investigation.

Knowledge of epilepsy, quality of life, and psychiatric comorbidities in Lebanese adults with epilepsy.

INTRODUCTION: People with epilepsy (PWE) face a variety of psychosocial challenges. A lack of knowledge of epilepsy, a high level of depression and anxiety and a low quality of life (QoL) are among the major problems that affect most PWE. The objective of this study was to examine the association of sociodemographic characteristics, clinical factors and knowledge of epilepsy with the level of QoL, and the presence of psychiatric comorbidities. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Lebanon. The PWE were recruited from neurologists' clinics in Beirut and its suburbs. A questionnaire translated into Arabic was used and composed of four parts: sociodemographic factors, clinical characteristics, psychosocial characteristics (QoL, psychiatric disorders), and knowledge epilepsy scale. Backward logistic regression models were developed, the associations were estimated by odds ratio (OR), and the level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Four hundred and four PWE were recruited in this study. About a half of PWE had controlled epilepsy (46.3 %) and 40.3 % had epilepsy for less than 5 years. The QoL was low for 38.6 % of PWE and 30.2 % had psychiatric comorbidities. More than half of PWE had a good level of knowledge (71.5 %). Controlled epilepsy (OR = 1.8; 95 %CI: 1.2-2.9), and good knowledge about epilepsy (OR = 5.5; 95 %CI: 3.4-9.1) were associated with better QoL. Patients on polytherapy with anti-seizure drugs (OR = 0.6; 95 %CI: 0.4-0.9), experienced side effects of anti-seizure drugs (OR = 0.6; 95 %CI: 0.4-0.9) and with psychiatric comorbidities (OR = 0.6; 95 %CI: 0.3-0.9) had a lower QoL. A high number of nonpsychiatric comorbidities (OR = 2.5; 95 %CI: 2.0-3.1) and a polytherapy increased the risk of having psychiatric comorbidities (OR = 1.8; 95 %CI: 1.1-2.8). CONCLUSIONS: Good knowledge of epilepsy and the absence of psychiatric comorbidities are important predictors of good QoL in Lebanese PWE. Educational programs are needed to reduce misconceptions about epilepsy and improve mental health of PWE.

Management of epilepsy in Lebanon: Medication reviews and drug-related problems.

PURPOSE: The goal of epilepsy treatment is to control seizures without drug related problems (DRPs). The evaluation of anti-seizure drugs (ASD) strategies and identification of DRPs are rarely studied. This study aimed primarily to evaluate the choice of ASD according to international guidelines and secondarily to identify and describe anti-seizure drug-related problems. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted during 1 year among Lebanese adults with epilepsy attending neurology clinics. The choice of ASD was compared to National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines. Drug-drug interactions were evaluated by the Lexicomp database, and the DRP classification was performed using the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe classification. RESULTS: A total of 404 patients with epilepsy were included. The prescription for an ASD was in accordance with the indication set in guidelines in 75.0% of population, and 1078 DRPs were identified. The main DRPs detected were adverse drug reactions (51.0%), inappropriate combinations of drugs (50.0%), and suboptimal drug regimens (46.3%). Single and divorced patients, who living in Mount Lebanon, and who took the old with the new generation had a less risk to have an inadequate prescription to guidelines. However, female gender, controlled epilepsy, multiple ASDs, and living in a rural region increased DRPs. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that quarter of the population used ASDs contraindicated according to international guidelines. Since DRPs were related to the number and type of ASD prescribed, it is important to assess the case of each patient by a clinical pharmacist to prevent drug-drug interactions and iatrogenic issues.

Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Experience of a Standardized Questionnaire over the Past Two Decades.

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy affects >50 million people worldwide, with 80% of them living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Studies with a standardized methodology are required to obtain comparable data on epilepsy and implement health policies in order to reduce the treatment gap and improve the diagnosis and management of epilepsy. In 2000, following the guidelines of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), the "questionnaire for investigation of epilepsy in tropical countries" (IENT questionnaire) was developed to promote epidemiological surveys on epilepsy using a standard methodology. This study aims to describe how, when, where, and why the IENT questionnaire has been used through epidemiological studies on epilepsy over the last 2 decades and to acquire users' opinions about the tool. METHODS: Studies that used the IENT questionnaire were searched through international and local bibliographic databases, including the gray literature. An online survey was carried out, including a snowball effect. Original research studies were included. Characteristics of the studies and populations and general information on the instrument and its use were collected. RESULTS: Eighty-two documents were selected referring to 61 studies that were mostly carried out on the African continent (n = 54). Most of them aimed to determine the prevalence (n = 31) and associated factors (n = 28) of epilepsy in LMICs. Among the 61 studies, 35 were population-based, and 30 included both adults and children. A methodological heterogeneity was found between studies, and in cases where the IENT questionnaire alone did not ensure complete data collection, other tools were used concomitantly (n = 40). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Over the last 2 decades, the IENT questionnaire has been continuously used in different LMICs. This result favors its promotion and updating, with the inclusion of new topics related to epilepsy (e.g., comorbidities, quality of life, and stigma), current ILAE guidelines, and digital versions.

Epidemiology of Primary Brain Tumors in the Province of Catania during the 2003-2016 Period.

INTRODUCTION: Primary brain tumors (PBTs) account for approximately 2% of all cancers and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, only few epidemiological studies focus on PBTs in Italy. The aim of this study was to evaluate incidence, temporal trend, and survival rate of all PBTs in the province of Catania during the study period. METHODS: All patients diagnosed with PBTs in the province of Catania during the 2003-2016 were identified through the local cancer registry. All cases were classified by histology according to 2007 WHO classification of central nervous system tumors, using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd edition codes. The incidence rate (IR) was calculated for all PBTs and by gender, histology, age-groups, and behavior. Trend analysis was performed using a piecewise log-linear model. RESULTS: A total of 3,819 cases were identified with a female/male ratio of 1.45. The IR for all PBTs was 25.3/100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval 24.5-26.1). Most PBTs were nonmalignant (59.5%, IR = 15.0) with a female predominance. Conversely, malignant tumors (32.4%, IR = 8.2) were more common among men, with a female/male ratio of 0.9. The most frequently reported histology was meningioma (39.0%, IR = 9.8), followed by glioblastoma (11.6%, IR = 2.9). A peak of incidence was found in the 75-84 years age-group, with an IR of 77.6/100,000 person-years. Overall, no increase in incidence was observed along the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The IR of PBTs in the province of Catania is close to incidence reported worldwide. Further studies on risk factors are necessary.

Incidence, survival and geoepidemiological analysis of meningiomas and glioblastomas in the province of Catania during the 2003-2016 period.

BACKGROUND: Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumors, followed by glioblastomas. Nevertheless, no previous studies have been conducted to evaluate the epidemiology of meningiomas and glioblastomas in the southern region of Italy. Thus, the aim of our study was to evaluate incidence, temporal trend and survival rate of meningiomas and glioblastomas in the province of Catania during the study period. Moreover, a geoepidemiological analysis was performed in order to identify possible geographical and temporal clusters. METHODS: All subjects with meningiomas and glioblastomas diagnosed from 2003 to 2016 in the province of Catania were collected, using the local cancer registry. Incidence rate (IR) was calculated by gender, age-groups and tumor behavior. Temporal changes in incidence trend were assessed using a Joinpoint regression analysis while survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method. Cluster analysis was performed using Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic. RESULTS: In the province of Catania, a total of 1488 cases of meningiomas and 443 cases of glioblastomas were identified from 2003 to 2016, with an IR of 9.8/100,000 person-years (95%CI 9.3-10.3) and 2.9/100,000 person-years (95%CI 2.7-3.2), respectively. Meningiomas were more common among women (p-value<0.0001), while glioblastomas among men (p-value<0.0001). IR progressively increased over the ages, reaching a peak in the 75-84 and 65-74 years-old group in, respectively, meningiomas and glioblastomas. Mean survival was higher in subjects diagnosed with meningiomas as compared to those with glioblastomas (10.7 years and 15.8 months, respectively), with age as the strongest risk factor for death. Spatial and space-time cluster of high incidence of meningiomas was detected in a small community on the eastern flank of the Mt. Etna volcano. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiology of meningioma and glioblastoma in the province of Catania is close to that reported worldwide. Spatial and space-time cluster of meningiomas were found in Pedara. Further studies on risks factor are necessary.

Screening Questionnaires to Detect Neurological Disorders in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Neurological disorders are an important cause of disability and death worldwide. The distribution of these disorders differs significantly in developing countries. Screening questionnaires have been used as an important tool to detect neurological illnesses. This systematic literature review aimed to report the validity of screening questionnaires for neurological disorders in developing countries. METHODS: The PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Science-Direct, and PASCAL databases were searched. All published studies performed in developing countries were eligible. The risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies version 2 tool. Summary measures of validity were reported (sensitivity and specificity). RESULTS: Eight hundred and thirty-five records were identified, and 49 articles that met eligibility criteria were selected. The most frequently neurological disorders detected with a screening tool were epilepsy, stroke, and neuropathies (77, 53, and 40%, respectively). Ten screening questionnaires were accessible. Two questionnaires were mainly used to detect neurological disorders: the World Health Organization Protocol for Epidemiologic Studies of Neurologic Disorders and the Ten Questions Questionnaire. The sensitivity of the questionnaires was ranged from 84 to 100% and 56 to 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This systematic review presents evidence that screening questionnaires are valid tools to detect neurological disorders in developing countries. Disease detection provides epidemiological data and the opportunity to implement secondary and tertiary prevention strategies that will contribute to reduce the global burden of neurological disorders.

A Standard Framework for Population-Based Neuroepidemiological Studies in Tropical Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Methodologies of population-based studies on neurological diseases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have not been standardized. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the numerous challenges occurring in this context and propose a standard framework for population-based studies in LMICs. We relied on our expertise on few diseases, epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. The proposed framework is the result of extensive field experience in tropical LMICs. It ensures that important steps are not forgotten when setting up a study plan. It must remain flexible and be adapted to each situation, to the disease studied, in particular its prevalence, but also to the geography of the study area and the availability of survey technologies.

Differences in knowledge about epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs among pharmacy-dispensing workers in Cambodia and in Lao PDR.

Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder encountered in primary care in Southeast Asia. People with epilepsy require long-term therapy management. Nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) has been identified as a major factor in suboptimal control of epilepsy. Pharmacies offer patients a first-line point of contact with the healthcare system. Many pharmacies operate with limited or nonqualified human resources that can lead to insufficient knowledge, inappropriate supply of medicines, and insufficient counseling. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the qualification and knowledge concerning epilepsy and AEDs among pharmacy-dispensing workers who sell drugs to people with epilepsy. METHOD: A cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted in public and private pharmacies, in both urban and rural areas of Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). The knowledge was collected through a questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 180 respondents from 123 outlets in the two countries were included in this study. A proportion of 40.8% (31) of respondents in Cambodia and 38.5% (40) in Lao PDR were pharmacists, followed by sellers who did not received any healthcare training with a proportion of 18.4% (14) in Cambodia compared to 20.2% (21) in Lao PDR. Head trauma was cited as the main cause of epilepsy by 72.4% (55) in Cambodia and 27.2% (28) in Lao PDR (p < 0.001). Epilepsy was considered as a contagious disease by 6.6% (5) of respondents in Cambodia compared to 18.4% (19) in Lao PDR (p = 0.03). Eighty-seven percent (66) of respondents in Cambodia knew at least one long-term AED versus 67.3% (70) in Lao PDR (p = 0.003). Phenobarbital was mentioned in more than 90.0% of cases in both countries. In overall, 15.4% (21) thought that if seizures are controlled for some months, people with epilepsy could stop taking their AEDs. Only one respondent from Lao PDR was aware of drug-drug interaction between AEDs and oral contraception. CONCLUSION: An educational intervention should be implemented to improve the knowledge of epilepsy and AEDs for pharmacy-dispensing workers. This could include advice for all pharmacy-dispensing workers in order to improve AED management and follow-up of therapeutic adherence.

Incidence of multiple sclerosis in the province of Catania. A geo-epidemiological study.

BACKGROUND: An increasing incidence of MS in the city of Catania was reported during 1975-2004, with a higher incidence along the south-eastern flank of the Mt.Etna. We evaluated the incidence of MS in the entire province of Catania during 2005-2015 and the spatial distribution of MS-cases using a cluster analysis. METHODS: Patients were considered as incident MS-cases if they fulfilled the revised McDonald criteria for MS during 2005-2015 and were residents in the province of Catania at the time of disease onset. Cluster analysis was performed using both LISA and Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic. Residence address at disease onset was considered for each case. Communalities were assessed considering the centroid of their inhabited area. RESULTS: A total of 973 MS-cases were identified. Mean annual incidence risk was 8.2/100,000 person-years (95%CI 7.7-8.7), significantly higher among women (10.5/100,000 versus 5.7/100,000). LISA identified a spatial aggregation of MS-cases in the eastern side of the province of Catania and Kulldorff's statistics confirmed the existence of a statistically significant spatial cluster in this area (SIR 1.23,95%CI 1.08-1.23, p-value 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms a high incidence of MS in the province of Catania and the presence of a spatial cluster along the eastern side of the province. This area is considered the most exposed to volcanogenic ashes due to the prevailing westerly to north-westerly trade winds. Even if such distribution could be related with a greater exposure to volcanogenic metals, further studies are needed to explore possible alternative hypotheses.

Self-reported attitudes about medication in Lebanese people with epilepsy.

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is a common worldwide neurological disorder. For people with epilepsy (PWE), adherence and attitudes towards medication is a crucial step to improve efficacy of prescribed treatment and to prevent seizures. OBJECTIVES: The first aim of this study was to evaluate attitudes towards antiepileptic medications in Lebanese population. Secondary aims were to assess factors affecting attitudes and associated with epilepsy control. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in outpatient neurology clinics located in Beirut-Lebanon. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Self-report of medication taking behaviors were assessed using the abbreviated (4 items) Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4). Epilepsy was considered as controlled if the patient had no seizures in the last 6 months. RESULTS: Among 250 PWE recruited in this study, male-to-female ratio was 0.87 (116/134), and 50.8% were married. Mean duration of epilepsy was 13.7 ±â€¯12.8 years. Valproate was the most common antiepileptic drug (AED) used followed by levetiracetam and carbamazepine. About 60.8% of the population presented partial epilepsy. Uncontrolled epilepsy was present in more than half of participants (55.2%), with only 32.4% had positive attitudes to their medication. Positive attitudes towards antiepileptic increased in people who found that their treatment was efficacious (odds ratio (OR) = 4.9; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-20.0; p = 0.03), who had controlled epilepsy (OR = 3.4; 95%CI 1.6-7.1; p = 0.001), and who were diagnosed as PWE between the age of 12-20 years (OR = 3.1; 95%CI 1.1-8.4; p = 0.03). Oppositely, these attitudes decreased in participants who felt their treatment as an economic burden (OR = 0.2; 95%CI 0.1-0.4; p ≪ 0.001), and in people with depression (OR = 0.4; 95%CI 0.2-0.9; p = 0.04). Controlled epilepsy was higher in people who contacted a neurologist if seizure occurred, in people with positive attitudes, and after a long duration of disease, but it decreased if patient did not follow neurologist's instructions in fasting period. CONCLUSIONS: Lebanese PWE were less likely to have positive attitudes towards medication, which may lead to poor epilepsy control. Depression and economic burden were the major factors that decreased these attitudes. Identifying factors affecting attitudes to medication and leading to controlled epilepsy may help clinicians to elaborate educational programs to optimize medication adherence.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health sciences students regarding epilepsy at the end of their curriculum in Benin.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of health sciences students regarding epilepsy at the end of their curriculum in Benin. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among medical, pharmacy, nursing, and midwife students in their last year of health sciences training in the University of Abomey-Calavi in Benin. Students completed a self-administered questionnaire, containing items addressing demographics, epilepsy treatment, diagnosis, clinical practice, and social tolerance regarding a person with epilepsy (PWE). RESULTS: The response rate to our survey was 87.7% (n = 164). The sample consisted of 64 medical students, 22 pharmacy students, 43 nursing students, and 35 midwife students. They were divided into 95 female subjects and 69 males; sex ratio was 0.7. The mean age of participants was 23.6 ±â€¯1.8 years. The mean scores for epilepsy knowledge, practices, and attitudes were respectively 7.6 ±â€¯1.7 out of a maximum score of 11, 3.9 ±â€¯1.8 out of 8, and 9.6 ±â€¯0.8 out of 10. The KAP overall score was 21.1 ±â€¯3.4 out of a maximum score of 29.0. The variables associated with the overall KAP score were training school, gender, having heard about epilepsy before health sciences studies (p = 0.017), and having a relative with epilepsy (p = 0.001). Male students and medical school students had significantly better overall KAP score than female students or the other training schools respectively (p < 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE: These findings support the need to improve the health sciences students' knowledge of epilepsy, in particular, during their training.

Residential exposure to ultra high frequency electromagnetic fields emitted by Global System for Mobile (GSM) antennas and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis incidence: A geo-epidemiological population-based study.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology. Mobile communication antennas have increased over the last few decades. Consequently, there has been a steady increase in environmental exposure to ultra high frequency electromagnetic fields (UHF-EMFs) emitted by Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication antennas, which raises concerns about possible health risks in the general population. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between residential exposure to UHF-EMFs generated by GSM antennas and the risk of ALS in general population. A geo-epidemiological population-based study was performed in Limousin (France). ALS incident cases were identified through a register (FRALim, 2000-2012 period). A model to estimate UHF-EMF exposure was developed based on the distance and the power of GSM antennas. Exposure to multiple emissions from multiple directions was considered. A non-cumulative and a cumulative model were established. A geographic information system integrated the raster model of exposure, and the residential distribution of observed and expected cases. A generalized linear model was performed to test the association. Overall, 312 ALS cases were included. We estimated exposures below 1.72 V/m in urban areas and below 1.23 V/m in rural areas for 90% of the population. A gradient effect between UHF-EMF exposure and ALS incidence was apparent with a statistically significant trend. A significant increased risk of ALS was observed between the non-exposure category and the highest exposure category, with a relative risk of 1.78 (95% CI: 1.28-2.48) in the non-cumulative model and 1.83 (95% CI: 1.32-2.54) in the cumulative model. Our results suggest a possible association between residential UHF-EMF exposure and ALS. Ecological studies are a means of generating hypotheses. Further studies are needed to clarify the potential role of EMFs on neurodegeneration.

Associations of mental disorders and neurotropic parasitic diseases: a meta-analysis in developing and emerging countries.

BACKGROUND: Although they are declining worldwide, neurotropic parasitic diseases are still common in developing and emerging countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the pooled prevalence and pooled association measures of comorbidities between mental disorders (anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia) and neurotropic parasitic diseases (malaria, cysticercosis, toxoplasmosis, human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and human toxocariasis) in developing and emerging countries. METHODS: As the first meta-analysis on this topic, this study was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (N°CRD42017056521). The Medline, Embase, Lilacs, and Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology databases were used to search for articles without any restriction in language or date. We evaluated the quality of studies independently by two investigators using the Downs and Black assessment grid and pooled estimates using the random-effects method from CMA (Comprehensive Meta Analysis) Version 3.0. RESULTS: In total, 18 studies published between 1997 and 2016 met our inclusion criteria. We found that the prevalence of anxiety and depression in people suffering from Chagas disease and/or neurocysticercosis was 44.9% (95% CI, 34.4-55.9). In 16 pooled studies that included 1782 people with mental disorders and 1776 controls, toxoplasmosis and/or toxocariasis were associated with increased risk of schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorders (odds ratio = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.7-3.2). Finally, toxocariasis and/or toxoplasmosis were associated with an increased risk of the onset of schizophrenia (odds ratio = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.7-3.4). CONCLUSION: Our pooled estimates show that the associations between diseases studied are relatively high in developing and emerging countries. This meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that toxoplasmosis could be the cause of schizophrenia. These findings could prove useful to researchers who want to further explore and understand the associations studied.

Co-morbidities of mental disorders and chronic physical diseases in developing and emerging countries: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: As the data on the association of mental disorders and chronic physical diseases in developing and emerging countries is heterogeneous, this study aims to produce the first meta-analysis of these comorbidities. METHODOLOGY: The meta-analysis protocol was registered in PROSPERO (N°CRD42017056521) and was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Initially, an article search was conducted on Medline, Embase, Lilacs and the Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale database [Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology], as well as manually, with no restriction on language or date focusing on mental disorders, chronic diseases and neurotropic diseases. Two independent investigators assessed the quality of the studies which met the inclusion criteria using the Downs and Black assessment grid. The pooled estimates were calculated out using a random-effects method with CMA software Version 3.0. A meta-regression was then performed, and the significance level was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Of the 2604 articles identified, 40 articles involving 21,747 subjects met the inclusion criteria for co-morbidities between mental disorders and chronic physical diseases. Thirty-one articles were included in the meta-analysis of prevalence studies and 9 articles in that of the analytical studies. The pooled prevalence of mental disorders in patients with chronic physical diseases was 36.6% (95% CI, 31.4-42.1) and the pooled odds ratio was 3.1 (95% CI, 1.7-5.2). There was heterogeneity in all the estimates and in some cases, this was explained by the quality of the studies. CONCLUSION: Some estimates regarding the prevalence of mental disorders in people with chronic physical diseases living in developing and emerging countries were similar to those in developed countries. Mental disorders are a burden in these countries. In order to respond effectively and efficiently to the morbidity and mortality associated with them, mental health care could be integrated with physical care.

Age-specific ALS incidence: a dose-response meta-analysis.

To evaluate the association between worldwide ALS incidence rates and age, using a dose-response meta-analysis. We reviewed Medline and Embase up to July 2016 and included all population-based studies of newly-diagnosed cases, using multiple sources for case ascertainment. A dose-response meta-analysis was performed. A meta-regression investigated potential sources of heterogeneity. Of 3254 articles identified in the literature, we included 41 incidence studies covering 42 geographical areas. Overall, the fit between observed and predicted age-specific rates was very good. The expected variation of ALS incidence with age was characterized, in each study, by a progressive increase in the incidence from the 40s leading to a peak in the 60s or 70s, followed by a sharp decrease. Cochran's Q test suggested a significant heterogeneity between studies. Overall, estimated patterns of ALS age-specific incidence (at which the peak was reached) were similar among subcontinents of Europe and North America: peak of ALS incidence ranged in these areas between 6.98 and 8.17/100,000 PYFU, which referred to age in the range 71.6-77.4 years. The relationship between age and ALS incidence appeared different for Eastern Asia which was characterized by a peak of ALS incidence at 2.20/100,000 PYFU around 75 years of age. This study confirms the consistency of the age-specific ALS incidence pattern within different subcontinents. Age-specific incidence appears lower in Eastern Asia as compared to Europe and North America.