Elevated CO2 significantly delays reproductive development of soybean under Free-Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE).

The effect of rising atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide [CO(2)] on the reproductive development of soybean (Glycine max. Merr) has not been evaluated under open-air field conditions. Soybeans grown under Free-Air CO(2) Enrichment (FACE) exhibit warmer canopies due to decreased latent heat loss because of decreased stomatal conductance. According to development models based on accumulated thermal time, or growing degree days ( degrees Cd), increased canopy temperature should accelerate development. The SoyFACE research facility (Champaign, Illinois, USA) was used to test the hypothesis that development is accelerated in soybean when grown in [CO(2)] elevated to 548 micromol mol(-1). Canopy temperature was measured continuously with infrared thermometry, and used in turn to calculate GDD. Opposite to expectation, elevated [CO(2)], while increasing canopy temperature, delayed reproductive development by up to 3 days (P <0.05). Soybean grown in elevated [CO(2)] required approximately 49 degrees Cd more GDD (P <0.05) to complete full bloom stage (R2) and approximately 52 degrees Cd more GDD (P <0.05) to complete the beginning seed (R5) stage, but needed approximately 46 degrees Cd fewer GDD (P <0.05) to complete seed filling (R6). Soybeans grown in elevated [CO(2)] produced significantly more nodes (P <0.01) on the main stem than those grown under current [CO(2)]. This may explain the delay in completion of reproductive development and final maturation of the crop under elevated [CO(2)]. These results show a direct effect of rising [CO(2)] on plant development that will affect both projections of grain supply and may be significant to other species including those in natural communities.

Long-term Results of the UCSF-LBNL Randomized Trial: Charged Particle With Helium Ion Versus Iodine-125 Plaque Therapy for Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma.

PURPOSE: Relevant clinical data are needed given the increasing national interest in charged particle radiation therapy (CPT) programs. Here we report long-term outcomes from the only randomized, stratified trial comparing CPT with iodine-125 plaque therapy for choroidal and ciliary body melanoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From 1985 to 1991, 184 patients met eligibility criteria and were randomized to receive particle (86 patients) or plaque therapy (98 patients). Patients were stratified by tumor diameter, thickness, distance to disc/fovea, anterior extension, and visual acuity. Tumors close to the optic disc were included. Local tumor control, as well as eye preservation, metastases due to melanoma, and survival were evaluated. RESULTS: Median follow-up times for particle and plaque arm patients were 14.6 years and 12.3 years, respectively (P=.22), and for those alive at last follow-up, 18.5 and 16.5 years, respectively (P=.81). Local control (LC) for particle versus plaque treatment was 100% versus 84% at 5 years, and 98% versus 79% at 12 years, respectively (log rank: P=.0006). If patients with tumors close to the disc (<2 mm) were excluded, CPT still resulted in significantly improved LC: 100% versus 90% at 5 years and 98% versus 86% at 12 years, respectively (log rank: P=.048). Enucleation rate was lower after CPT: 11% versus 22% at 5 years and 17% versus 37% at 12 years, respectively (log rank: P=.01). Using Cox regression model, likelihood ratio test, treatment was the most important predictor of LC (P=.0002) and eye preservation (P=.01). CPT was a significant predictor of prolonged disease-free survival (log rank: P=.001). CONCLUSIONS: Particle therapy resulted in significantly improved local control, eye preservation, and disease-free survival as confirmed by long-term outcomes from the only randomized study available to date comparing radiation modalities in choroidal and ciliary body melanoma.

Risk factors for neovascular glaucoma after proton beam therapy of uveal melanoma: a detailed analysis of tumor and dose-volume parameters.

PURPOSE: To determine neovascular glaucoma (NVG) incidence and identify contributing tumor and dosing factors in uveal melanoma patients treated with proton beam radiation therapy (PBRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 704 PBRT patients treated by a single surgeon (DHC) for uveal melanoma (1996-2010) were reviewed for NVG in our prospectively maintained database. All patients received 56 GyE in 4 fractions. Median follow-up was 58.3 months. Analyses included the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate NVG distributions, univariate log-rank tests, and Cox's proportional hazards multivariate analysis using likelihood ratio tests to identify independent risk factors of NVG among patient, tumor, and dose-volume histogram parameters. RESULTS: The 5-year PBRT NVG rate was 12.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.2%-15.9%). The 5-year rate of enucleation due to NVG was 4.9% (95% CI 3.4%-7.2%). Univariately, the NVG rate increased significantly with larger tumor diameter (P<.0001), greater height (P<.0001), higher T stage (P<.0001), and closer proximity to the disc (P=.002). Dose-volume histogram analysis revealed that if >30% of the lens or ciliary body received ≥50% dose (≥28 GyE), there was a higher probability of NVG (P<.0001 for both). Furthermore, if 100% of the disc or macula received ≥28 GyE, the NVG rate was higher (P<.0001 and P=.03, respectively). If both anterior and posterior doses were above specified cut points, NVG risk was highest (P<.0001). Multivariate analysis confirmed significant independent risk factors to include tumor height (P<.0001), age (P<.0001), %disc treated to ≥50% Dose (<100% vs 100%) (P=.0007), larger tumor diameter (P=.01), %lens treated to ≥90% Dose (0 vs >0%-30% vs >30%) (P=.01), and optic nerve length treated to ≥90% Dose (≤1 mm vs >1 mm) (P=.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our current PBRT patients experience a low rate of NVG and resultant enucleation compared with historical data. The present analysis shows that tumor height, diameter, and anterior as well as posterior critical structure dose-volume parameters may be used to predict NVG risk.

Evaluación del agua corporal medida por bioimpedancia eléctrica en adultos jóvenes sanos y su correlación estimada según formulaciones convencionales / Evaluation of body water measured by electric bio impedance in young healthy adults and its estimated correlation using conventional formula

Objetivos: Comparar la precisión de las fórmulas antropométricas de Watson, Hume-Weyers, y el basado en elporcentaje del peso según sexo, para estimar el agua corporal total en relación a la medida por bioimpedanciaeléctrica considerando ésta como gold standard. Material y métodos: Se enrolaron 17 voluntarios sanos entre 21a 29 años de edad, con antropometría normal y en condiciones de vida cotidiana. Para evaluar la precisión en laestimación del agua corporal se usó la t de Student pareada y para estimar el error sistemático se usó el análisisde regresión lineal y la correlación de Pearson...

Objectives: To compare the precision of Watson´s, Hume-Weyers´ anthropometric formula and that based on thebody percentage by gender to estimate de total body water in relation to that measured by electric bio impedanceconsidering the latter as the gold standard. Methods: 17 healthy volunteers with normal anthropometric valuesbetween 21 and 29 years were recruited. Paired students´ t-test was used to evaluate the precision in the estimationof body water, and logistic regression analysis and Pearson´s correlation was used to evaluate systematic error...

El agua corporal medida por impedancia eléctrica y su estimación según fórmulas convencionales y en función del peso ideal y sexo, en adultos con sobrepeso u obesidad / Body water measured by electric bio impedance and its estimation by conventional formula based on idealbody weight and gender in overweight or obese adults

Objetivos: Determinar el grado de precisión de las fórmulas antropométricas de Watson, Hume-Weyers, y lacalculada en función del peso ideal y el sexo para estimar el agua corporal con la medida por impedancia eléctrica,en jóvenes con sobrepeso u obesidad. Material y métodos: Se enroló a 13 voluntarios sanos con edad entre 21 a29 años, asintomáticos y con índice masa corporal (IMC) mayor de 25. Se evaluó la precisión en estimar el aguacorporal en relación con la impedancia eléctrica de cada individuo con la t de Student apareada, y para estimar elerror sistemático se utilizó análisis de regresión lineal...

Objectives: To determine the precision in estimating body water using the anthropometric formula of Watsonïs, Hume-Weyersï, and ideal body water and gender, compared to that measured by electric bio impedance in overweight or obese young adults. Methods: 13 healthy volunteers with body mass index above 25 between 21 and 29 years were recruited. Paired studentsï t-test was used to evaluate the precision in the estimation of body water, and logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate systematic error...