Cadmium exposures and deteriorations of cognitive abilities: estimation of a reference dose for mixture risk assessments based on a systematic review and confidence rating.

To support a mixture risk assessment with a focus on developmental neurotoxicity we evaluated the strength of evidence for associations of cadmium exposures with declines in IQ by conducting a systematic review and confidence rating. We searched peer-reviewed studies published in English between 2012 and July 2021 and identified 15 eligible studies (11 prospective cohort studies, and 4 cross-sectional studies). Of the 10 studies that observed associations of cadmium exposure with child IQ declines, two achieved an overall "High (H)" confidence rating, five a "Medium to High (M/H)", one a "Medium (M)" and two a "Low (L)" confidence rating. Five studies did not detect significant associations between cadmium exposure and reduced cognitive ability; of these, two received a "High (H)" confidence rating, two an overall rating of "Medium to High (M/H)" and one a "Medium (M)" rating. The null findings reported by the "High (H)" and Medium to High (M/H)" studies could partly be explained by low exposures to cadmium or confounding with high levels of lead. By using a one-compartment toxicokinetic model in a reverse dosimetry approach, we estimated that a daily intake of 0.2 µg/kg body weight/day corresponds to urinary cadmium levels no longer associated with cognitive declines observed in a "High (H)"-confidence study. This estimate is 1.8-fold lower than the current health-based guidance value (HBGV) for kidney toxicity of 0.36 µg/kg bodyweight/day established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Our value does not have the normative character associated with health-based guidance values and is intended only as a reasonable estimate for the purpose of mixture risk assessments. However, with cadmium exposures in Europe between 0.28 (middle bound) and up to 0.52 µg/kg bodyweight/day (95th percentile), our review suggests that pregnant women and children are poorly protected against neurodevelopmental effects. This warrants a revision of the current HBGV.

Heavy metals in urban road dusts from Kolkata and Bengaluru, India: implications for human health.

Air pollution and dust pollution are major urban environmental issues, with road dust being a potential source and a pathway for human exposure. The developing megacities of India, where the population may spend a significant portion of their working lives close to the roadside, including consuming street food, have obvious source-pathway-receptor linkages. The aim of this study in Kolkata and Bengaluru, India, was to evaluate the risk to human health from inorganic components of road dust. Samples were collected and analysed from a cross section of urban environments for a wide range of anthropogenic and geogenic elements, some such as antimony showing an increase in response to vehicle activity. Calculated enrichment factors relative to crustal abundance demonstrated significant enrichment in common heavy metals and less commonly reported elements, e.g. molybdenum, antimony, that may be used as contaminant markers. Factor analysis gave multielement signatures associated with geography, vehicle traffic and local industry. The bio-accessibility of road dusts in terms of ingestion was determined using the BARGE method with more than 50% of zinc and lead being available in some cases. A formal human health risk assessment using the US EPA framework showed that lead in Kolkata and chromium in Bengaluru were the elements of most concern amongst chromium, nickel, copper, zinc and lead. However, the only risk combination (hazard index) shown to be significant was lead exposure to children in Kolkata. Ingestion dominated the risk pathways, being significantly greater than dermal and inhalation routes.

Exuberant Immobilization of Urease on an Inorganic SiO2 Support Enhances the Enzymatic Activities by 3-fold for Perennial Utilization.

Urease has been covalently immobilized on a 3-D networking silica gel (SG) using dimethyldichlorosilane (DMDCS) as second generation silane coupling reagent and m-nitroaniline as linker component in a robust methodology and subsequently characterized as [{Si(OSi)4(H2O)0.05}205.2] n=4{OSi(CH3)2-NH-C6H4-N═N-urease}·282.5H2O (molecular mass 263 445 g or 263.4 kDa). Selective coupling of tyrosine residue with an identifiable m-nitroaniline modified SG unit prevents enzyme-enzyme cross-linking leading to enhancement of enzymatic activity. The material worked at room temperature and its activity (luminescent and ammonia releasing efficiency) was enhanced by 3-fold (for both synthetic and real sample) compared to native enzyme values at neutral pH. Up to 30 days and 30 cycles, this 3-fold activity remains as such but reduces gradually to native enzyme level after 60 days and 60 cycles of reuse.

Hair mercury concentrations in residents of Sundarban and Calcutta, India.

Few studies on hair mercury have been conducted in India despite the fact that India is the world's third largest producer of coal and coal is India's primary energy source. No studies have been conducted in the Indian state of West Bengal which has a coastline with the Bay of Bengal. This study examined the concentration of mercury in hair in two diverse populations in West Bengal, India: Sundarban, a mangrove wetland where fishing is a common occupation, and Calcutta, a megacity and India's oldest functioning port. Individuals from whom scalp hair was collected (N=100) were asked a series of questions on occupation, education, age, smoking and alcohol consumption, and fish consumption. SAS was utilized to generate descriptive statistics including frequency and univariate analyses and to perform regression analyses to determine significant predictors of hair mercury in this population. The mean hair mercury increased across the first three age categories (<21, 21-30, 31-45) and decreased in the fourth category (>45). Hair mercury concentration was significantly higher among residents of Sundarban compared to Calcutta (p=0.0005). In multivariable analysis, location (Sundarban vs. Calcutta) and age were significant predictors of hair mercury concentration (p=0.0120 and p=0.0161, respectively). Average hair mercury concentrations in this study were not particularly elevated. Smoking and alcohol consumption were predictors of hair mercury concentration. The hair mercury in Sundarban residents compared to Calcutta residents may be elevated due to greater consumption of fish and type of fish consumed.

Antinociceptive properties of shikonin: in vitro and in vivo studies.

Shikonin possess a diverse spectrum of pharmacological properties in multiple therapeutic areas. However, the nociceptive effect of shikonin is not largely known. To investigate the antinociceptive potential of shikonin, panel of GPCRs, ion channels, and enzymes involved in pain pathogenesis were studied. To evaluate the translation of shikonin efficacy in vivo, it was tested in 3 established rat pain models. Our study reveals that shikonin has significant inhibitory effect on pan sodium channel/N1E115 and NaV1.7 channel with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 7.6 µmol/L and 6.4 µmol/L, respectively, in a cell-based assay. Shikonin exerted significant dose dependent antinociceptive activity at doses of 0.08%, 0.05%, and 0.02% w/v in pinch pain model. In mechanical hyperalgesia model, dose of 10 and 3 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) produced dose-dependent analgesia and showed 67% and 35% reversal of hyperalgesia respectively at 0.5 h. Following oral administration, it showed 39% reversal at 30 mg/kg dose. When tested in first phase of formalin induced pain, shikonin at 10 mg/kg dose inhibited paw flinching by ∼71%. In all studied preclinical models, analgesic effect was similar or better than standard analgesic drugs. The present study unveils the mechanistic role of shikonin on pain modulation, predominantly via sodium channel modulation, suggesting that shikonin could be developed as a potential pain blocker.

Isotopic and geochemical characterization of invader tilapia fishes from water bodies of West Bengal and Karnataka, India.

The otoliths (N = 12) of freshwater invasive species tilapia (Tilapia mossambicus) collected from two water bodies located at Kolkata and Bangalore, India, were analyzed for stable isotopes (δ18O, δ14C) and major and trace elements in order to assess the suitability of using otoliths as a tracer of aquatic environmental changes. The stable isotope analysis was done using the dual inlet system of a Finnigan-MAT 253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Thermo-Fisher, Bremen, Germany). Concentrations of major and trace elements were determined using a Thermo X-Series II quadrupole mass spectrometer. The stable isotope composition in tilapia otolith samples from Bangalore and Kolkata water bodies are quite good agreeing with that of the respective lake/pond and rain water. Elemental composition revealed in a pattern of Ca>Fe>Na>Sr>K>Ba>Cr>Mg>As>Mn>Zn>Co>Cu>Cd>Pb. The otoliths from Kolkata pond water are more enriched in Ba, Zn, Pb, Mn, Se, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni whereas Cr and As were found to be higher in otolith samples from Bangalore lake. The enrichment factor (EF) values of Cr were higher for both the sampling location in comparison with other metals, although all the studied metals exhibited EF values>1. The PCA shows clustering of metals in the otolith which are related either with the metabolic and physiological attributes or waterborne source. The study demonstrated the potential of stable isotope techniques to distinguish otolith specimens from varied climatic zone, while elemental composition recorded the quality of water at both the locations. The role of climate driving the quality of water can be understood by detailed and continuous monitoring of otolith specimens in the future. Future method allows reconstruction of climate and water quality from old specimens from field exposures or museum collection.

Pesticides at brain borders: Impact on the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, and neurological risk trajectories.

Pesticides are omnipresent, and they pose significant environmental and health risks. Translational studies indicate that acute exposure to high pesticide levels is detrimental, and prolonged contact with low concentrations of pesticides, as single and cocktail, could represent a risk factor for multi-organ pathophysiology, including the brain. Within this research template, we focus on pesticides' impact on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuroinflammation, physical and immunological borders for the homeostatic control of the central nervous system (CNS) neuronal networks. We examine the evidence supporting a link between pre- and postnatal pesticide exposure, neuroinflammatory responses, and time-depend vulnerability footprints in the brain. Because of the pathological influence of BBB damage and inflammation on neuronal transmission from early development, varying exposures to pesticides could represent a danger, perhaps accelerating adverse neurological trajectories during aging. Refining our understanding of how pesticides influence brain barriers and borders could enable the implementation of pesticide-specific regulatory measures directly relevant to environmental neuroethics, the exposome, and one-health frameworks.

A case study of neurodevelopmental risks from combined exposures to lead, methyl-mercury, inorganic arsenic, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and fluoride.

We performed a mixture risk assessment (MRA) case study of dietary exposure to the food contaminants lead, methylmercury, inorganic arsenic (iAs), fluoride, non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), all substances associated with declines in cognitive abilities measured as IQ loss. Most of these chemicals are frequently measured in human biomonitoring studies. A component-based, personalised modified reference point index (mRPI) approach, in which we expressed the exposures and potencies of our chosen substances as lead equivalent values, was applied to perform a MRA for dietary exposures. We conducted the assessment for four different age groups (toddlers, children, adolescents, and women aged 18-45 years) in nine European countries. Populations in all countries considered exceeded combined tolerable levels at median exposure levels. NDL-PCBs in fish, other seafood and dairy, lead in grains and fruits, methylmercury in fish and other seafoods, and fluoride in water contributed most to the combined exposure. We identified uncertainties for the likelihood of co-exposure, assessment group membership, endpoint-specific reference values (ESRVs) based on epidemiological (lead, methylmercury, iAs, fluoride and NDL-PCBs) and animal data (PBDE), and exposure data. Those uncertainties lead to a complex pattern of under- and overestimations, which would require probabilistic modelling based on expert knowledge elicitation for integration of the identified uncertainties into an overall uncertainty estimate. In addition, the identified uncertainties could be used to refine future MRA for cognitive decline.

Geochemical fractionation of trace elements in sediments of Hugli River (Ganges) and Sundarban wetland (West Bengal, India).

A sequential extraction procedure was carried out to determinate the concentrations of 11 elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in different geochemical phases of sediments collected along the Hugli (Ganges) River Estuary and in the Sundarban mangrove wetland, eastern coastal part of India. The chemical speciation of elements was determined using the three-step sequential extraction procedure described by the European Community Bureau of Reference. Total metal concentration was determined using a microwave-assisted acid digestion procedure. Metal concentrations were near the background level except for As for which a moderate pollution can be hypothesized. The mobility order of the metals was: Cd > Mn > Cu > Zn > As > Co > Pb > Ni > Fe > Cr > Al. The highest percentage of Cd (>60%) was found in the most labile phase. Residual fraction was prevailing for Fe, Cr and Al, while Pb was mainly associated with the reducible fraction. Data were compared with Sediment Quality Guidelines to estimate the relationship between element concentrations and adverse biological effects on benthic community, finding the possibility of some toxic effects due to the presence of As in the entire studied area and Cd, only in Calcutta.

Biogeochemistry of mercury and methylmercury in sediment cores from Sundarban mangrove wetland, India--a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

This study was performed to elucidate the distribution, concentration trend and possible sources of total mercury (Hg(T)) and methylmercury (MeHg) in sediment cores (<63 µm particle size; n = 75) of Sundarban mangrove wetland, northeastern part of the Bay of Bengal, India. Total mercury was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) in a Leco AMA 254 instrument and MeHg by gas chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (GC-AFS). A wide range of variation in Hg(T) (0.032-0.196 µg g(-1) dry wt.) as well as MeHg (0.04-0.13 ng g(-1) dry wt.) concentrations revealed a slight local contamination. The prevalent low Hg(T) levels in sediments could be explained by sediment transport by the tidal Hugli (Ganges) River that would dilute the Hg(T) values via sediment mixing processes. A broader variation of MeHg proportions (%) were also observed in samples suggesting that other environmental variables such as organic carbon and microbial activity may play a major role in the methylation process. An overall elevated concentration of Hg(T) in surface layers (0-4 cm) of the core is due to remobilization of mercury from deeper sediments. Based on the index of geoaccumulation (I (geo)) and low effects-range (ER-L) values, it is considered that the sediment is less polluted by Hg(T) and there is less ecotoxicological risk. The paper provides the first information of MeHg in sediments from this wetland environment and the authors strongly recommend further examination of Hg(T) fluxes for the development of a detailed coastal MeHg model. This could provide more refine estimates of a total flux into the water column.

Baseline of butyltin contamination in sediments of Sundarban mangrove wetland and adjacent coastal regions, India.

The study reports the first assessment for the quantification and speciation of butyltins (BTs) in surface marine sediment samples (0-5 cm) from intertidal mudflats of Sundarban mangrove wetland along with the Hugli (Ganges) river basin, eastern coastal part of India. Concentrations of tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) were monitored at 16 stations and present at all study areas, in concentrations in sediments up to 84.2, 26.4 and 48.0 ng g(-1) of TBT, DBT and MBT, respectively. Significant correlations were obtained between MBT and DBT (r = 0.62, p = 0.01) and DBT and TBT (r = 0.54, p = 0.03). Calculated BT degradation index (BDI) values indicated recent contamination of BTs at 8 stations, and suggested either no degradation of TBT or very recent degradation at a 4 further stations. Additionally, BDI values also indicated no recent inputs of BTs in 4 stations (only MBT present in one of these stations). High concentrations of BTs, particularly TBT, have the potential to induce ecotoxicological impacts based on levels specified in Australian Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). This study indicated that the majority of the analyzed stations were in the highest range of priority, due to high TBT concentrations.

An assessment of trace element contamination in intertidal sediment cores of Sunderban mangrove wetland, India for evaluating sediment quality guidelines.

This paper presents a comprehensive account regarding concentration, distribution and possible sources of trace elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in 20-30 cm sediment cores (<63 microm particle size) collected at the confluence of the Ganges River and Bay of Bengal (Sunderban wetland, India). This work aims to evaluate the fluvio-marine and geochemical processes influencing the metal distribution. The most interesting features are the downward increase of concentrations of majority of the elements reaching overall maximum values at a depth of 10-15 cm observed in station Lot No.8 located along the main stream of the Ganges estuary as well as an overall elevated concentration of all the elements in the lower littoral zone. The interelemental relationship revealed the identical behaviour of elements during its transport in the estuarine environment. The overall variation in concentration can be attributed to differential discharge of effluents originating from industrial and agricultural as well as from domestic sewage. Arsenic exceeded effects range - low (ER - L) concentrations, implying occasional or frequent adverse biological effects. For Cu, Ni and Cr a smaller proportion of samples had exceeded the ER - L values indicating that the dataset would be suitable for future use in evaluating predictive abilities of SQGs.

Congener profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls in core sediments of Sunderban mangrove wetland (N.E. India) and their ecotoxicological significance.

The paper presents the first comprehensive survey of congener profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in core sediment samples (<63 microm particle size) covering seven sites in Sunderban mangrove Wetland, north-eastern part of the Bay of Bengal. Results pointed out a non-homogenous contamination of the wetland with Sigma23PCB values ranging from 0.5 to 26.9 ng g(-1) dry weight, reflecting very low to moderate contamination closely in conformity to other Asian coastal environment. The general decreasing order of the dominant congeners to the total load was: CB138 > 153 > 149 > 101, indicating the predominance of hexa-chlorinated congeners. The spatial distribution revealed significant differences in concentration related to local urbanization with industrial and land-based sources. No uniform temporal trend on PCB levels was recorded probably due to particular hydrological characteristics of the wetland and/or non-homogenous inputs from point sources. Strong positive correlations between the seven dominant congeners suggest their common sources and similar environmental behaviors. These results were also used for a risk assessment evaluation in the Sunderban wetland, showing that the present PCB levels were exceeding in few cases the lower limit of sediment quality guidelines of Environmental Protection Agency and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.

Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment cores of Sundarban mangrove wetland, northeastern part of Bay of Bengal (India).

The paper presents the first comprehensive survey of congener profiles (12 congeners) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in core sediment samples (<63 microm) covering seven sites in Sundarban mangrove wetland (India). Gas-chromatographic analyses were carried out in GC-Ms/Ms for tri- to hepta- brominated congeners. Results pointed out a non-homogenous contamination of the wetland with summation operator(12) PBDE values ranging from 0.08 to 29.03 ngg(-1), reflecting moderate to low contamination closely in conformity to other Asian aquatic environments. The general order of decreasing congener contribution to the total load was: BDE 47>99>100>154, similar to the distribution pattern worldwide. Although tetrabromodiphenyl ether BDE 47 was found in all samples followed by hexabromodiphenyl ether BDE-154, they were not necessarily the dominant congeners. No uniform temporal trend on PBDE levels was recorded probably due to particular hydrological characteristics of the wetland and/on non-homologous inputs from point sources (untreated municipal wastewater and local industries, electronic wastes from the dump sites, etc.) of these compounds. Because of the propensity of PBDEs to accumulate in various compartments of wildlife and human food webs, evaluation of biological tissues should be undertaken as a high priority.

Facile Synthesis of a Luminescent Material, PAN@{SiO2}n, Having a Simultaneous Binding Capacity of High and Low Oxidation States: HOMO and LUMO, Quantum-mechanical Descriptor of Break-through Capacity.

A time-cost effective, chemically stable mesoporous resin (FSG-PAN), simultaneous binder of two different metal centers (both high (Cd(II)) and low (Tl(I)) oxidation states), has been synthesized by immobilizing azo-dye (1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-napthol: PAN) on functionalized silica gel (FSG). Its corresponding synthesized nano material possesses good luminescent properties, and has been utilized in fluoride sensing at trace levels (1.8 × 10(-6) - 7.2 × 10(-6) M). The composition ({Si[OSi]p=4[H2O]x=0.81}12[-Si(CH3)2-NH-C6H4-N=N-PAN]4.·51H2O) and structure (tetrahedral) have been well assessed. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the soft extractor (ηFSG-PAN = 1.31 eV), FSG-PAN quantitatively extracts the soft metal centers Cd(II), followed by Tl(I) at its respective HOMO and LUMO by soft-soft interactions. The extractor possesses a high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (SABET) (374 m(2) g(-1)), high preconcentration factor (PF, 192), selective pore size and two kinds of break-through capacity (BTCHOMO, 945 µmol g(-1); BTCLUMO, 120 µmol g(-1)). BTC is spelled out as a function of the electron density over the ligand binding site as analyzed from a DFT calculation.

Combined cation-exchange and solid phase extraction for the selective separation and preconcentration of zinc, copper, cadmium, mercury and cobalt among others using azo-dye functionalized resin.

A facile synthesis of an ion exchange material (FSG-PAN) has been achieved by functionalizing silica gel with an azo-dye. Its composition and structure are well assessed by systematic analysis. Extractor possesses high BET surface area (617.794m(2)g(-1)), exchange capacity and break-through capacity (BTC) (Q0 Zn(II): 225; Cd(II): 918; Hg(II): 384, Cu(II): 269 and Co(II): 388µMg(-1)). The sorption process was endothermic (+ΔH), entropy-gaining (+ΔS) and spontaneous (-ΔG) in nature. Preconcentration factor has been optimized at 172(Zn(II)); 157.2(Cd(II)); 193.6(Hg(II)); 176(Cu(II)); 172.4(Co(II)). Density functional theory calculation has been performed to analyze the sorption pathway. BTC (µMg(-1)) of FSG-PAN was found to be the product of its frontier orbitals and state of sorbed metal ion species, x (at x=1, mononuclear and x>1, a polynuclear species; i.e., BTC=[amount of HOMO]×x). FSG-PAN is used for the selective separation and preconcentration of Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Cu(II),Co(II) from large volume sample (800mL) of low concentration (0.017-0.40mML(-1)) in presence of foreign ions (50-300mML(-1)) at optimum conditions (pH: 7.0±1.5, flow rate: 2.5mLmin(-1), temperature: 27°C, equilibration-time: 5min). The method was found to be effective for real samples also.

Solid phase extraction, separation and preconcentration of rare elements thorium(IV), uranium(VI), zirconium(IV), cerium(IV) and chromium(III) amid several other foreign ions with eriochrome black T anchored to 3-D networking silica gel.

The present work reports the systematic studies on extraction, separation and preconcentration of Th(IV), U(VI), Zr(IV), Ce(IV) and Cr(III) amid several other foreign ions using EBT anchored {SiO2}n3-D microarray. The effect of various sorption parameters, such as pH, concentration, temperature, sample volume, flow-rate and co-existing foreign ions were investigated. Quantitative sorption was ensured at solution pH: 6.0-6.5 for Th(IV), Ce(IV), Cr(III) and pH: 2.75-3.0 for Zr(IV), U(VI) couple. Analysis on extracted species and extraction sites reveals that [Th4(µ(2)-OH)8(H2O)4](8+), [Ce6(µ(2)-OH)12(H2O)5](12+), [Cr3(µ(2)-OH)4(H2O)](5+), [(UO2)3(µ(2)-OH)5(H2O)3](+) and [Zr4(µ(2)-OH)8(H2O)0.5](8+) for the respective metal ions gets extracted at HOMO of the extractor. HOMO-{metal ion species} was found to be 1:1 complexation. Sorption was endothermic, entropy-gaining, instantaneous and spontaneous in nature. A density functional theory (DFT) calculation has been performed to analyze the 3-D structure and electronic distribution of the synthesized extractor.

Levels and chemical speciation of arsenic in representative biota and sediments of a tropical mangrove wetland, India.

The general concern for arsenic in the marine environment is associated with its wide distribution and potential toxicity. In the present work, concentrations and chemical speciation of arsenic were characterized in sediments and representative biota from the Indian Sundarban, the largest continuous mangrove tract formed at the mouth of the Hugli (Ganges) River estuary, northeastern part of the Bay of Bengal. Analyzed organisms included both shellfish (Macoma birmanica, Sanguinolaria acuminata and Meretrix meretrix) and finfish (Liza parsia, Liza tade, Harpodon nehereus and Eleutheronema tetradactylum). Arsenic concentrations in sediments did not exceed 4 µg g(-1) dry weight with the contribution of inorganic molecules (arsenate and arsenite) ranging from 61.7 to 81.3%. Total As (TAs) concentrations varied from less than 2 to 16 µg g(-1) in tissues of bivalves; the more elevated As accumulation was observed in gills and the mantle probably due to ion exchange properties of the mucous layer covering these organs, whereas adductor muscle and the podium showed limited values. Distribution of various arsenic compounds followed a quite similar trend in bivalve tissues; arsenobetaine (AsB) was the most dominant form followed by compounds such as dimethylarsinate (DMA), trimethyl arsine-oxide (TMAO), tetramethyl arsonium (TETRA) and arsenocholine (AsC), while inorganic arsenic (IAs) represented a minor constituent (0.2 to 6.9%). Among the fish, detritivorous/herbivorous species (L. parsia and L. tade) exhibited TAs concentrations of 10.8 and 9.71 µg g(-1) dry wt with a prevalence of AsB (52-67%) and TETRA (26-35%); higher concentrations of TAs were measured in the two carnivorous species (20.62 and 19.67 µg g(-1) dry wt, in H. nehereus and E. tetradactylum respectively) mostly as AsB (63.3-72.3%) and AsC (17.5-28.6%). The obtained results can be considered as baseline levels for arsenic in the investigated area, confirming the predominance of organoarsenicals in marine organisms compared to more toxic inorganic compounds. Considering the ecological importance of this ecosystem and the increasing anthropogenic impact, the distribution of arsenic through the food chain should be continuously monitored, using organisms of different feeding guilds as indicators.

A comparison of sediment quality guidelines for toxicity assessment in the Sunderban wetlands (Bay of Bengal, India).

The aim of this paper was to obtain the first screening ecotoxicological risk evaluation in the Sunderban wetlands, the largest prograding delta in the estuarine phase of the River Ganges. The characterization of exposure was conducted by means of an extensive survey of several persistent organic pollutants (PAHs, PCBs, DDTs, PBDEs, HCHs, HCB) measured in seven core sediments from the Sunderban wetlands, obtaining a dataset with more than 2200 analyses. The pollutant effects were assessed by the use of three different sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) previously developed in the literature to evaluate toxicity induced in sediment-dwelling organisms. The three different approaches chosen for risk assessment of the Sunderban were the consensus SQGs obtained by TEC (threshold effect concentration), PEC (probable effect concentration) and EEC (extreme effect concentration), the threshold/probable effect level (TEL/PEL) approach and, finally, the ERL-ERM guidelines, including the m-ERM-Q (mean ERM quotient). The evaluation of the toxicity induced by a mixture of the target pollutants indicated the importance of gamma-HCH contamination in the Sunderban sediments despite the very low concentrations measured in core sediments. A different sensitivity for toxicity assessment due to quality guidelines was obtained, as the consensus SQGs based on TEC were less conservative and protective than the TEL and ERL approaches, while the use of m-ERM-Q seems to be the most powerful tool to predict the toxicity related to a contaminant mixture.