Temozolomide Alone or Combined with Capecitabine for the Treatment of Metastatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasia: A "Real-World" Data Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine neoplasias (NENs) are a rare group of tumors with different prognosis and response to therapy. Their heterogeneity is dependent on the site of origin, morphology, and Ki67. Temozolomide (TEM) appears to be active in metastatic NENs (mNENs) but there is limited evidence about its efficacy in gastrointestinal NENs. We analyzed "real-world" data on the use of TEM alone or in association with capecitabine (CAPTEM) in patients with mNENs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients with advanced NENs treated with TEM or CAPTEM between 2009 and 2019 were included. A pretreatment tumor growth rate (TGR0) was calculated. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), tolerance, objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR) were analyzed. A propensity score analysis and inverse probability of treatment weights for Cox regression models were used. RESULTS: TEM-based therapy was administered to 95 patients (26.3% CAPTEM and 83.7% TEM) with a median age of 59 years (range 26-85) years. ECOG performance status was 0-2. Carcinoid syndrome was reported in 12 (12.6%) patients. Twenty (21.1%) patients with grade (G) 3 neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) and 9 (9.4%) with G3 neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) were included in the analysis. Median PFS of the entire group was 10.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.0-11.5). In multivariate analysis, a higher risk of progression was observed for NEC G3 patients (hazard ratio [HR] 2.70, 95% CI: 1.25-5.84) and for a TGR ≥19.55 (HR: 2.53, 95% CI: 1.45-4.40). Median OS was 23.4 months (95% CI: 17.0-29.0) and was similar in both treatment groups (23.9 vs. 20.5 months for TEM and CAPTEM, respectively, p = 0.585). In multivariate analysis, TGR ≥19.55 was associated with a higher risk of death (HR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.16-4.11) than TGR <19.55, as was NEC G3 (HR: 2.42, 95% CI: 1.04-5.59) with respect to NETs. No differences in terms of mPFS or mOS were seen in relation to the primary site of disease. In the 86 patients evaluable for response, ORR was 44.1% and the DCR was 70.9%. Mild adverse events (grade I-II) included anemia, neutropenia, and headache. Rare cases of G 3 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: TEM-based regimens are associated with a high DCR and a relatively tolerable toxicity profile in NENs of pancreatic, intestinal, and lung origin. Further investigation of these specific NETs is warranted in prospective clinical trials.

Deciphering the Genomic Landscape and Pharmacological Profile of Uncommon Entities of Adult Rhabdomyosarcomas.

Adult rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) represents an uncommon entity with an incidence of less than 3% of all soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Consequently, the natural history and the clinical management of this disease are infrequently reported. In order to fill this gap, we investigated the molecular biology of an adult RMS case series. The expression of epithelial mesenchymal transition-related gene and chemoresistance-related gene panels were evaluated. Moreover, taking advantage of our STS translational model combining patient-derived primary culture and 3D-scaffold, the pharmacological profile of an adult head and neck sclerosing RMS was assessed. Furthermore, NGS, microsatellite instability, and in silico analyses were carried out. RT-PCR identified the upregulation of CDH1, SLUG, MMP9, RAB22a, S100P, and LAPTM4b, representing promising biomarkers for this disease. Pharmacological profiling showed the highest sensitivity with anthracycline-based regimen in both 2D and 3D culture systems. NGS analysis detected RAB3IP-HMGA2 in frame gene rearrangement and FGFR4 mutation; microsatellite instability analysis did not detect any alteration. In silico analysis confirmed the mutation of FGFR4 as a promising marker for poor prognosis and a potential therapeutic target. We report for the first time the molecular and pharmacological characterization of rare entities of adult head and neck and posterior trunk RMS. These preliminary data could shed light on this poorly understood disease.

Clinical role of filgrastim in the management of patients at risk of prolonged severe neutropenia: An evidence-based review.

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing chemotherapy are at risk of toxicity, especially of haematological origin. Granulocyte depletion, although often underestimated, can lead to the occurrence of an event defined as febrile neutropenia (FN). Neutropenic fever syndromes are dangerous because they cause major complications in around 25%-30% of patients and have a mortality rate of up to 11%. Treatment for FN was limited to antibiotics and supportive therapies until filgrastim was approved for use in the 1990s. OBJECTIVES: The present systematic review focuses on the efficacy and safety of this haematopoietic growth factor. DATA SOURCES AND METHODS: For this review, a systematic literature search of electronic databases and references from recent reviews up to December 2018 was carried out to identify clinical trials, observational studies and case reports evaluating filgrastim efficacy and safety. English language was defined as a restriction. Published randomised controlled trials (RCTs), case reports and reviews analysing the effects of filgrastim on severe neutropenia and its limits were considered. Four review authors independently selected the studies, assessed the risk of bias and extracted study data. RESULTS: As reported in ASCO guidelines, the efficacy of filgrastim with respect to placebo or no treatment in RCTs is based on its prevention of FN. A recent meta-analysis analysed nine RCTs with 2197 patients, revealing a reduction in the incidence of FN with filgrastim (risk ratio [RR] 0.63, 95% CI 0.53-0.75). These findings were further confirmed in two observational studies. Bone pain is the most commonly reported adverse event with filgrastim, while other toxicities are associated with filgrastim efficacy and with an increased neutrophil count. KEY FINDINGS: In conclusion, our findings attest to the previous results on the efficacy and safety of filgrastim.

Pleural effusion in a patient with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor treated with imatinib: case report.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are rare malignancies characterized by c-kit and PDGFR-α mutations targeted by imatinib. Pleural effusion is a very rare side effect of imatinib treatment. A 65-year-old female with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor developed electrolyte imbalance, severe peripheral edema and progressively worsening dyspnea 2 months after starting imatinib. Having excluded cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders, imatinib was discontinued and prednisone 25 mg orally daily was begun. The patient's condition improved substantially over the next 48 h with a progressive decrease in dyspnea and a reduction in pleural effusion and peripheral edema. All side effects had resolved within 1 month. In view of the partial response obtained, the patient re-started imatinib after a 1-week interruption. Prednisone was maintained and there was no further toxicity.

Single bone metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland: a case report.

Malignant tumors of the lacrimal gland are rare, and single bone metastases from lacrimal gland carcinoma are an exceptional event. We present the case of a 71-year-old man with a history of lumbar pain and left exophthalmos. Surgical resection of the lacrimal lesion and a bone biopsy gave a final histopathological diagnosis of primary ductal adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland with bone metastasis. The pathological tissue from both procedures was positive for androgen receptor expression. The patient underwent embolization and radiotherapy in association with total androgen blockade. After 20 months, the patient is still asymptomatic and has maintained the partial response at L1 with no progression to other sites. Our patient would appear to have a better prognosis and the disease a more indolent clinical course than the other cases of ductal adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland reported in the literature.

First step results from a phase II study of a dendritic cell vaccine in glioblastoma patients (CombiG-vax).

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a poor prognosis grade 4 glioma. After surgical resection, the standard therapy consists of concurrent radiotherapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ) followed by TMZ alone. Our previous data on melanoma patients showed that Dendritic Cell vaccination (DCvax) could increase the amount of intratumoral-activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Methods: This is a single-arm, monocentric, phase II trial in two steps according to Simon's design. The trial aims to evaluate progression-free survival (PFS) at three months and the safety of a DCvax integrated with standard therapy in resected GBM patients. DCvax administration begins after completion of RT-CTwith weekly administrations for 4 weeks, then is alternated monthly with TMZ cycles. The primary endpoints are PFS at three months and safety. One of the secondary objectives is to evaluate the immune response both in vitro and in vivo (DTH skin test). Results: By December 2022, the first pre-planned step of the study was concluded with the enrollment, treatment and follow up of 9 evaluable patients. Two patients had progressed within three months after leukapheresis, but none had experienced DCvax-related G3-4 toxicities Five patients experienced a positive DTH test towards KLH and one of these also towards autologous tumor homogenate. The median PFS from leukapheresis was 11.3 months and 12.2 months from surgery. Conclusions: This combination therapy is well-tolerated, and the two endpoints required for the first step have been achieved. Therefore, the study will proceed to enroll the remaining 19 patients. (Eudract number: 2020-003755-15 https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-003755-15/IT).

Systemic Inflammatory Indices in Second-Line Soft Tissue Sarcoma Patients: Focus on Lymphocyte/Monocyte Ratio and Trabectedin.

A second-line standard of treatment has not yet been identified in patients with soft tissue sarcomas (STS), so identifying predictive markers could be a valuable tool. Recent studies have shown that the intratumoral and inflammatory systems significantly influence tumor aggressiveness. We aimed to investigate prognostic values of pre-therapy neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), systemic inflammatory index (SII), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) of STS patients receiving second-line treatment. In this single-center retrospective analysis, ninety-nine patients with STS were enrolled. All patients received second-line treatment after progressing to anthracycline. PFS and OS curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method of RNA sequencing, and CIBERSORT analysis was performed on six surgical specimens of liposarcoma patients. A high NLR, PLR, and SII were significantly associated with worse PFS (p = 0.019; p = 0.004; p = 0.006). Low LMR was significantly associated with worse OS (p = 0.006). Patients treated with Trabectedin showed a better PFS when the LMR was low, while patients treated with other regimens showed a worse PFS when the LMR was low (p = 0.0154). The intratumoral immune infiltrates analysis seems to show a correlation between intratumoral macrophages and LMR. PS ECOG. The metastatic onset and tumor burden showed prognostic significance for PFS (p = 0.004; p = 0.041; p = 0.0086). According to the histologies, PFS was: 5.7 mo in liposarcoma patients vs. 3.8 mo in leiomyosarcoma patients vs. 3.1 months in patients with other histologies (p = 0.053). Our results confirm the prognostic role of systemic inflammatory markers in patients with STS. Moreover, we demonstrated that LMR is a specific predictor of Trabectedin efficacy and could be useful in daily clinical practice. We also highlighted a possible correlation between LMR levels and the percentage of intratumoral macrophages.

High-grade transformation of a polymorphous adenocarcinoma of the salivary gland: a case report and review of the literature.

Background: Polymorphous adenocarcinoma (PAC) represents the second most widespread neoplasm of the minor salivary glands. These tumors rarely develop a histological progression from low-grade to high-grade malignancy, named "high-grade transformation" (HGT). Only nine cases are described in literature. Case description: Here, we describe the case of a 76-year-old male patient with a PAC recurrence of the oral floor displaying HGT, and we explore the tumor cytomorphological features, genomic profiling, and the patient's clinical management. The tumor mass was characterized by poorly atypical cellular elements with vesicular nuclei and comedonecrosis foci. The growth pattern was predominantly solid, tubular, and cribriform. The lesion did not show microsatellite instability or targeted molecular alterations. The case was successfully treated with radical surgery followed by radiotherapy. Conclusion: We report for the first time the recurrence of a PAC with HGT arising in the oral floor after 20 years from the primary lesion. These preliminary data and the literature analysis enhance the knowledge of this extremely rare disease.

PD-L1 expression in head and neck carcinoma by combined positive score: a comparison among preoperative biopsy, tumor resection, and lymph node metastasis.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have recently been approved for the treatment of advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The determination of PD-L1 using the combined positive score (CPS) is of utmost importance in the selection of patients. However, it is unclear which material should be examined. This study aimed to compare PD-L1 CPS in the resections of primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes, and in the biopsies of the primary tumors.We collected 30 resected HNSCCs with lymph node metastases; in 17 of these, preoperative biopsies were retrieved. PD-L1 immunostaining of 75 samples was performed using the Dako 22C3 antibody on the Ventana ULTRA platform. An appropriate internal control was performed on each slide. CPS was calculated for each reaction. Concordance values and k were calculated for each patient. CPS cut-off values were fixed at 0 and 20.Tumors were resected from the oral cavity (4), oropharynx (17), hypopharynx (1), and larynx (8). The overall concordance of CPS between tumor resection and lymph node metastasis was 76.7% (k = 0.593). The overall concordance of CPS between tumor resection and tumor biopsy was 86.7% (k = 0.688). The agreement was moderate to substantial for each comparison.PD-L1 CPS may be correctly determined not only in resected primary tumors, but also in removed lymph node metastases, as well as in preoperative biopsies.

Precision Medicine in Head and Neck Cancers: Genomic and Preclinical Approaches.

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) represent the sixth most widespread malignancy worldwide. Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic drugs represent the main clinical approaches for HNC patients. Moreover, HNCs are characterised by an elevated mutational load; however, specific genetic mutations or biomarkers have not yet been found. In this scenario, personalised medicine is showing its efficacy. To study the reliability and the effects of personalised treatments, preclinical research can take advantage of next-generation sequencing and innovative technologies that have been developed to obtain genomic and multi-omic profiles to drive personalised treatments. The crosstalk between malignant and healthy components, as well as interactions with extracellular matrices, are important features which are responsible for treatment failure. Preclinical research has constantly implemented in vitro and in vivo models to mimic the natural tumour microenvironment. Among them, 3D systems have been developed to reproduce the tumour mass architecture, such as biomimetic scaffolds and organoids. In addition, in vivo models have been changed over the last decades to overcome problems such as animal management complexity and time-consuming experiments. In this review, we will explore the new approaches aimed to improve preclinical tools to study and apply precision medicine as a therapeutic option for patients affected by HNCs.

Induction chemotherapy plus concomitant chemoradiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: An updated network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Induction chemotherapy (IC) added to concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) appears to be superior to CCRT alone for locally-advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The main objective of this network meta-analysis (NMA) was to assess the impact of different IC regimens on patient outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We systematically searched and extracted data from randomized, controlled trials involving stage III-IV NPC patients randomly assigned to receive IC + CCRT vs. CCRT alone. Overall survival (OS), locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in the two arms were compared using hazard ratios (HRs). RESULTS: Eight clinical trials were identified including 2362 patients. OS-benefit from doublet IC regimens, in particular platinum-docetaxel and platinum-gemcitabine regimens, was seen. With regard to LRFS, docetaxel-platinum-5FU regimen showed a greater impact than the others. An indirect comparison between taxane- and gemcitabine-based IC regimens showed a benefit of the latter in terms of OS and DMFS. CONCLUSIONS: Although CCRT with cisplatin has been the gold standard of treatment in NPC for several years. Docetaxel + cisplatin-IC and cisplatin + gemcitabine-IC regimens have a positive impact on survival in locally-advanced NPC and should be considered the new standard option.

Three-dimensional collagen-based scaffold model to study the microenvironment and drug-resistance mechanisms of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas.

OBJECTIVE: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents the most common histotype of all head and neck malignancies and includes oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a tumor associated with different clinical outcomes and linked to human papilloma virus (HPV) status. Translational research has few available in vitro models with which to study the different pathophysiological behavior of OSCCs. The present study proposes a 3-dimensional (3D) biomimetic collagen-based scaffold to mimic the tumor microenvironment and the crosstalk between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cancer cells. METHODS: We compared the phenotypic and genetic features of HPV-positive and HPV-negative OSCC cell lines cultured on common monolayer supports and on scaffolds. We also explored cancer cell adaptation to the 3D microenvironment and its impact on the efficacy of drugs tested on cell lines and primary cultures. RESULTS: HPV-positive and HPV-negative cell lines were successfully grown in the 3D model and displayed different collagen fiber organization. The 3D cultures induced an increased expression of markers related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and to matrix interactions and showed different migration behavior, as confirmed by zebrafish embryo xenografts. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (1α) and glycolysis markers were indicative of the development of a hypoxic microenvironment inside the scaffold area. Furthermore, the 3D cultures activated drug-resistance signaling pathways in both cell lines and primary cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that collagen-based scaffolds could be a suitable model for the reproduction of the pathophysiological features of OSCCs. Moreover, 3D architecture appears capable of inducing drug-resistance processes that can be studied to better our understanding of the different clinical outcomes of HPV-positive and HPV-negative patients with OSCCs.

The potential role of the extracellular matrix in the activity of trabectedin in UPS and L-sarcoma: evidences from a patient-derived primary culture case series in tridimensional and zebrafish models.

BACKGROUND: Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a rare group of solid neoplasm including among others liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma (L-sarcoma) and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) entities. The current first-line treatment is represented by anthracycline based- regimens, second-line may include trabectedin. Currently the activity of trabectedin and its mechanism of action is not completely elucidated. METHODS: Taking the advantages of our 3D patient-derived primary culture translational model we performed genomic-, chemobiogram, proteomic- and in vivo analysis in a UPS culture (S1). Furthermore pharmacological profiling of a UPS and L-sarcoma patient-derived case series and in silico analysis were carried out. RESULTS: Trabectedin exhibited an increased activity in 3D respect to 2D cultures suggesting an extracellular matrix (ECM) and timp1 involvement in its mechanism of action. Moreover 3D S1 xenotranspanted zebrafish model showed an increased sensitivity to trabectedin. Finally the results were further validated in a UPS and L-sarcoma case series. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together these results confirmed the activity of trabectedin in these STS histotypes. Moreover the data underline the ECM involvement in the cytotoxic effect mediated by trabectedin and could open the door for researches aimed to focus on the patient setting that could benefit from this agent.

Trans oral robotic surgery versus definitive chemoradiotherapy for oropharyngeal cancer: 10-year institutional experience.

OBJECTIVES: Trans Oral Robotic Surgery (TORS) is a fascinating new technique that has proved to be a safe and feasible treatment of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). The aim of this study is to compare oncological outcomes of OPSCC-patients treated with either TORS (with or without adjuvant therapy) or definitive chemoradiation therapy (CRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study involved 129 patients with OPSCC, treated with TORS or definitive CRT at our Department between 2008 and 2018. Clinicopathological characteristics, treatment specifications and oncological outcomes were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: Definitive CRT was administered in 69 patients (53,5%), while 60 (46,5%) were surgically treated with TORS alone or in combination with adjuvant therapy. Patients who underwent adjuvant therapy after TORS received a lower dosages of cisplatin and radiation than the CRT group (p < 0.01). There was no statistical difference in 5-year survival rate and in disease free interval between TORS and CRT groups. Albeit 5-year overall survival in the HPV-related tumours was better, the HPV status did not affect the rate of local and regional recurrence. Treatment groups (TORS vs. CRT) were not found affecting survivals on multivariate analysis. Tube feeding dependency rate was low between both groups (1.7% in TORS vs. 4.8% in CRT groups). CONCLUSION: The modern management of OPSCC must be tailored to each patient. Although the definitive CRT remains a milestone, TORS is proving to be a valid and safe treatment option. The choice of single therapeutic strategy requires an evaluation by a multidisciplinary team.

The emerging role of trans-oral robotic surgery for the detection of the primary tumour site in patients with head-neck unknown primary cancers: A meta-analysis.

The identification of the site in head neck unknown primary (HNUP) tumour is of utmost importance to help select best treatment while decreasing treatment-related morbidity and mortality. The primary purpose of this study is to demonstrate that TORS may be a valuable tool in detecting primary tumour. Studies were systematically searched in the PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and CENTRAL electronic databases. A total of 12 selected studies (349 patients) were analyzed. The primary tumour detection and positive surgical margins rates were 70.8% and 19.4%, respectively. The rate of HPV-related tumour was 71.3%. The primary tumour was mainly in base of tongue (64%). In conclusion, TORS seems to be an effective surgical approach both in terms of detection of primary tumour site and in terms of therapeutic perspective for HNUP. In particular, a subset of HPV-related tumours might benefits all advantages from this surgical modality.

BOne HEalth ManagEment in Patients with Early Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Italian Osteoncology Center "Real-Life" Experience (BOHEME Study).

BACKGROUND: We assessed the real-life clinical impact of bone health management in patients with breast cancer (BC) receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy at an Italian Osteoncology Center. METHODS: Pre- and post-menopausal women undergoing adjuvant endocrine therapy for early-stage BC who came to our institute for their first bone health evaluation from January 2011 to June 2016 were considered in this retrospective observational study. RESULTS: 1125 pre- and post-menopausal early-stage BC patients (209 and 916, respectively) were evaluated. Median age was 61 years (range 26-88). In the pre-menopausal group, spinal x-ray revealed that 10 patients (4.7%) had a morphometric vertebral fracture. Higher age (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.01-1.29) and bone mineral density (BMD) ≤ -2.5 (OR: 14.45; 95% CI: 1.70-122.67) were associated with a higher risk of bone fracture. The overall frequency of bone fracture was 17.6% (n = 161) in post-menopausal patients and a lower risk for bone fractures was associated with tamoxifen or other treatments (OR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.12-0.53), presence of back pain (OR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.16-2.36), lower BMD (OR: 2.09 in patients with T-score ≤ 2.5; 95% CI: 1.21-3.59) and lower vitamin D levels (OR: 1.57 in patients with ≤ 10 ng/mL; 95% CI: 1.05-2.34) in univariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Our findings confirm that bone health management should be an integral part of long-term cancer care.

CSF-1 blockade impairs breast cancer osteoclastogenic potential in co-culture systems.

Metastatic bone disease has a major impact on the morbidity and mortality of breast cancer patients, and studies on bone metastasis biology have led to the development of the most widely used drugs for bone metastases treatment: zoledronate (Zol) and denosumab (Den). The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of soluble mediators produced by breast cancer cells on human osteoclast maturation in a co-culture model. We also tested the ability of zoledronate, denosumab and 5H4, an antibody directed against CSF-1, to interfere with the osteoclastogenic potential of breast cancer. The study was performed on the triple negative cell line MDA-MB-231 and on human osteoclasts obtained from the differentiation of peripheral blood monocytes of a healthy volunteer. Osteoclastogenesis was evaluated by TRAP assay after 14days of differentiation with 10% MDA-MB-231-conditioned media or with CSF-1 and RANKL. Den, Zol and 5H4 were administered after 7days of differentiation. MDA-MB-231-conditioned media doubled the differentiation of monocytes into osteoclasts. MDA-MB-231 secreted CSF-1, especially when cells were cultured to confluence. Induced osteoclasts were sensitive to bone-targeted drugs: Den and 5H4 blocked osteoclast differentiation and survival, while Zol induced osteoclast apoptosis. Osteoclasts differentiated by breast cancer cells were less sensitive to Zol than those induced by differentiation factors, whereas sensitivity to Den was similar. Conversely, breast cancer-induced osteoclast activation resulted in a higher sensitivity to 5H4. A significant increase in CSF-1 secretion was observed in osteoclast precursors after treatment with the highest concentration of Den. Further research is ongoing to evaluate the efficacy of 5H4 combination with Den.

Metronomic capecitabine in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendrocrine tumors: a suitable regimen and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: We present a retrospective analysis of metronomic capecitabine in metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendrocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). A review of the literature is also presented. METHODS: From January 2007 to December 2013, ten patients with metastatic GEP-NETs (four pancreatic and six ileal) who progressed after treatment with somatostatin analogs and other cytotoxic agents received oral capecitabine 1,500 mg/day continuously. The median patient age was 68 (range 29-82) years. The median treatment duration was 8 months. RESULTS: Five (50%) patients achieved a partial radiographic response, four (40%) showed stable disease, and one (10%) progressed. Median overall survival was 56 months. Three of the four pancreatic patients achieved a partial radiographic response that lasted for a median of 15.5 months; overall survival and progression-free survival in this subgroup was 58 and 6 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Data in the literature show that capecitabine has only occasionally been used as a single agent, with increased toxicity. Only one study using single-agent capecitabine reported a progression-free survival of 9.9 months and overall survival of 36.5 months, without an objective response or major toxicity. In our experience, metronomic capecitabine was well tolerated, although minor side effects may have been underestimated due to the retrospective nature of our study. This regimen also seems to be feasible in elderly people. Although high response rates and prolonged response duration indicate the potential efficacy of this treatment, our results should be interpreted cautiously because of the small number of patients involved. Capecitabine was most effective in the pancreatic subgroup, which would seem to be more sensitive to chemotherapy.

Hemangioblastoma of the gastrointestinal tract: a first case.

We present the first documented case of hemangioblastoma located in the left colon. A 75-year-old woman undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer experienced rectal bleeding. Colonoscopy revealed a roundish mass covered with normal mucosa in the sigmoid colon. Endoscopic ultrasound showed an isoechoic lesion originating from the third layer of the intestinal wall; underlying layers were normal. Endoscopic ultrasound features were not suggestive of either cancer or malignant stromal tumor. Left hemicolectomy was subsequently performed due to repeated episodes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Grossly, a circumscribed submucosal yellowish nodule (13 mm) was observed, which was not attached to any peripheral nerve. Histologically, the lesion was composed of large, atypical cells traversed by a network of blood vessels. Immunohistochemically, the cells showed positivity for inhibin and NSE and weak positivity for S-100. A diagnosis of hemangioblastoma was made. This case highlights that hemangioblastoma of the gastrointestinal tract can also occur.