RESUMO
Aims To describe readmissions of hospitalised patients with COVID-19, define predictors of readmission and explore the long term outcomes using the SF-12 score compared to patients who were not readmitted and those not hospitalised. Methods A single centre retrospective in North Inner-City Dublin. Recruitment was done through a COVID follow up clinic. Predictors of readmission and SF-12 scores at two timepoints post follow up at median 3 months and 12 months. Results Seventy (45%) participants were admitted, with a median age of 49.5 years (IQR 41.3-56.9), 36(51%) of whom were female. Unscheduled readmissions at ≤30 days in COVID-19 patients were 9(12.9%) and length of stay was four days (IQR 2-5). Readmissions were due to ongoing symptoms(n=9(64.3%)) or new complications(n=5(35.7%)). Mechanical ventilation and having symptoms of nausea and vomiting on index admission were predictive of readmission. (p=0.002). SF-12 scores at one year of readmitted patients were not different to patients who were never admitted at median one year follow up, p=.089. Conclusions Most readmissions were of short duration. Early follow up of patients post MV or who had nausea and vomiting on index admission should be prioritised. Wellbeing of readmitted patients was not different to those never hospitalised, at one year.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Náusea , Readmissão do Paciente , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , VômitoRESUMO
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important disease of cattle caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis, a pathogen that may be extremely difficult to eradicate in the presence of a true wildlife reservoir. Our objective was to identify and review relevant literature and provide a succinct summary of current knowledge of risk factors for transmission of infection of cattle. Search strings were developed to identify publications from electronic databases to February 2015. Abstracts of 4255 papers identified were reviewed by three reviewers to determine whether the entire article was likely to contain relevant information. Risk factors could be broadly grouped as follows: animal (including nutrition and genetics), herd (including bTB and testing history), environment, wildlife and social factors. Many risk factors are inter-related and study designs often do not enable differentiation between cause and consequence of infection. Despite differences in study design and location, some risk factors are consistently identified, e.g. herd size, bTB history, presence of infected wildlife, whereas the evidence for others is less consistent and coherent, e.g. nutrition, local cattle movements. We have identified knowledge gaps where further research may result in an improved understanding of bTB transmission dynamics. The application of targeted, multifactorial disease control regimens that address a range of risk factors simultaneously is likely to be a key to effective, evidence-informed control strategies.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium bovis/fisiologia , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Bovina/transmissão , Animais , Bovinos , Irlanda/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Tuberculose Bovina/microbiologia , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The use of fly-traps for the control of sheep blowfly strike was examined on 12 commercial sheep farms in south west England in 2003. Two flocks acted as controls, with no prophylactic blowfly strike control. Four flocks of lambs and three flocks of ewes were protected only by blowfly traps, seven of the flocks of ewes and six flocks of lambs were protected by blowfly traps but also had proprietary insecticides applied to them at some stage. There was no difference in the abundance of L. sericata at the various sites. The highest incidence of strike was seen in the two control flocks where 10.9 and 5.8% of the ewes and 10.1 and 9.2% of the lambs were struck. Strike incidence in the flocks that used trapping only and flocks that used trapping plus a chemical preventive was on average five times lower than in the control flocks, but the percentages struck on the sites in the trapping only and trapping plus insecticide groups were not significantly different from each other. The results of this study show that traps can make an effective contribution to blowfly strike control on individual farms.
Assuntos
Dípteros , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Inseticidas , Miíase/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/prevenção & controle , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Feminino , Inseticidas/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Miíase/epidemiologia , Miíase/parasitologia , Miíase/prevenção & controle , Estações do Ano , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologiaRESUMO
This report, provided by the APHA, summarises the key descriptive epidemiological parameters of bovine TB in cattle in Great Britain from January 1 to December 31, 2014. It summarises some of the temporal trends observed over a longer period and highlights some differences and similarities between Scotland, Wales and the three bovine TB risk areas of England. It updates the previous annual summaries for 2012 and 2013, also published inVeterinary Record(VR, June 14, 2014, vol 174, pp 600-604; March 28, 2015, vol 176, pp 326-330).
Assuntos
Vigilância de Evento Sentinela/veterinária , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Matadouros , Animais , Autopsia/veterinária , Bovinos , Técnicas de Genotipagem/veterinária , Órgãos Governamentais , Incidência , Prevalência , Recidiva , Fatores de Tempo , Tuberculose Bovina/microbiologia , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Field surveillance of British cattle using the single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test shows a higher incidence rate of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in dairy compared to beef herds, but a lower probability of post-mortem examination confirmed (PMC) Mycobacterium bovis infection in dairy herds. A cross-sectional study was conducted to compare animal level differences in bTB detection between dairy and non-dairy cattle in Great Britain. During the period from 2002 to 2005, 200 (41% dairy) reactors in the SICCT test (standard interpretation) were randomly selected, and 200 in-contact cattle (43% dairy) were purposively selected from bTB-infected herds. Interferon (IFN)-γ responses in blood to bovine and avian purified protein derivative (PPD), and early secretory antigen target 6 kDa and culture filtrate protein 10 (ESAT-6/CFP10), were measured. The post-mortem examination included gross pathological examination, mycobacterial culture and histopathology. The proportions of cattle positive to ESAT6/CFP10 were 26% (95% confidence interval, CI, 15-39%) in dairy reactors and 62% (95% CI 51-72%) in non-dairy reactors (P <0.001). PMC risk was 34% (95% CI 24-45%) in dairy reactors and 69% (95% CI 60-78%) in non-dairy reactors (P <0.001). The odds ratio for PMC risk in dairy reactors compared to non-dairy reactors, after controlling for bTB prevalence, herd size and SICCT test response, was 0.27 (95% CI 0.14-0.53; P <0.001). In surveillance data, adjusted animal level PMC risks were lower for dairy reactors than for beef reactors aged >2 years (P <0.001).
Assuntos
Testes Intradérmicos/veterinária , Mycobacterium bovis/isolamento & purificação , Teste Tuberculínico/veterinária , Tuberculose Bovina/diagnóstico , Animais , Autopsia , Bovinos , Estudos Transversais , Indústria de Laticínios , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina/veterinária , Feminino , Incidência , Masculino , Mycobacterium bovis/imunologia , Fatores de Risco , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Bovina/imunologia , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Identifying and ranking cattle herds with a higher risk of being or becoming infected on known risk factors can help target farm biosecurity, surveillance schemes and reduce spread through animal trading. This paper describes a quantitative approach to develop risk scores, based on the probability of infection in a herd with bovine tuberculosis (bTB), to be used in a risk-based trading (RBT) scheme in England and Wales. To produce a practical scoring system the risk factors included need to be simple and quick to understand, sufficiently informative and derived from centralised national databases to enable verification and assess compliance. A logistic regression identified herd history of bTB, local bTB prevalence, herd size and movements of animals onto farms in batches from high risk areas as being significantly associated with the probability of bTB infection on farm. Risk factors were assigned points using the estimated odds ratios to weight them. The farm risk score was defined as the sum of these individual points yielding a range from 1 to 5 and was calculated for each cattle farm that was trading animals in England and Wales at the start of a year. Within 12 months, of those farms tested, 30.3% of score 5 farms had a breakdown (sensitivity). Of farms scoring 1-4 only 5.4% incurred a breakdown (1-specificity). The use of this risk scoring system within RBT has the potential to reduce infected cattle movements; however, there are cost implications in ensuring that the information underpinning any system is accurate and up to date.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Comércio , Análise Custo-Benefício , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Medição de Risco , Meios de Transporte , Tuberculose Bovina/microbiologia , País de Gales/epidemiologiaRESUMO
While much is known about the risk factors for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in herds located in high incidence areas, the drivers of bTB spread in areas of emerging endemicity are less well established. Epidemiological analysis and intensive social research identified natural and social risk factors that may prevent or encourage the spread of disease. These were investigated using a case-control study design to survey farmers in areas defined as recently having become endemic for bTB (from or after 2006). Telephone surveys were conducted for 113 farms with a recent history of a bTB incident where their officially tuberculosis free status had been withdrawn (OTFW) (cases) and 224 controls with no history of a bTB incident, matched on location, production type and the rate of endemic bTB spread. Farmers were questioned about a range of farm management strategies, farm characteristics, herd health, wildlife and biosecurity measures with a focus on farmer attitudes and behaviours such as farmers' perception of endemicity and feelings of control, openness and social cohesion. Data generated in the telephone surveys was supplemented with existing herd-level data and analysed using conditional logistic regression. Overall, herd size (OR 1.07), purchasing an animal at a cattle market compared to purchasing outside of markets (OR 2.6), the number of contiguous bTB incidents (2.30) and the number of inconclusive reactors detected in the 2 years prior to the case incident (OR 1.95) significantly increased the odds of a bTB incident. Beef herds using a field parcel more than 3.2km away from the main farm and dairy herds reporting Johne's disease in the previous 12 months were 3.0 and 4.7 times more likely to have a recent history of a bTB incident, respectively. Beef herds reporting maize growing near, but not on, their farm were less likely to be case herds. Operating a closed farm in the two years prior to the case breakdown did not reduce the odds of a bTB incident. Farmers that had recently experienced a bTB incident were more likely to have implemented badger biosecurity in the previous year, but no more likely than control farms to have implemented cattle biosecurity. Case farmers felt significantly less likely to be influenced by government, vets or other farmers compared to those with no history of bTB. This suggests that alternative methods of engaging with farmers who have recently had a breakdown may need to be developed.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Fazendeiros/psicologia , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Bovina/psicologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Bovinos , Indústria de Laticínios , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tuberculose Bovina/prevenção & controleRESUMO
This report, provided by the APHA, summarises the infection status of bovine TB in cattle in Great Britain from January 1 to December 31, 2013 and describes some of the temporal trends observed over a longer period. It updates the previous annual summary for 2012, also published in Veterinary Record (VR, June 14, 2014, vol 174, pp 600-604).
Assuntos
Vigilância de Evento Sentinela/veterinária , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Incidência , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A mathematical method for estimating the endemic status of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle in England and Wales has been developed. 6.25km(2) hexagonal cells were used as the base resolution. Maps were produced for overlapping two-year periods spanning 2001/03 to 2009/11. Distance from a farm to the ten nearest 'Officially Tuberculosis Free status - Withdrawn' incidents within the same time period was measured. Endemic areas were defined as those hexagons containing farms where the 3rd nearest incident occurred within 7km. Temporal spread of endemic bTB was estimated by creating a contour map displaying the spread of endemic bTB over the two-year periods, and using boundary displacement to calculate the rate of spread across each hexagon. A rate was obtained for â¼2300 cells and varied between 0.04km and 15.9km per year (median=3.3km per year). This work will enable further analysis of the factors associated with this expansion.
Assuntos
Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Doenças Endêmicas/veterinária , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Sistemas de Informação Geográfica , Mapeamento Geográfico , Mycobacterium bovis/isolamento & purificação , Fatores de Risco , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Software , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Tuberculose Bovina/transmissão , País de Gales/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Defra's recent strategy to eradicate bovine tuberculosis (bTB) establishes three spatial zones: high-risk areas (HRAs) and low-risk areas, and an area referred to as 'the edge', which marks the areas where infection is spreading outwards from the HRA. Little is known about farmers in the edge area, their attitudes towards bTB and their farming practices. This paper examines farmers' practices and attitudes towards bTB in standardised epidemiologically defined areas. A survey was developed to collect data on farmer attitudes, behaviours, practices and environmental conditions as part of an interdisciplinary analysis of bTB risk factors. Survey items were developed from a literature review and focus groups with vets and farmers in different locations within the edge area. A case-control sampling framework was adopted with farms sampled from areas identified as recently endemic for bTB. 347 farmers participated in the survey including 117 with bTB, representing a 70per cent response rate. Results show that farmers believe they are unable to do anything about bTB but are keen for the government intervention to help control the spread of bTB.
Assuntos
Atitude , Doenças Endêmicas/veterinária , Fazendeiros/psicologia , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Adulto , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças Endêmicas/prevenção & controle , Fazendeiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tuberculose Bovina/prevenção & controle , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This report, provided by the AHVLA, summarises the infection status of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle in Great Britain from January 1 to December 31, 2012 and describes some of the temporal trends observed over a longer period. The AHVLA intends to produce similar reports for future years to provide a concise summary of how the situation is developing.
Assuntos
Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Vigilância da População , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Despite the large host range of Mycobacterium bovis, ante-mortem diagnostic tests for the infection mostly lack sensitivity/specificity and/or remain unvalidated in non-bovine species. The epidemiology and importance of M. bovis infection in these species are discussed in the first part of this two-part review. This second part focuses on the diagnostic options available to identify infected species such as sheep, goats, dogs, cats, and camelids, and highlights the significant challenges posed, both in establishing estimates of disease prevalence and in controlling infections in these species, in the absence of fully validated tests.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium bovis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculose/veterinária , Animais , Animais Domésticos , Fatores de Risco , Estações do Ano , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), can infect a broad range of mammalian species in addition to domestic and feral cattle and badgers. Since legislation introduced in 2006 in Great Britain requires animal keepers, meat inspectors and veterinarians to notify the authorities of suspect bTB lesions or the isolation of M. bovis in any mammal excluding humans, the organism has been increasingly identified in domestic species other than cattle. Although in most cases 'spill-over' hosts, these remain a potential source of infection for cattle, wildlife, and possibly humans. In this first part of a two-part review of M. bovis infections in non-bovine domestic species, current knowledge of the epidemiology of such infections is presented along with novel data relating to diagnostic submissions for mycobacterial culture between 2004 and 2010. Over this period M. bovis infection was identified in 116 cats, 7 dogs, 34 llamas, 133 alpacas, 35 goats, 24 sheep and 85 pigs and wild boar. The risk that such infections pose to the control of bTB, and as zoonoses, is discussed. In part two, the options available to diagnose bTB in these species, as well as the challenges posed to disease detection and control will be discussed in depth.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Gado , Mycobacterium bovis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculose/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Gatos , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Cães , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Estações do Ano , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/microbiologiaRESUMO
Selected demographic features and trends in bovine tuberculosis (BTB) from 1995 to 2010 are described for the countries of the UK and the Republic of Ireland, using standardised definitions and measures. All countries experienced a reduction in the number of cattle and herds and in the proportion of dairy herds, while average herd size increased. In general, the trends indicate a stable situation of very low BTB prevalence in Scotland and, over most of the period, a rising prevalence in England and Wales. The prevalence in the Republic of Ireland declined while Northern Ireland experienced both a rise and fall. Differences in demography, BTB programme structure and test results were noted, particularly between the island of Ireland and Great Britain. Further investigation of these differences may provide valuable insights into risk factors for BTB and optimisation of existing BTB programmes.
Assuntos
Vigilância de Evento Sentinela/veterinária , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Bovina/prevenção & controle , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Irlanda/epidemiologia , Masculino , Densidade Demográfica , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The relationships between abundance of the blowfly Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), climate, animal management procedures and the incidence of cutaneous myiasis (blowfly strike) in sheep were examined in three sheep pasture systems in southwest England during the summers of 2002 and 2003. In each year, flies were collected using liver-baited sticky targets, daily weather and routine husbandry practices were noted and the age-class of each animal infested and body position of each strike were recorded. On sites where no strike control was used, 5.8-12.1% of ewes and 5.7-15.8% of lambs were struck. Ewe strikes predominated at the beginning of the season. The incidence of ewe strikes was significantly associated with higher mean temperature, rainfall and shearing; shearing was associated with a 95% reduction in the risk of ewe strike. In lambs, the incidence of strike was significantly related to higher fly abundance, ewe shearing, treatment and mean ambient temperature. Lambs were 4.6 times more likely to be struck after the ewes had been shorn than before; however, the strongest relationship was with mean L. sericata abundance. Average minimum threshold temperatures of 9.5 degrees C for lamb strikes and 8.5 degrees C for all strikes were extrapolated, below which oviposition did not occur. Over 80% of ewe strikes occurred in the breech region in 2002, as did 100% in 2003. However, in lambs both body and breech strikes occurred in both years. The distribution of lamb strikes appeared to change over time, with breech strikes predominating in May, June and July and body strikes occurring increasingly later in the season. The incidence of lamb breech strikes was significantly associated with higher L. sericata abundance and ewe shearing but there was no relationship with weather conditions. By contrast, the risk of body strike in lambs was significantly associated with higher blowfly abundance, higher rainfall and higher maximum temperatures. The relationship between strike incidence and L. sericata abundance is important because it enhances our understanding of strike incidence patterns and management of this disease. Clearly, any factors that facilitate larger L. sericata populations, such as inappropriate carcass burial or increased average ambient temperatures, are likely to increase the incidence of strike.
Assuntos
Clima , Miíase/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Dípteros/fisiologia , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Feminino , Miíase/epidemiologia , Estações do Ano , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Prior studies established the specificity of rabies virus receptors on BHK-21 cells based on the saturability of the receptors and on competitive binding. In the present study, we used protease-treated cells to identify the involvement of protein in the specific binding of rabies virus to these cells. In addition, biochemical characterization of n-octylglucoside solubilized BHK-21 plasma membranes demonstrated the involvement of a protease sensitive, heat insensitive, integral membrane protein or protein complex in rabies virus binding to these cells. The membrane component that binds rabies virus is associated with a high molecular weight fraction of the n-octylglucoside-plasma membrane extract isolated by gel filtration. This high molecular weight fraction (approximately 450 KDa) is enriched with a cell surface integral membrane component that comigrates with denatured bovine serum fibronectin (220 KDa). This cellular component did not bind polyclonal antisera to fibronectin in Western blot (native or denatured) or immunoprecipitation experiments. Direct and specific virus binding to high molecular weight plasma membrane protein(s) separated on Western blots further confirmed the role of a protein receptor in rabies virus binding to these cells.
Assuntos
Fusão de Membrana , Proteínas de Membrana/fisiologia , Vírus da Raiva/fisiologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Cromatografia em Gel , Cricetinae , Eletroforese em Gel de Ágar , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Rim/virologia , Proteínas de Membrana/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Cold-adapted, temperature-sensitive (ts), attenuated strains of respiratory syncytial virus have been developed from a B subgroup clinical isolate for potential use as vaccine candidates. The replication of two B subgroup ts mutant viruses (2B33F and 2B20L) at the permissive and nonpermissive temperatures have been compared with that of the parental 2B virus to establish differences that may account for their ts and/or attenuated phenotypes. We have shown that the ts restriction at 39 degrees C in the replication of the two mutant viruses in tissue culture occurs at a step after virus adsorption but before or including initiation of virus-specific mRNA transcription. At the permissive temperature of 32 degrees C a 12- to 24-h delay in the accumulation of mRNA for both mutant viruses in comparison to that of the parental 2B virus was exhibited. This effect was mirrored by equivalent delays in viral protein synthesis and production of infectious virus. By 36 h postinfection both mutants had produced levels of viral mRNA, protein, and infectious virus that were similar to those of the parent virus at 32 degrees C. ts+ revertant viruses derived from both mutants have also reverted in their viral mRNA, protein, and infectious virus production kinetics at 32 degrees C to rates more like those exhibited by the parental 2B virus. This suggests a positive correlation between the ts step in the replication of the mutant viruses and the initial delay in mRNA production that occurs at the permissive temperature.