Preventing Recurrence in Clean and Contaminated Hernias Using Biologic Versus Synthetic Mesh in Ventral Hernia Repair: The PRICE Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate which mesh type yields lower recurrence and complication rates after ventral hernia repair. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: More than 400,000 ventral hernia repairs are performed annually in the United States. Although the most effective method for repairing ventral hernias involves using mesh, whether to use biologic mesh versus synthetic mesh is controversial. METHODS: Single-blind, randomized, controlled, pragmatic clinical trial conducted from March 2014 through October 2018; 165 patients enrolled with an average follow up of 26 months. Patients were randomized 1:1 to have their ventral hernias repaired using either a biologic (porcine) or synthetic (polypropylene) mesh. The primary study outcome measure was hernia recurrence at 2 years. RESULTS: A total of 165 patients (68 men), mean age 55 years, were included in the study with a mean follow-up of 26 months. An intention-to-treat analysis noted that hernias recurred in 25 patients (39.7%) assigned to biologic mesh and in 14 patients (21.9%) assigned to synthetic mesh (P = 0.035) at 2 years. Subgroup analysis identified an increased rate of hernia recurrence in the biologic versus the synthetic mesh group under contaminated wound conditions (50.0% vs 5.9%; P for interaction = 0.041). Postoperative complication rates were similar for the 2 mesh types. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of hernia recurrence was significantly higher for patients undergoing ventral hernia repair with biologic mesh compared to synthetic mesh, with similar rates of postoperative complications. These data indicate that the use of synthetic mesh over biologic mesh to repair ventral hernias is effective and can be endorsed, including under contaminated wound conditions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02041494.

Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in an Academic General Surgical Program: Implications for Acute Care Surgeons.

Background. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is an important tool in the evolving specialty of acute care surgery (ACS). Understanding the types of nonelective EGDs performed by ACS groups is important for the development of ACS programs and the training of future general surgeons. Methods. We conducted a retrospective review of all EGDs performed by ACS surgeons at a single urban academic center over a 5-year period (January 2013-December 2018). Results. A total of 495 EGDs were performed, of which 129 (26%) were urgent, nonelective procedures. Patients who underwent urgent EGD were younger than those who underwent elective procedures (median 55 vs 60 years, P = .03), had higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classes (median ASA 3 vs 2, P = .0002), and longer hospital stays (median 5 days vs 0 days, P < .0001). The most common indications for urgent endoscopies were the management of leak, dysphagia, or stenosis in patients with a history of foregut surgery, followed by the management of esophageal perforation. The success rate of endoscopic therapy was high (median 88%, interquartile range (IQR) 78-89%). However, some patients required multiple interventions (median 1, IQR 1-3), and patients treated for leaks were less likely to be successfully treated with endoscopic therapy alone than patients treated for other indications (success rate 65% vs 88%, P = .003). Conclusions. Our experience suggests that EGD has an important role in current ACS practice and that endoscopic management is safe and effective in a range of urgent surgical scenarios. Future ACS surgeons should be facile with endoscopic techniques.

Perioperative pregnancy interval, contraceptive counseling experiences, and contraceptive use in women undergoing bariatric surgery.

BACKGROUND: Reproductive-aged women represent about half of those undergoing bariatric surgery in the United States. Obstetric and bariatric professional societies recommend that women avoid pregnancy for 12-18 months postoperatively due to concern for increased pregnancy risks, and that providers should counsel women about these recommendations and their contraceptive options. However, knowledge about women's experience with perioperative counseling and postoperative contraceptive use is limited. OBJECTIVE: We sought to: (1) determine prevalence of perioperative contraceptive and pregnancy interval discussions among women who have recently undergone bariatric surgery; and (2) describe postoperative contraceptive use within the first year of surgery in this population. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a cross-sectional study of US women, aged 18-45 years and recruited through Facebook, who underwent bariatric surgery within the last 24 months. RESULTS: We enrolled 363 geographically diverse women. Three-quarters recalled perioperative pregnancy or contraceptive discussions, the majority with a bariatric provider. Half felt it was "very important" to discuss these issues perioperatively, and 41% of those who reported discussions wished they had had more. Of the 66% of women who reported using contraception in the first 12 months postoperatively, 27% used oral contraceptives and 26% used an intrauterine device. One third of contraceptive users who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, a combined restrictive-malabsorptive procedure, were using oral contraceptives. Perioperative contraceptive or pregnancy discussions were independently associated with increased postoperative contraceptive use (odds ratios, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-4.3, P < .001). CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of women who had undergone bariatric surgery reported having had no perioperative pregnancy or contraception counseling, and many women who had felt the discussions were insufficient. Those who had had perioperative discussions were more likely to use contraception postoperatively. Reproductive-aged women should be routinely counseled perioperatively about pregnancy and contraception in the context of their reproductive desires, so they can make informed decisions about perioperative pregnancy prevention and contraceptive method use.

Skeletal effects of sleeve gastrectomy, by sex and menopausal status and in comparison to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.

Context: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has deleterious effects on bone mass, microarchitecture, and strength. Data are lacking on the skeletal effects of sleeve gastrectomy (SG), now the most commonly performed bariatric surgical procedure. Objective: We examined changes in bone turnover, areal and volumetric bone mineral density (aBMD, vBMD), and appendicular bone microarchitecture and estimated strength after SG. We compared the results to those previously reported after RYGB, hypothesizing lesser effects after SG than RYGB. Design Setting Participants: Prospective observational cohort study of 54 adults with obesity undergoing SG at an academic center. Main Outcome Measures: Skeletal characterization with biochemical markers of bone turnover, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), quantitative computed tomography (QCT), and high-resolution peripheral QCT (HR-pQCT) was performed preoperatively and 6- and 12-months postoperatively. Results: Over 12 months, mean percentage weight loss was 28.8%. Bone turnover marker levels increased, and total hip aBMD decreased -8.0% (95% CI -9.1%, -6.7%, p<0.01). Spinal aBMD and vBMD declines were larger in postmenopausal women than men. Tibial and radial trabecular and cortical microstructure worsened, as did tibial estimated strength, particularly in postmenopausal women. When compared to data from a RYGB cohort with identical design and measurements, some SG biochemical, vBMD, and radial microstructural parameters were smaller, while other changes were not. Conclusions: Bone mass, microstructure, and strength decrease after SG. Some skeletal parameters change less after SG than after RYGB, while for others, we find no evidence for smaller effects after SG. Postmenopausal women may be at highest risk of skeletal consequences after SG.

Alteration in the gut microbiome is associated with changes in bone metabolism after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), the most common bariatric surgical procedure, leads to durable weight loss and improves obesity-related comorbidities. However, it induces abnormalities in bone metabolism. One unexplored potential contributor is the gut microbiome, which influences bone metabolism and is altered after surgery. We characterized the relationship between the gut microbiome and skeletal health in severe obesity and after LSG. In a prospective cohort study, 23 adults with severe obesity underwent skeletal health assessment and stool collection preoperatively and 6 mo after LSG. Gut microbial diversity and composition were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured with LC-MS/MS. Spearman's correlations and PERMANOVA analyses were applied to assess relationships between the gut microbiome and bone health measures including serum bone turnover markers (C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen [CTx] and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide [P1NP]), areal BMD, intestinal calcium absorption, and calciotropic hormones. Six months after LSG, CTx and P1NP increased (by median 188% and 61%, P < .01) and femoral neck BMD decreased (mean -3.3%, P < .01). Concurrently, there was a decrease in relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes. Although there were no change in overall microbial diversity or fecal SCFA concentrations after LSG, those with greater within-subject change in gut community microbial composition (ß-diversity) postoperatively had greater increases in P1NP level (ρ = 0.48, P = .02) and greater bone loss at the femoral neck (ρ = -0.43, P = .04). In addition, within-participant shifts in microbial richness/evenness (α-diversity) were associated with changes in IGF-1 levels (ρ = 0.56, P < .01). The lower the postoperative fecal butyrate concentration, the lower the IGF-1 level (ρ = 0.43, P = .04). Meanwhile, the larger the decrease in butyrate concentration, the higher the postoperative CTx (ρ = -0.43, P = .04). These findings suggest that LSG-induced gut microbiome alteration may influence skeletal outcomes postoperatively, and microbial influences on butyrate formation and IGF-1 are possible mechanisms.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), the most common bariatric surgical procedure, is a highly effective treatment for obesity because it produces dramatic weight loss and improves obesity-related medical conditions. However, it also results in abnormalities in bone metabolism. It is important to understand how LSG affects the skeleton, so that bone loss after surgery might be prevented. We studied adult men and women before and 6 mo after LSG, and we explored the relationship between the altered gut bacteria and bone metabolism changes. We found that: Those with greater shifts in their gut bacterial composition had more bone loss.Butyrate, a metabolite produced by gut bacteria from fermentation of dietary fiber, was associated with less bone breakdown and higher IGF-1 level (a bone-building hormone). We conclude that changes in the gut bacteria may contribute to the negative skeletal impact of LSG and reduced butyrate production by the gut bacteria leading to lower IGF-1 levels is a possible mechanism.

Safety and feasibility of sleeve gastrectomy in morbidly obese patients following liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Obesity, steroid-induced diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and steatohepatitis can occur after liver transplantation and may respond to bariatric surgery. The safety and feasibility of bariatric surgery after liver transplantation is unknown. METHODS: Nine morbidly obese patients with prior liver transplants underwent sleeve gastrectomy in a pilot program. Sleeve gastrectomy was chosen over gastric banding to avoid foreign body implantation, and over gastric bypass to maintain endoscopic access to the biliary system and reduce surgical complexity. We reviewed patient demographics, operative details, 30-day complications, weight loss, postoperative hepatic and renal functions, and resolution of comorbidities. RESULTS: Sleeve gastrectomy was performed laparoscopically in eight patients and as an open procedure in one patient. The mean operative time was 165 min and mean postoperative length of stay was 5 days. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 36 months. In the first 30 days, there were three complications in three patients: mesh dehiscence after a synchronous incisional hernia repair, bile leak from the liver surface requiring laparoscopic drainage, and postoperative dysphagia that required reoperation. Calcineurin inhibitor levels and hepatic and renal functions remained stable. There were no episodes of graft rejection. At 3 months liver function tests remained stable. Excess weight loss averaged 55.5% at 6 months. CONCLUSION: Sleeve gastrectomy is technically feasible after liver transplantation and resulted in weight loss without adversely affecting graft function and immunosuppression. Early complications may be more frequent as a result of adhesions of the left upper quadrant. Late complications were rare.

ASMBS statement on metabolic and bariatric surgery for beneficiaries of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services with a review of the literature.

This position statement is issued by the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric. Surgery in response to inquiries made to the Society by patients, physicians, Society members, hospitals, health insurance payors, the media, and others regarding the access and outcomes of metabolic and bariatric surgery for beneficiaries of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. This position statement is based on current clinical knowledge, expert opinion, and published peer-reviewed scientific evidence available at this time. The statement is not intended to be and should not be construed as stating or establishing a local, regional, or national standard of care. This statement will be revised in the future as additional evidence becomes available.

Intestinal Calcium Absorption Decreases After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Despite Optimization of Vitamin D Status.

CONTEXT: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), now the most commonly performed bariatric operation, is a highly effective treatment for obesity. While Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is known to impair intestinal fractional calcium absorption (FCA) and negatively affect bone metabolism, LSG's effects on calcium homeostasis and bone health have not been well characterized. OBJECTIVE: We determined the effect of LSG on FCA, while maintaining robust 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels and recommended calcium intake. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: Prospective pre-post observational cohort study of 35 women and men with severe obesity undergoing LSG. MAIN OUTCOMES: FCA was measured preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively with a gold-standard dual stable isotope method. Other measures included calciotropic hormones, bone turnover markers, and bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and quantitative computed tomography. RESULTS: Mean ± SD FCA decreased from 31.4 ± 15.4% preoperatively to 16.1 ± 12.3% postoperatively (P < 0.01), while median (interquartile range) 25OHD levels were 39 (32-46) ng/mL and 36 (30-46) ng/mL, respectively. Concurrently, median 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level increased from 60 (50-82) pg/mL to 86 (72-107) pg/mL (P < 0.01), without significant changes in parathyroid hormone or 24-hour urinary calcium levels. Bone turnover marker levels increased substantially, and areal BMD decreased at the proximal femur. Those with lower postoperative FCA had greater areal BMD loss at the total hip (ρ = 0.45, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: FCA decreases after LSG, with a concurrent rise in bone turnover marker levels and decline in BMD, despite robust 25OHD levels and with recommended calcium intake. Decline in FCA could contribute to negative skeletal effects following LSG.

Prebiotic to Improve Calcium Absorption in Postmenopausal Women After Gastric Bypass: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

CONTEXT: The adverse skeletal effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are partly caused by intestinal calcium absorption decline. Prebiotics, such as soluble corn fiber (SCF), augment colonic calcium absorption in healthy individuals. OBJECTIVE: We tested the effects of SCF on fractional calcium absorption (FCA), biochemical parameters, and the fecal microbiome in a post-RYGB population. METHODS: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 20 postmenopausal women with history of RYGB a mean 5 years prior; a 2-month course of 20 g/day SCF or maltodextrin placebo was taken orally. The main outcome measure was between-group difference in absolute change in FCA (primary outcome) and was measured with a gold standard dual stable isotope method. Other measures included tolerability, adherence, serum calciotropic hormones and bone turnover markers, and fecal microbial composition via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS: Mean FCA ± SD at baseline was low at 5.5 ± 5.1%. Comparing SCF to placebo, there was no between-group difference in mean (95% CI) change in FCA (+3.4 [-6.7, +13.6]%), nor in calciotropic hormones or bone turnover markers. The SCF group had a wider variation in FCA change than placebo (SD 13.4% vs 7.0%). Those with greater change in microbial composition following SCF treatment had greater increase in FCA (r2 = 0.72, P = 0.05). SCF adherence was high, and gastrointestinal symptoms were similar between groups. CONCLUSION: No between-group differences were observed in changes in FCA or calciotropic hormones, but wide CIs suggest a variable impact of SCF that may be due to the degree of gut microbiome alteration. Daily SCF consumption was well tolerated. Larger and longer-term studies are warranted.

Routine preoperative resting echocardiography does not predict adverse cardiopulmonary events after bariatric surgery.

BACKGROUND: A routine resting echocardiography has been suggested as a means to assess cardiac functioning and predict adverse cardiopulmonary events after bariatric surgery. OBJECTIVES: To describe the findings of routine resting echocardiographs in bariatric surgical candidates over a 3-year period and correlate them with observed adverse cardiopulmonary outcomes. SETTING: Tertiary-care university-based referral hospital. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 422 consecutive patients who underwent a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy or laparoscopic gastric bypass at our center over 3 years, of whom 321 (76%) received a routine resting preoperative echocardiogram. Abnormal preoperative echocardiogram findings and patient characteristics were recorded. The primary outcome measure was the number of adverse cardiopulmonary events within 30 days of surgery, a composite measure defined as any instance of myocardial infarction, sustained hypotension, stroke, new-onset arrhythmia, heart failure, intensive care admission for cardiopulmonary monitoring, or cardiac arrest. RESULTS: Routine screening preoperative echocardiograms revealed left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction in 7 patients (2%), LV diastolic dysfunction in 71 patients (22%), LV hypertrophy in 73 patients (23%), wall motion abnormalities in 4 patients (1%), pulmonary hypertension in 47 patients (15%), left atrial enlargement in 45 patients (14%), and LV enlargement in 6 patients (1%). Adverse cardiopulmonary events occurred in only 4 patients, all of whom had a history of coronary revascularization, and 3 of whom had a prior myocardial infarction. No finding on the routine preoperative echocardiograms was associated with adverse cardiopulmonary events. CONCLUSION: A routine resting preoperative echocardiography added little to the cardiopulmonary risk stratification of patients who underwent bariatric surgery. High-risk patients were identifiable based on their medical history, particularly those with a known history of coronary artery disease and coronary revascularization.

Increases in PYY and uncoupling of bone turnover are associated with loss of bone mass after gastric bypass surgery.

CONTEXT: The gut hormones peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin mediate in part the metabolic benefits of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. However, preclinical data suggest these hormones also affect the skeleton and could contribute to postoperative bone loss. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether changes in fasting serum total PYY and ghrelin were associated with bone turnover marker levels and loss of bone mineral density (BMD) after RYGB. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: Prospective cohort of adults undergoing RYGB (n=44) at San Francisco academic hospitals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We analyzed 6-month changes in PYY, ghrelin, bone turnover markers, and BMD by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT). We calculated the uncoupling index (UI), reflecting the relative balance of bone resorption and formation. RESULTS: Postoperatively, there was a trend for an increase in PYY (+25pg/mL, p=0.07) and a significant increase in ghrelin (+192pg/mL, p<0.01). PYY changes negatively correlated with changes in spine BMD by QCT (r=-0.36, p=0.02) and bone formation marker P1NP (r=-0.30, p=0.05). Relationships were significant after adjustments for age, sex, and weight loss. No consistent relationships were found between ghrelin and skeletal outcomes. Mean 6-month UI was -3.3; UI correlated with spine BMD loss by QCT (r=0.40, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative PYY increases were associated with attenuated increases in P1NP and greater declines in spine BMD by QCT. Uncoupling of bone turnover correlated with BMD loss. These findings suggest a role for PYY in loss of bone mass after RYGB and highlight the relationship between intestinal and skeletal metabolism.

Safety of concomitant cholecystectomy with laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass: a MBSAQIP analysis.

BACKGROUND: Gallstone disease occurs more commonly in the obese population and is often diagnosed during the preoperative evaluation for bariatric surgery. OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed outcomes of laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG), with and without cholecystectomy (LC), using data from the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program. SETTING: Patients reported to Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program participating centers in the United States and Canada in 2015. METHODS: All cases of LGB and SG, with and without LC, were analyzed. A 1:1 propensity-matched cohort was created for both SG and LGB, with and without concomitant LC. Multivariate logistic regression stratified by procedure was used to identify predictors of major complications after SG and LGB, using concomitant LC as a predictor. We also constructed a model for surgical site infections (SSIs) for SG group. RESULTS: Of 98,292 sleeve operations, 2046 (2%) had concomitant LC. Of 44,427 bypass operations, 1426 (3%) had concomitant LC. For the sleeve group, concomitant LC increased operative time by an average of 27 minutes but did not affect length of stay, mortality, or major complications. Concomitant LC was associated with increased SSI (1% versus .4%) and need for reoperation (1.6% versus .7%) in univariate models. After adjusting for other predictors, concomitant LC was associated with increased risk for SSI (odds ratio 2.5, confidence interval 1.0-5.9, P = .04). For the bypass group, concomitant LC increased operative time by an average of 28 minutes to the operation, and postoperative length of stay averaged ∼5 hours longer (2.4 versus 2.2 d, P = .03). Thirty-day complications were similar between the groups. On multivariate analysis, concomitant LC was not a significant risk factor for major complications. Only operative time was an independent factor for major complications. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant LC with laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass did not affect mortality or risk of major complication. For sleeve patients, concomitant LC was associated with a .6% increased risk (.4% to 1.0%) of SSI. Concomitant LC with laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass is safe when indicated for gallstone disease.

Changes in Lean Mass, Absolute and Relative Muscle Strength, and Physical Performance After Gastric Bypass Surgery.

Context: Bariatric surgery results in reduced muscle mass as weight is lost, but postoperative changes in muscle strength and performance are incompletely understood. Objective: To examine changes in body composition, strength, physical activity, and physical performance following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Design, Participants, Outcomes: In a prospective cohort of 47 adults (37 women, 10 men) aged 45 ± 12 years (mean ± SD) with body mass index (BMI) 44 ± 8 kg/m2, we measured body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, handgrip strength, physical activity, and physical performance (chair stand time, gait speed, 400-m walk time) before and 6 and 12 months after RYGB. Relative strength was calculated as absolute handgrip strength/BMI and as absolute strength/appendicular lean mass (ALM). Results: Participants experienced substantial 12-month decreases in weight (-37 ± 10 kg or 30% ± 7%), fat mass (-48% ± 12%), and total lean mass (-13% ± 6%). Mean absolute strength declined by 9% ± 17% (P < 0.01). In contrast, relative strength increased by 32% ± 25% (strength/BMI) and 9% ± 20% (strength/ALM) (P < 0.01 for both). There were clinically significant postoperative improvements in all physical performance measures, including mean improvement in gait speed of >0.1 m/s (P < 0.01) and decrease in 400-m walk time of nearly a full minute. Conclusions: In the setting of dramatic weight loss, lean mass and absolute grip strength declined after RYGB. However, relative muscle strength and physical function improved meaningfully and are thus noteworthy positive outcomes of gastric bypass.

Near-perfect compliance with SCIP Inf-9 had no effect on catheter utilization or urinary tract infections at an academic medical center.

BACKGROUND: The Joint Commission's SCIP Inf-9 mandated early removal of indwelling urinary catheters (IUCs), but the impact of compliance on catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) and postoperative urinary retention (POUR) are unknown. METHODS: Retrospective pre- and post-intervention study at a single tertiary academic medical center of all patients undergoing general surgery procedures with an IUC placed at the time of surgery who were admitted for at least two days before and after a Best Practice Advisory was put in place to improve compliance with SCIP Inf-9. RESULTS: A total of 1036 patients were included (468 pre-intervention; 568 post-intervention). POUR occurred in 13% of patients and CAUTI in 0.8%. There was no change in POUR, CAUTI, or catheter utilization after the Best Practice Advisory was initiated. Both POUR and CAUTI predicted longer lengths of stay. CONCLUSIONS: Near-perfect SCIP Inf-9 compliance had no effect on the CAUTI rate at our institution.

Is laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy safer than laparoscopic gastric bypass? a comparison of 30-day complications using the MBSAQIP data registry.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has become popular due to its technical ease and excellent short-term results. Understanding the risk profile of LSG compared with the gold standard laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is critical for patient selection. OBJECTIVES: To use traditional regression techniques and random forest classification algorithms to compare LSG with LRYGB using the 2015 Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Data Registry. SETTING: United States. METHODS: Outcomes were leak, morbidity, and mortality within 30 days. Variable importance was assessed using random forest algorithms. Multivariate models were created in a training set and evaluated on the testing set with receiver operating characteristic curves. The adjusted odds of each outcome were compared. RESULTS: Of 134,142 patients, 93,062 (69%) underwent LSG and 41,080 (31%) underwent LRYGB. One hundred seventy-eight deaths occurred in 96 (.1%) of LSG patients compared with 82 (.2%) of LRYGB patients (P<.001). Morbidity occurred in 8% (5.8% in LSG versus 11.7% in LRYGB, P<.001). Leaks occurred in 1% (.8% in LSG versus 1.6% in LRYGB, P<.001). The most important predictors of all outcomes were body mass index, albumin, and age. In the adjusted multivariate models, LRYGB had higher odds of all complications (leak: odds ratio 2.10, P<.001; morbidity: odds ratio 2.02, P<.001; death: odds ratio 1.64, P<.01). CONCLUSION: In the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvements data registry for 2015, LSG had half the risk-adjusted odds of death, serious morbidity, and leak in the first 30 days compared with LRYGB.

Effects of Gastric Bypass Surgery on Bone Mass and Microarchitecture Occur Early and Particularly Impact Postmenopausal Women.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is a highly effective treatment for obesity but negatively affects the skeleton. Studies of skeletal effects have generally examined areal bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), but DXA may be inaccurate in the setting of marked weight loss. Further, as a result of modestly sized samples of mostly premenopausal women and very few men, effects of RYGB by sex and menopausal status are unknown. We prospectively studied the effects of RYGB on skeletal health, including axial and appendicular volumetric BMD and appendicular bone microarchitecture and estimated strength. Obese adults (N = 48; 27 premenopausal and 11 postmenopausal women, 10 men) with mean ± SD body mass index (BMI) 44 ± 7 kg/m2 were assessed before and 6 and 12 months after RYGB. Participants underwent spine and hip DXA, spine QCT, radius and tibia HR-pQCT, and laboratory evaluation. Mean 12-month weight loss was 37 kg (30% of preoperative weight). Overall median 12-month increase in serum collagen type I C-telopeptide (CTx) was 278% (p < 0.0001), with greater increases in postmenopausal than premenopausal women (p = 0.049). Femoral neck BMD by DXA decreased by mean 5.0% and 8.0% over 6 and 12 months (p < 0.0001). Spinal BMD by QCT decreased by mean 6.6% and 8.1% (p < 0.0001); declines were larger among postmenopausal than premenopausal women (11.6% versus 6.0% at 12 months, p = 0.02). Radial and tibial BMD and estimated strength by HR-pQCT declined. At the tibia, detrimental changes in trabecular microarchitecture were apparent at 6 and 12 months. Cortical porosity increased at the radius and tibia, with more dramatic 12-month increases among postmenopausal than premenopausal women or men at the tibia (51.4% versus 18.3% versus 3.0%, p < 0.01 between groups). In conclusion, detrimental effects of RYGB on axial and appendicular bone mass and microarchitecture are detectable as early as 6 months postoperatively. Postmenopausal women are at highest risk for skeletal consequences and may warrant targeted screening or interventions. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Obesity and the role of bariatric surgery in the surgical management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: a review of the literature.

Obesity accelerates the development of osteoarthritis of the knee and hip by exerting deleterious effects on joints through both biomechanical and also systemic inflammatory changes. The objective of this review was to evaluate the impact of obesity on lower limb biomechanics and total joint arthroplasty outcomes, as well as weight changes after joint arthroplasty and the role of bariatric surgery among patients requiring joint arthroplasty. The currently published data indicate that weight loss increases swing time, stride length, gait speed, and lower extremity range of motion. Total joint arthroplasty improves pain and joint function, but does not induce significant weight loss in the majority of patients. Bariatric surgery improves gait biomechanics, and in the severely obese patient with osteoarthritis improves pain and joint function. The evidence for supporting bariatric surgery before total joint arthroplasty is limited to retrospective reports with conflicting results. Fundamental clinical questions remain regarding the optimal management of morbid obesity and lower extremity arthritis, which should be the focus of future collaborations across disciplines providing care to patients with both conditions.

Expanded indications for bariatric surgery: should patients on chronic steroids be offered bariatric procedures?

BACKGROUND: Patients who take chronic corticosteroids are increasingly referred for bariatric surgery. Little is known about their clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: Determine whether chronic steroid use is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after stapled bariatric procedures. SETTING: American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database. METHODS: All patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy or laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and were reported to the ACS-NSQIP from 2011 to 2013 were reviewed. Patients were grouped based on type of surgery and history of chronic steroid use. Primary outcome measures were mortality and serious morbidity in the first 30 days. Regression analyses were used to determine predictors of outcome. RESULTS: Of 23,798 patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and 38,184 who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 385 (1.6%) and 430 (1.1%), respectively, were on chronic steroids. Patients on chronic steroids had a 3.4 times increased likelihood of dying within 30 days (95% confidence interval 1.4-8.1, P = .007), and 2-fold increased odds of serious complications (95% confidence interval 1.2-2.3, P = .008), regardless of surgery type. In multivariate regression, steroid usage remained an independent predictor of mortality and serious complications. CONCLUSION: In a large, nationally representative patient database, steroid use independently predicted mortality and serious postoperative complications after stapled bariatric procedures. Surgeons should be cautious about offering stapled bariatric procedures to patients on chronic steroids.

Bone Marrow Fat Changes After Gastric Bypass Surgery Are Associated With Loss of Bone Mass.

Bone marrow fat is a unique fat depot that may regulate bone metabolism. Marrow fat is increased in states of low bone mass, severe underweight, and diabetes. However, longitudinal effects of weight loss and improved glucose homeostasis on marrow fat are unclear, as is the relationship between marrow fat and bone mineral density (BMD) changes. We hypothesized that after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, marrow fat changes are associated with BMD loss. We enrolled 30 obese women, stratified by diabetes status. Before and 6 months after RYGB, we measured BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and vertebral marrow fat content by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. At baseline, those with higher marrow fat had lower BMD. Postoperatively, total body fat declined dramatically in all participants. Effects of RYGB on marrow fat differed by diabetes status (p = 0.03). Nondiabetic women showed no significant mean change in marrow fat (+1.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.8% to +5.4%, p = 0.29), although those who lost more total body fat were more likely to have marrow fat increases (r = -0.70, p = 0.01). In contrast, diabetic women demonstrated a mean marrow fat change of -6.5% (95% CI -13.1% to 0%, p = 0.05). Overall, those with greater improvements in hemoglobin A1c had decreases in marrow fat (r = 0.50, p = 0.01). Increases in IGF-1, a potential mediator of the marrow fat-bone relationship, were associated with marrow fat declines (r = -0.40, p = 0.05). Spinal volumetric BMD decreased by 6.4% ± 5.9% (p < 0.01), and femoral neck areal BMD decreased by 4.3% ± 4.1% (p < 0.01). Marrow fat and BMD changes were negatively associated, such that those with marrow fat increases had more BMD loss at both spine (r = -0.58, p < 0.01) and femoral neck (r = -0.49, p = 0.01), independent of age and menopause. Our findings suggest that glucose metabolism and weight loss may influence marrow fat behavior, and marrow fat may be a determinant of bone metabolism. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

More than 500 consecutive laparoscopic donor nephrectomies without conversion or repeated surgery.

HYPOTHESIS: Concern exists as to the safety of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) compared with open donor nephrectomy. Reported complications of LDN include emergent conversion to an open procedure, repeated surgery for postoperative bleeding, and even death. We hypothesize that LDNs can be performed safely, with a complication rate comparable with that of open donor nephrectomies. DESIGN: Case series and review of the literature. SETTING: Tertiary care university hospital. PATIENTS: Five hundred thirty kidney donors. INTERVENTION: An LDN performed without hand assistance, with the kidney extracted through a low transverse incision. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean operative time, requirement for transfusion, intraoperative complications, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: This series includes 84 right-sided donor nephrectomies, 86 donors with a body mass index greater than 30 (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters), and 91 donors with complex vascular anatomy. Mean donor age was 40 years (range, 18-73 years), and mean +/- SD operative time was 196 +/- 43 minutes. The only conversion occurred early in the series, and there have been 525 subsequent cases without the need for conversion or repeated surgery. There were no donor deaths. Five donors (0.9%) required perioperative blood transfusions. Overall complication rate was 6.4%, including 14 minor wound infections, 2 bowel injuries, 1 case of prolonged ileus, 3 splenic injuries, 2 bladder infections, 1 bladder injury, 1 case of rhabdomyolysis, 1 case of pneumonia, and 2 thromboembolic events. CONCLUSION: This series demonstrates that LDN can be performed at least as safely as open donor nephrectomy, with minimal bleeding and few postoperative complications.