Margin derivation from intrafraction patient motion of multi-target, single isocentre, brain stereotactic radiosurgery treatments.

BACKGROUND: Brain metastases are the most common intracranial malignancy and remain a substantial source of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Linear accelerator based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is widely used and is frequently delivered by hypo-fractionnated volumetric modulated arc therapy using non-coplanar beams, where geometric accuracy and planning margins are a major concern. PURPOSE: To give a practical analysis of intrafraction patient motion for multi-target, single isocentre, brain SRS treatments and to derive adapted GTV-to-PTV margins. METHODS: Data of 154 lesions, spread over 85 fractions from 56 patients treated in our institution with the Varian HyperArc  SRS solution was processed. Intrafraction patient motion were recorded using an Optical Surface Monitoring System during irradiation. The present study focuses on small tumor volumes, roughly equal or inferior to 1.5  cm 3 ${\rm cm}^3$ , and frameless mask-based immobilization. For each treatment session, a tumor displacement vector matrix was calculated from the patient drifts as a function of time. Data were combined together into a representative treatment scenario and the dosimetric impact of GTV displacement was calculated. RESULTS: Recommended margins due to patient motion range between 0.3 and 1 mm, depending on the distance tumor-isocentre, and the desired GTV edge dose coverage. Those values should be added quadratically with other sources of uncertainty, such as mechanical isocentre and kV-MV misalignment. CONCLUSION: Thorough analysis of intrafraction patient motion was performed, the dosimetric impact was calculated for different scenarios, and adequate GTV-to-PTV margins were derived. These values vary according to the distance isocentre-to-GTV, as well as the desired dose coverage, and should be chosen adequately.

Secure Quantum Key Distribution over 421 km of Optical Fiber.

We present a quantum key distribution system with a 2.5 GHz repetition rate using a three-state time-bin protocol combined with a one-decoy approach. Taking advantage of superconducting single-photon detectors optimized for quantum key distribution and ultralow-loss fiber, we can distribute secret keys at a maximum distance of 421 km and obtain secret key rates of 6.5 bps over 405 km.