The Ethiopia healthcare quality initiative: design and initial lessons learned.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the development, implementation and initial outcomes of a national quality improvement (QI) intervention in Ethiopia. DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive study of initial prototype phase implementation outcomes. SETTING: All public facilities in one selected prototype district in each of four agrarian regions. PARTICIPANTS: Facility QI teams composed of managers, healthcare workers and health extension workers. INTERVENTIONS: The Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement co-designed a three-pronged approach to accelerate health system improvement nationally, which included developing a national healthcare quality strategy (NHQS); building QI capability at all health system levels and introducing scalable district MNH QI collaboratives across four regions, involving healthcare providers and managers. OUTCOME MEASURES: Implementation outcomes including fidelity, acceptability, adoption and program effectiveness. RESULTS: The NHQS was launched in 2016 and governance structures were established at the federal, regional and sub-regional levels to oversee implementation. A total of 212 federal, regional and woreda managers have been trained in context-specific QI methods, and a national FMoH-owned in-service curriculum has been developed. Four prototype improvement collaboratives have been completed with high fidelity and acceptability. About 102 MNH change ideas were tested and a change package was developed with 83 successfully tested ideas. CONCLUSION: The initial successes observed are attributable to the FMoH's commitment in implementing the initiative, the active engagement of all stakeholders and the district-wide approach utilized. Challenges included weak data systems and security concerns. The second phase-in 26 district-level collaboratives-is now underway.

Client and service factors associated with changes in health-related quality of life following community rehabilitation.

PURPOSE: To identify client and service factors associated with changes in health-related quality of life following community rehabilitation. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study within a community rehabilitation program. Health-related quality of life was measured using the EuroQol five Dimensions, five response level version (EQ-5D-5L). Our primary outcome was the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) rating of overall health. Analyses were stratified by diagnostic group: traumatic orthopaedic, elective orthopaedic, neurological, medical, and other. The association between client and service factors and discharge VAS scores, adjusted for baseline scores were determined using multivariable regression. RESULTS: EQ-5D-5L data were available for 981 of 1350 participants. Treatment intensity was associated with a seven-point increase (ß = 7.22, 95%CI 2.28-12.2, p = 0.004) in VAS scores for traumatic orthopaedic participants. For neurological participants, there was a positive interaction between comorbidities and intensity of therapy (ß = 7.9, 95%CI 2.75-13.1, p = 0.003), indicating that greater therapy intensity in those with higher comorbidity scores was associated with an improvement in VAS scores. Age was negatively associated with VAS scores for traumatic orthopaedic participants and socioeconomic status was positively associated with VAS scores for elective orthopaedic participants. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment intensity is a modifiable service factor that may positively influence health-related quality of life.Implications for rehabilitationIn addition to providing information on client progress towards attainment of individual treatment goals, routine collection of patient reported outcome measures within a community rehabilitation program can elicit information that can inform rehabilitation service improvement.Clients of a community rehabilitation program with a neurological or medical condition demonstrate the least improvement in overall health profile and may require additional rehabilitation or supports.Across all diagnostic groups, problems with anxiety and depression were least likely to improve following receipt of community rehabilitation. Improving access to psychological services and associated referral pathways in community rehabilitation services could improve these outcomes.Initiatives aimed at increasing intensity of therapy such as targeted triage and resource allocation, may improve health-related quality of life for clients of a community rehabilitation program with traumatic orthopaedic conditions.For clients with a neurological condition, initiatives aimed at increasing intensity of therapy may improve health-related quality of life in more complex patients with comorbid health conditions.

Trait positive affect buffers the effects of acute stress on skin barrier recovery.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the role of self-reported trait positive affect (PA) on skin barrier recovery after skin disruption, and whether the role of trait PA in wound healing is consistent with the direct effects model or the stress-buffering model of PA and health. DESIGN: Sixty healthy participants (mean age 22.7 +/- 3.9 years) completed a self-report measure of trait positive and negative affect, underwent a "tape-stripping" procedure that disrupts normal skin barrier function, and were randomly assigned to a Stress (Trier Social Stress Test) or No Stress (reading task) condition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Skin barrier recovery was assessed by measuring transepidermal water loss up to 2 hr after skin disruption. RESULTS: Multilevel modeling indicated that greater trait PA was related to faster skin barrier recovery (p < .05). The effects of PA on skin barrier recovery were independent of levels of trait NA. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that trait PA may influence skin barrier recovery following a brief stressor. In addition, these results provide additional evidence that trait PA can positively impact objective health outcomes.

Social relationships and allostatic load in the MIDUS study.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines how the social environment is related to allostatic load (AL), a multisystem index of biological risk. METHOD: A national sample of adults (N = 949) aged 34-84 rated their relationships with spouse, family, and friends at 2 time points 10 years apart. At the second time point, participants completed a biological protocol in which indices of autonomic, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic function were obtained and used to create an AL summary score. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the associations among 3 aspects of social relationships-social support, social negativity, and frequency of social contact-and AL. RESULTS: Higher levels of spouse negativity, family negativity, friend contact, and network level contact were each associated with higher AL, and higher levels of spouse support were associated with lower AL, independent of age, sociodemographic factors, and health covariates. Tests for age interactions suggested that friend support and network support were each associated with higher AL among older adults, but at younger ages there appeared to be no association between friend support and AL and a negative association between network support and AL. For network negativity, there was a marginal interaction such that network negativity was associated with higher AL among younger adults but there was no association among older adults. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that structural and functional aspects of the social environment are associated with AL, and extend previous work by demonstrating that these associations vary based on the type of relationship assessed and by age.

Attachment, skin deep? Relationships between adult attachment and skin barrier recovery.

This study examined the relationship between individual differences in adult attachment and skin barrier recovery. Dating couples (N = 34) completed a self-report measure of attachment anxiety and avoidance, and during two separate laboratory visits, normal skin barrier function was disrupted using a tape-stripping procedure, followed by a 20 min discussion of personal concerns in one visit and relationship problems in the other, counterbalanced randomly across visits. Skin barrier recovery was assessed by measuring transepidermal water loss up to 2 h after skin disruption. Multilevel modeling showed that skin barrier recovery did not differ between the personal concern or relationship problem discussions. Among women, greater attachment anxiety predicted faster skin barrier recovery across the two visits, while greater attachment avoidance predicted slower skin barrier recovery. Among men, greater attachment anxiety predicted slower skin barrier recovery during the personal concern discussion only. The observed effects remained significant after controlling for transepidermal water loss in undisturbed skin, suggesting that the relationship between attachment security and skin barrier recovery was not due to other skin-related factors like sweating. Cortisol changes, self-reported emotions, stress appraisals, and supportiveness ratings were tested as potential mediators, and none explained the relationships between attachment and skin barrier recovery. These findings are the first to demonstrate associations between individual differences in attachment style and restorative biological processes in the skin, even in a sample of young dating couples in satisfied relationships.

Emotional experience improves with age: evidence based on over 10 years of experience sampling.

Recent evidence suggests that emotional well-being improves from early adulthood to old age. This study used experience-sampling to examine the developmental course of emotional experience in a representative sample of adults spanning early to very late adulthood. Participants (N = 184, Wave 1; N = 191, Wave 2; N = 178, Wave 3) reported their emotional states at five randomly selected times each day for a one week period. Using a measurement burst design, the one-week sampling procedure was repeated five and then ten years later. Cross-sectional and growth curve analyses indicate that aging is associated with more positive overall emotional well-being, with greater emotional stability and with more complexity (as evidenced by greater co-occurrence of positive and negative emotions). These findings remained robust after accounting for other variables that may be related to emotional experience (personality, verbal fluency, physical health, and demographic variables). Finally, emotional experience predicted mortality; controlling for age, sex, and ethnicity, individuals who experienced relatively more positive than negative emotions in everyday life were more likely to have survived over a 13 year period. Findings are discussed in the theoretical context of socioemotional selectivity theory.

Recent depressive and anxious symptoms predict cortisol responses to stress in men.

Individuals with major depressive disorder show blunted cortisol responses to psychosocial stressors, but the extent to which this pattern of dampened responding characterizes individuals experiencing sub-clinical levels of depressive symptoms is unknown. This study investigated whether self-reports of depressive and anxious symptoms over the previous two weeks were associated with cortisol responses to a laboratory social stress task. In addition, we tested whether these associations were mediated by baseline cortisol, subjective responses to the task, or health behaviors. Healthy adults (N=76) completed the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire prior to engaging in the Trier Social Stress Task. Salivary cortisol was measured at 8 points before and after the task to assess cortisol responding. Linear regressions revealed that men reporting more distress and somatic symptoms had smaller cortisol responses, but anhedonic symptoms were not related to cortisol. Distress was associated with lower baseline cortisol, which in turn statistically mediated the relationship between distress and cortisol response. These results demonstrate that the recent experience of depressive and anxious symptoms is associated with smaller cortisol responses to a psychosocial stressor in a non-clinical population.