Benefit of 18F-fluorocholine PET imaging in parathyroid surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the additional diagnostic value of 18F-fluorocholine PET imaging in preoperative localization of pathologic parathyroid glands in clinically manifest hyperparathyroidism in case of negative or conflicting ultrasound and scintigraphy results. METHODS: A retrospective, single-institution study of 26 patients diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism. In cases where ultrasound and scintigraphy failed to detect the location of an adenoma in order to allow a focused surgical approach, an additional 18F-fluorocholine PET scan was performed and its results were compared with the intraoperative findings. RESULTS: A total of 26 patients underwent 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT (n = 11) or PET/MRI (n = 15). Adenomas were detected in 25 patients (96.2%). All patients underwent surgery, and the location predicted by PET hybrid imaging was confirmed intraoperatively by frozen section and adequate parathyroid hormone drop after removal. None of the patients needed revision surgery during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that 18F-fluorocholine PET imaging is a highly accurate method to detect parathyroid adenomas even in case of previous localization failure by other imaging examinations. KEY POINTS: • With 18 F-fluorocholine PET imaging, parathyroid adenomas could be detected in 96.2%. • 18 F-fluorocholine imaging is a highly accurate method to detect parathyroid adenomas. • We encourage its use, where ultrasound fails to detect an adenoma.

Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a consequence of intestinal dysbiosis and is particularly common following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective method of treating CDI by correcting intestinal dysbiosis by passive transfer of healthy donor microflora. FMT has not been widely used in immunocompromised patients, including HSCT recipients, owing to concern for donor-derived infection. Here, we describe initial results of an FMT program for CDI at a US HSCT center. Seven HSCT recipients underwent FMT between February 2015 and February 2016. Mean time post HSCT was 635 days (25-75 interquartile range [IQR] 38-791). Five of the patients (71.4%) were on immunosuppressive therapy at FMT; 4 had required long-term suppressive oral vancomycin therapy because of immediate recurrence after antibiotic cessation. Stool donors underwent comprehensive health and behavioral screening and laboratory testing of serum and stool for 32 potential pathogens. FMT was administered via the naso-jejunal route in 6 of the 7 patients. Mean follow-up was 265 days (IQR 51-288). Minor post-FMT adverse effects included self-limited bloating and urgency. One patient was suspected of having post-FMT small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. No serious adverse events were noted and all-cause mortality was 0%. Six of 7 (85.7%) patients had no recurrence; 1 patient recurred at day 156 post FMT after taking an oral antibiotic and required repeat FMT, after which no recurrence has occurred. Diarrhea was improved in all patients and 1 patient with gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease was able to taper off systemic immunosuppression after FMT. With careful donor selection and laboratory screening, FMT appears to be a safe and effective therapy for CDI in HSCT patients and may confer additional benefits. Larger studies are necessary to confirm safety and efficacy and explore other possible effects.

Impact of joint status on contraction steadiness of m. quadriceps femoris in people with severe haemophilia.

Impaired contraction steadiness of lower limb muscles affects functional performance and may increase injury risk. We hypothesize that haemophilic arthropathy of the knee and the strength status of quadriceps are relevant factors which compromise a steady contraction. This study addresses the questions if impaired steadiness of the quadriceps is verifiable in people with haemophilia (PWH) and whether a connection between the status of the knee joint and quadriceps strength exists. A total of 157 PWH and 85 controls (C) performed a strength test with a knee extensor device to evaluate their bilateral and unilateral maximal quadriceps strength and steadiness. Isometric steadiness was measured by the coefficient of variation of maximum peak torque (CV-MVIC in %). For classification of the knee joint status the World Federation of Haemophilia (WFH) score was used. Lower steadiness (higher CV values) was found in PWH compared with C during bilateral [PWH vs. C; 0.63 (0.36/1.13) vs. 0.35 (0.15/0.72), median (Q25/Q75) P < 0.001] and unilateral trials [left leg: 0.70 (0.32/1.64) vs. 0.50 (0.23/1.04), P < 0.05; right leg: 0.68 (0.29/1.51) vs. 0.39 (0.18/0.68), P < 0.001]. PWH with a WFH score difference (≥1) between their extremities showed a less steady contraction in the more affected extremity (P < 0.05). More unsteady contractions have also been found in extremities with lower quadriceps strength compared with the contralateral stronger extremities (P < 0.001), whereby the weaker extremities were associated with a worse joint status (P < 0.001). The results of this study verify an impaired ability to realize a steady contraction of quadriceps in PWH and the influence of joint damage and strength on its manifestation.

High-precision nanoscale temperature sensing using single defects in diamond.

Measuring local temperature with a spatial resolution on the order of a few nanometers has a wide range of applications in the semiconductor industry and in material and life sciences. For example, probing temperature on the nanoscale with high precision can potentially be used to detect small, local temperature changes like those caused by chemical reactions or biochemical processes. However, precise nanoscale temperature measurements have not been realized so far owing to the lack of adequate probes. Here we experimentally demonstrate a novel nanoscale temperature sensing technique based on optically detected electron spin resonance in single atomic defects in diamonds. These diamond sensor sizes range from a micrometer down to a few tens of nanometers. We achieve a temperature noise floor of 5 mK/Hz(1/2) for single defects in bulk sensors. Using doped nanodiamonds as sensors the temperature noise floor is 130 mK/Hz(1/2) and accuracies down to 1 mK for nanocrystal sizes and therefore length scales of a few tens of nanometers. This combination of precision and position resolution, combined with the outstanding sensor photostability, should allow the measurement of the heat produced by chemical interactions involving a few or single molecules even in heterogeneous environments like cells.

Suitability of Fourier transform infrared microscopy for the diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in human tissue sections.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a global health concern caused by cestodes, posing diagnostic challenges due to nonspecific symptoms and inconclusive radiographic results. Diagnosis relies on histopathological evaluation of affected tissue, demanding comprehensive tools. In this retrospective case study, Fourier transform infrared microscopy was explored for detecting and identifying CE through biochemical changes in human tissue sections. Tissue samples from 11 confirmed CE patients were analyzed. Archived FFPE blocks were cut and stained, and then CE-positive unstained sections were examined using Fourier transform infrared microscopy post-deparaffinization. Results revealed the method's ability to distinguish echinococcus elements from human tissue, irrespective of organ type. This research showcases the potential of mid-infrared microscopy as a valuable diagnostic tool for CE, offering promise in enhancing diagnostic precision in the face of the disease's complexities.

Quadriceps strength, inter-extremity difference (IED) and joint status in adult persons with severe haemophilia in different age stages.

Quadriceps weakness seems to be a hallmark in adult persons with severe haemophilia (PWH). The purpose of this study was to compare PWH and non-haemophilic controls in different age stages with reference to joint status and quadriceps strength. Further aims were to examine the extent of strength-specific inter-extremity-difference (IED) and the prevalence of abnormal IED (AIED). A total of 106 adults with severe haemophilia (H) and 80 controls (C) had undergone an orthopaedic examination for classification of knee and ankle status using the WFH score. Quadriceps strength was evaluated unilaterally as well as bilaterally with a knee extensor device. Each group was divided into four age-related subgroups (HA/CA: 18-29, HB/CB: 30-39, HC/CC: 40-49, HD/CD: 50-70; in years). H presented a worse knee and ankle status than C indicated by higher WFH scores (P < 0.01). Regarding the age-matched subgroups only HB showed higher knee scores than CB (P < 0.05). The ankles were clinically more affected in HB-HD compared with those in age-matched controls (P < 0.05). H showed lower quadriceps strength than C (P < 0.05). In addition, all subgroups of H presented lower strength (HA: 10-17, HB: 19-23, HC: 35-36, HD: 53-61; in%, P < 0.05). IED was higher in H than in C [H: 12.0 (5.3/32.2) vs. C: 7.1 (2.9/10.9); Median (quartiles) in%, P < 0.001] and increased with age in H. We discovered an AIED in 35% of H. These findings highlight the importance for the early implementation of preventive and rehabilitative muscle training programmes in the comprehensive treatment of PWH.

Fourier transform infrared imaging analysis in discrimination studies of bladder cancer.

Bladder carcinoma represents more than 4% of all cancer diseases in Austria. The histomorphological evaluation is invasive and remains a subjective and time consuming technique. On account of this it is necessary to find novel non-invasive approaches which support the pathologists for histological recognition to identify malignancy at an early stage. In the present study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopic imaging was combined with univariate and multivariate data analysis methods to study bladder carcinoma tissue sections in detail. The possibility to collect IR spectra of bladder carcinoma tissue sections employing an optimized analytical protocol is demonstrated. The correlation between FTIR microscopic imaging and the morphological tissue features obtained by histological staining of the sections demonstrated that many histomorphological tissue patterns can be visualized in the colour images. The routine generation of high quality imaging data is enabled because of the combination of FTIR technology and optimized sample preparation techniques. This opens a new quality of spectroscopic analyses of cancerous tissue, allowing exploration of molecular changes associated with the histopathological morphology.

Visible- and near-infrared hyperspectral imaging for the quantitative analysis of PD-L1+ cells in human lymphomas: Comparison with fluorescent multiplex immunohistochemistry.

INTRODUCTION: We analyzed the expression of PD-L1 in human lymphomas using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) compared to visual assessment (VA) and conventional digital image analysis (DIA) to strengthen further the value of HSI as a tool for the evaluation of brightfield-based immunohistochemistry (IHC). In addition, fluorescent multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) was used as a second detection method to analyze the impact of a different detection method. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 18 cases (6 follicular lymphomas and 12 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas) were stained for PD-L1 by IHC and for PD-L1, CD3, and CD8 by fluorescent mIHC. The percentage of positively stained cells was evaluated with VA, HSI, and DIA for IHC and VA and DIA for mIHC. Results were compared between the different methods of detection and analysis. RESULTS: An overall high concordance was found between VA, HSI, and DIA in IHC (Cohens Kappa = 0.810VA/HSI, 0.710 VA/DIA, and 0.516 HSI/DIA) and for VAmIHCversus DIAmIHC (Cohens Kappa = 0.894). Comparing IHC and mIHC general agreement differed depending on the methods compared but reached at most a moderate agreement (Cohens Kappa between 0.250 and 0.483). This is reflected by the significantly higher percentage of PD-L1+ cells found with mIHC (pFriedman = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Our study shows a good concordance for the different analysis methods. Compared to VA and DIA, HSI proved to be a reliable tool for assessing IHC. Understanding the regulation of PD-L1 expression will further enlighten the role of PD-L1 as a biomarker. Therefore it is necessary to develop an instrument, such as HSI, which can offer a reliable and objective evaluation of PD-L1 expression.

Deep learning analysis of mid-infrared microscopic imaging data for the diagnosis and classification of human lymphomas.

The present study presents an alternative analytical workflow that combines mid-infrared (MIR) microscopic imaging and deep learning to diagnose human lymphoma and differentiate between small and large cell lymphoma. We could show that using a deep learning approach to analyze MIR hyperspectral data obtained from benign and malignant lymph node pathology results in high accuracy for correct classification, learning the distinct region of 3900 to 850 cm-1 . The accuracy is above 95% for every pair of malignant lymphoid tissue and still above 90% for the distinction between benign and malignant lymphoid tissue for binary classification. These results demonstrate that a preliminary diagnosis and subtyping of human lymphoma could be streamlined by applying a deep learning approach to analyze MIR spectroscopic data.

pHH3 and survivin are co-expressed in high-risk endometrial cancer and are prognostic relevant.

BACKGROUND: Phosphohistone-H3 (pHH3) is a promising reliable mitotic count biomarker. Our purpose was to study the relationship between the novel proliferation marker pHH3 and the established anti-apoptotic marker survivin and consider their prognostic relevance in endometrial cancer. METHODS: A total of 106 patients with endometrial cancer (type I/endometrioid, n=81; type II carcinomas, n=18) and simple hyperplasia without atypia (n=7) were investigated. pHH3 and survivin expression were assessed using immunohistochemistry from paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. RESULTS: A strong positive correlation was observed between pHH3 and survivin expression (P<0.0001). Patients with high-grade tumours and patients with type II carcinomas expressed significantly more pHH3 and survivin than low grade and endometrioid tumours (P<0.0001, P<0.0001, P<0.0001, and P<0.0001, respectively). In univariate survival analysis, overexpression of pHH3 and survivin were associated with increased recurrence and mortality (P<0.0001, P<0.0001, P<0.0001, and P<0.0001, respectively), in the multivariable Cox regression analyses both pHH3 and survivin could be identified as independent parameters for overall survival (P=0.004, and P=0.023, respectively). CONCLUSION: In endometrial cancer, pHH3 and survivin were strongly positive correlated and were both associated with type II and high-grade tumours. Increasing expression levels of pHH3 and survivin were associated with adverse prognostic factors.

High dietary fat and the development of osteoarthritis in a rabbit model.

OBJECTIVE: Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with obesity, although this relationship remains unclear. Proposed etiologies of OA in obesity include mechanical loading of malaligned joints and possible toxicity of dietary fat. The hypothesis tested in the present study was that increased dietary fat worsens OA in both malaligned and normal joints, detected by biochemical and histological cartilage markers. METHOD: 83 New Zealand white rabbits were divided among two conditions related to OA: bowing of the knee and a 14%kcal vs 47.8%kcal fat diet. Rabbit weights and knee angles were compared throughout the experiment. At 28 and 38 weeks, intra-articular forces were measured, animals sacrificed, and knee cartilage examined for histological changes, glycosaminoglycan content, 35S uptake, and aggrecanase-1 expression. RESULTS: There were no differences in animal weights or intra-articular forces between the two diets. Despite increased fat content in their diet, animals on the 47.8%kcal fat diet did not gain excess weight. Representative histology showed atypical shearing of articular cartilage among animals on the high fat diet. Animals on the 47.8%kcal fat diet had suppression of protein synthesis compared to the 14%kcal fat diet: lower glycosaminoglycan content and aggrecanase-1 expression in all knee compartments at both times, and lower 35S uptake at 38 weeks. CONCLUSION: These results suggest dietary fat, independent of animal weight, results in altered chondrocyte function. Increased dietary fat was associated with changes in rabbit cartilage in vivo and appears to be a risk factor for the development of OA.

Visible and Near-Infrared hyperspectral imaging (HSI) can reliably quantify CD3 and CD45 positive inflammatory cells in myocarditis: Pilot study on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens from myocard obtained during autopsy.

INTRODUCTION: To implement Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) as a tool for quantifying inflammatory cells in tissue specimens by the example of myocarditis in a collective of forensic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 44 consecutive patients with suspected myocardial inflammation at autopsy, diagnosed between 2013 and 2018 at the Institute of ForensicMedicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, were selected for this study. Using the IMEC SNAPSCAN camera, visible and near infrared hyperspectral images were collected from slides stained with CD3 and CD45 to assess quantity and spatial distribution of positive cells. Results were compared with visual assessment (VA) and conventional digital image analysis (DIA). RESULTS: Finally, specimens of 40 patients were evaluated, of whom 36 patients (90%) suffered from myocarditis, two patients (5%) had suspected healing/healed myocarditis, and two did no have myocarditis (5%). The amount of CD3 and CD45 positive cells did not differ significantly between VA, HSI, and DIA (pVA/HSI/DIA = 0.46 for CD3 and 0.81 for CD45). Cohens Kappa showed a very high correlation between VA versus HSI, VA versus DIA, and HSI versus DIA for CD3 (Cohens Kappa = 0.91, 1.00, and 0.91, respectively). For CD45 an almost as high correlation was seen for VA versus HSI and HSI versus DIA (Cohens Kappa = 0.75 and 0.70) and VA versus DIA (Cohens Kappa = 0.89). CONCLUSION: HSI is a reliable and objective method to count inflammatory cells in tissue slides of suspected myocarditis. Implementation of HSI in digital pathology might further expand the possibility of a sophisticated method.

[Atrial dissociation in a boxer with a carcinoma of the middle ear]. / Atriale Dissoziation bei einem Boxer mit Mittelohrkarzinom.

INTRODUCTION: The case report describes an atrial dissociation in a 9-year-old male boxer diagnosed by ECG and echocardiography. Torticollis, severe neck pain and auscultatory arrhythmia were found during the clinical examination. In addition, a mass was found in the left tympanic bulla and histologically a carcinoma of the middle ear was diagnosed.

INTRODUCTION: La présente étude de cas décrit une dissociation auriculaire chez un boxer mâle de 9 ans diagnostiquée par ECG et échocardiographie. Lors de l'examen clinique on a relevé un port de tête penché, des douleurs cervicales sévères et une arythmie à l'auscultation. De plus, une masse a été trouvée dans la bulle tympanique gauche et un carcinome de l'oreille moyenne a été diagnostiqué histologiquement.

The future of pathology is digital.

Information, archives, and intelligent artificial systems are part of everyday life in modern medicine. They already support medical staff by mapping their workflows with shared availability of cases' referral information, as needed for example, by the pathologist, and this support will be increased in the future even more. In radiology, established standards define information models, data transmission mechanisms, and workflows. Other disciplines, such as pathology, cardiology, and radiation therapy, now define further demands in addition to these established standards. Pathology may have the highest technical demands on the systems, with very complex workflows, and the digitization of slides generating enormous amounts of data up to Gigabytes per biopsy. This requires enormous amounts of data to be generated per biopsy, up to the gigabyte range. Digital pathology allows a change from classical histopathological diagnosis with microscopes and glass slides to virtual microscopy on the computer, with multiple tools using artificial intelligence and machine learning to support pathologists in their future work.

The Cognitive-Functional Composite is sensitive to clinical progression in early dementia: Longitudinal findings from the Catch-Cog study cohort.

INTRODUCTION: In an attempt to capture clinically meaningful cognitive decline in early dementia, we developed the Cognitive-Functional Composite (CFC). We investigated the CFC's sensitivity to decline in comparison to traditional clinical endpoints. METHODS: This longitudinal construct validation study included 148 participants with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, or mild dementia. The CFC and traditional tests were administered at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Sensitivity to change was investigated using linear mixed models and r 2 effect sizes. RESULTS: CFC scores declined over time (ß = -.16, P < .001), with steepest decline observed in mild Alzheimer's dementia (ß = -.25, P < .001). The CFC showed medium-to-large effect sizes at succeeding follow-up points (r 2 = .08-.42), exhibiting greater change than the Clinical Dementia Rating scale (r 2 = .02-.12). Moreover, change on the CFC was significantly associated with informant reports of cognitive decline (ß = .38, P < .001). DISCUSSION: By showing sensitivity to decline, the CFC could enhance the monitoring of disease progression in dementia research and clinical practice.

Tenascin-C expression by fibroblasts is elevated in stressed collagen gels.

Chick embryo fibroblasts cultured on a collagen matrix exert tractional forces leading to the contraction of unrestrained, floating collagen gels and to the development of tension in attached, restrained gels. On a restrained, attached collagen gel the fibroblasts synthesize large quantities of tenascin-C, whereas in a floating, contracting gel tenascin-C synthesis is decreased. This regulation of tenascin-C synthesis can be observed by the secretion of metabolically labeled tenascin-C into the conditioned medium, as well as by the deposition of tenascin-C into the collagen matrix as judged by immunofluorescence. Regulation appears to occur at the transcriptional level, because when cells on attached or floating collagen gels are transfected with promoter constructs of the tenascin-C gene, luciferase expression driven by the tenascin-C promoter parallels the effects measured for endogenous tenascin-C synthesis, whereas luciferase expression under the control of the SV40 promoter does not depend on the state of the collagen gel. The promoter region responsible for tenascin-C induction on attached collagen gels is distinct from the region important for the induction of tenascin-C by serum, and may define a novel kind of response element. By joining this tenascin-C sequence to the SV40 promoter of a reporter plasmid, its activity can be transferred to the heterologous promoter. We propose that the tenascin-C promoter is directly or indirectly activated in fibroblasts generating and experiencing mechanical stress within a restrained collagen matrix. This may be an important aspect of the regulation of tenascin-C expression during embryogenesis as well as during wound healing and other regenerative and morphogenetic processes.

Altered monocyte CD44 expression in peripheral arterial disease is corrected by fish oil supplementation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: CD44 and its splice variants can be expressed on all leukocytes, conferring adhesive properties and enhancing cellular recruitment to the endothelium during inflammation. CD44 expression is increased in inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and CD44 variant 3 (CD44v3) expression may be associated with inflammation. We have examined CD44 and CD44v3 expression on peripheral blood monocytes from patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and healthy controls. We have also examined the effect of fish oil supplementation on these markers. METHODS AND RESULTS: CD44 and CD44v3 were assessed at baseline and following dietary supplementation with fish oil for 12 weeks in both PAD and control groups. Monocytes from PAD patients had higher CD44 expression than those from controls (median intensity fluorescence (MIF): 480+/-278 vs 336+/-251 (mean+/-SD); p<0.001). Following 12 weeks' dietary supplementation with fish oil, CD44 expression was reduced in PAD patients (MIF: 480+/-278 vs 427+/-262; p=0.05) but not in controls (336+/-251 vs 355+/-280; ns). Monocyte CD44v3 expression was lower in cultured monocytes from PAD patients compared to those from controls (0.15+/-0.15 vs 0.22+/-0.14 OD units; p<0.02). This was increased in the PAD group following fish oil supplementation (0.15+/-0.14 to 0.27+/-0.23 OD units; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Monocyte CD44 and CD44v3 expression are altered in arterial disease but are returned towards levels seen in control subjects by dietary fish oil supplementation.

[Never forget this in making your drawings and equations! A conversation with Albert Einstein on learning, teaching and the secrets of the world]. / Vergesst dies nie über Euren Zeichnungen und Gleichungen! Ein Gespräch mit Albert Einstein über Lernen, Lehren und das Rätsel der Welt.

Albert Einstein, the genius--this aspect often has been noted. A neglected aspect is Einstein's role as student and teacher. For this reason, Einstein's notes have been looked at once again. The selected original quotes are composed into the format of a fictive dialogue. The original context and coherence of his comments have thereby been respected carefully.

Nutrition in clinical practice-the refeeding syndrome: illustrative cases and guidelines for prevention and treatment.

The refeeding syndrome is a potentially lethal complication of refeeding in patients who are severely malnourished from whatever cause. Too rapid refeeding, particularly with carbohydrate may precipitate a number of metabolic and pathophysiological complications, which may adversely affect the cardiac, respiratory, haematological, hepatic and neuromuscular systems leading to clinical complications and even death. We aimed to review the development of the refeeding syndrome in a variety of situations and, from this and the literature, devise guidelines to prevent and treat the condition. We report seven cases illustrating different aspects of the refeeding syndrome and the measures used to treat it. The specific complications encountered, their physiological mechanisms, identification of patients at risk, and prevention and treatment are discussed. Each case developed one or more of the features of the refeeding syndrome including deficiencies and low plasma levels of potassium, phosphate, magnesium and thiamine combined with salt and water retention. These responded to specific interventions. In most cases, these abnormalities could have been anticipated and prevented. The main features of the refeeding syndrome are described with a protocol to anticipate, prevent and treat the condition in adults.

Cut-induced VOC emissions from agricultural grasslands.

The introduction of proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) for fast response measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOC) has enabled the use of eddy covariance methods to investigate VOC fluxes on the ecosystem scale. In this study PTR-MS flux measurements of VOC were performed over agricultural grassland during and after a cut event. Selected masses detected by the PTR-MS showed fluxes of methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone. They were highest directly after cutting and during the hay drying phase. Simultaneously, significant fluxes of protonated ion masses 73, 81, and 83 were observed. Due to the limited identification of compounds with the PTR-MS technique, GC-MS and GC-FID-PTR-MS techniques were additionally applied. In this way, ion mass 73 could be identified as 2-butanone, mass 81 mainly as (Z)-3-hexenal, and mass 83 mainly as the sum of (Z)-3-hexenol and hexenyl acetates. Hexenal, hexenols, and the hexenyl acetates are mostly related to plant wounding during cutting. It was found that legume plants and forbs emit a higher number of different VOC species than graminoids.