[Pollution status and exposure assessment of lead, cadmium, total mercury and total arsenic in grains on sale from Shaanxi Province, 2002-2018].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pollution status of lead, cadmium, total mercury and total arsenic in grains sold in Shaanxi Province, and to analyze the potential risk of dietary exposure. METHODS: A total of 1873 samples of wheat, wheat flour, rice, maize and their products were randomly collected in circulation. The contents of lead and cadmium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and total mercury and arsenic were determined by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The pollution status of four elements in grains was evaluated by single factor pollution index method, margin of exposure(MOE) was used to assess lead exposure, cadmium exposure was assessed by the ratio of estimated monthly intake(EMI) to provisional tolerable monthly intake(PTMI), and exposure to mercury and arsenic was assessed using the ratio of estimated weekly intake(EWI) to provisional tolerable weekly intake(PTWI). RESULTS: The average values of lead, cadmium, total mercury and total arsenic in grains sold in Shaanxi Province were 0.070, 0.022, 0.0079 and 0.030 mg/kg. The over-standard rates of lead, cadmium and total mercury were 6.30%, 1.39% and 4.43%. The average single factor pollution index of lead, cadmium, total mercury and total arsenic was less than 0.7; The MOE value of lead in grains was 0.99-18.41, the intake of cadmium in grains accounted for 19.08% of PTMI, and the intake of mercury and arsenic accounted for 10.28% and 10.67% of PTWI. CONCLUSION: Lead, cadmium, total mercury and total arsenic in all kinds of cereals sold in Shaanxi Province from 2002 to 2018 were less polluted and their intake was within the safe range.

[Contamination and dietary exposure assessment of fatty acid esters of chloropropanediols in vegetable oil and fat-rich food in Shaanxi Province].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the contamination of chloropropanediols in fat-rich food in Shaanxi Province, and to assess the dietary chloropropanediols exposure and the health risk of intaking chloropropanediols from fat-rich food for Shaanxi residents. METHODS: In 2015-2016, three kinds of food including vegetable oil, fried food and baked food were collected randomly from ten cities of Shaanxi Province, and determined by gas chromatography. Dietary intake assessment of human exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol ester(3-MCPD ester) was carried out in combination of food consumption data with concentration of chloropropanediols. RESULTS: A total of 203 samples were detected, the total detection rates of 3-MCPD ester and 2-monochloropropane-1, 3-diol ester(2-MCPD ester) were 31.53% and 12.30%, respectively, with the mean values of 0.22 and 0.02 mg/kg.Among all food samples, baked food were more seriously polluted than other kinds of foods with 3-MCPD ester, its detection rate was 47.06%. The highest detection rate of 2-MCPD ester was fried food with 20.00% detection rate. Getting rid of rapeseed oil, olive oil, pastries and biscuits, and 2-MCPD esters were detected in the rest. The ratio of the average exposure and high-end exposure to the maximum daily tolerance of 3-MCPD ester in the three fatty foods were less than 100%. CONCLUSION: The overall level of 3-MCPD esters contamination in fat-rich food is common in Shaanxi Province. The risk assessment result suggests that the current dietary intake of 3-MCPD esters from fried food in Shaanxi Province has acceptable effect on health.

[Human health risks derived from dietary exposure to arsenic in Shaanxi Province in 2013-2015].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the daily intake of arsenic via daily dietary of Shaanxi inhabitants, and to assess the possible adverse health impact. METHODS: The arsenic contents of 4287 samples were analyzed statistically. The safety of arsenic intake was evaluated by using the dietary arsenic PTWI recommended by JECFA. The health risk was assessed with USEPA health risk assessment model. RESULTS: The arsenic contents of grains and vegetables were 0. 0265 mg / kg and 0. 0271 mg / kg, respectively. Grains and vegetables were major part of the daily diet of residents, 80% of dietary arsenic intake was from which. The average and the higher dietary intake of arsenic were 0. 423 and 1. 10µg /( kg·d), respectively, which was lower than the standard of PTWI recommended by JECFA. But the values of the individual health risk were 9. 03 × 10~(-5) and 2. 34 × 10~(-4)a~(-1), the both of which were higher than the standard of ICRP. That showed a potential health risk from As via dietary exposure for the residents. CONCLUSION: Although the average dietary intake of arsenic is in a safe range, the health risk caused by the risk cannot be ignored.

[Dietary exposure and health risk assessment of heavy metal in grains of Shaanxi Province].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate heavy metal contamination of grains, and to assess the health risk of the contamination on local inhabitants. METHODS: The contents of 6 heavy metals of grains were detected, according to the food contamination monitor plan of Shaanxi Province. The levels of heavy metal contamination on grains were evaluated by pollution indices. Health risks associated with the daily dietary intake of heavy metals were assessed using USEPA health risk assessment model. RESULTS: 562 grain samples were randomly collected from 94 representative sites in Shaanxi Province. The contaminations of Cd and Pb were more seriously than the other metals. The pollution indices of Cd, As, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb in 4 kinds of grains were less than 0.7, they were safe to eat. The dietary expose doses of Cd, As, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb were also at the level of safety. The individual health risk of heavy metal pollution was 3.08 x 10(-4)/year for Cr, which was exceed the standard (5.0 x 10(-5)/year) of Inernational Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The individual health risks of the other five metals were lower than the standard of ICRP. CONCLUSION: The most of grains are considered safe to eat for consumers, excepting a few samples are polluted by lead and cadmium. The individual health risk of Cr is higher than the standand of ICRP.

[Investigation on nickel contamination of food and potential health risk of dietary nickel in Shaanxi Province].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the content level of nickel in all kinds of foods, and to assess the daily intake of nickel and the possible adverse health impact. METHODS: Statistical analysis of the nickel contents of 1872 samples. The dietary intake of nickel was obtained using the test results and the results of Shaanxi total diet study in 2002. The safety of dietary nickel was evaluated by using the tolerable daily intake( TDI)recommended by WHO. The health risk was assessed by using USEPA health risk assessment model. RESULTS: The content of nickel ranged from 0. 0586 to 0. 210 mg/kg in seven kinds of food, and the nickel content of cereals was higher than other kinds, the value of which was 3. 30 mg/kg. The average and the higher dietary intake of nickel were2. 17 µg/( kg·d) and 11. 2 µg/( kg·d), respectively. The rates of which were 18% and94%, compared to TDI value. That showed a potential health risk from Ni via dietary exposure for the people highly exposured. Because there was inadequate evidence for carcinogenicity of nickel, if nickel was non carcinogenic elements, the individual health risk of nickel was lower than the standard of ICRP. In contrast, the individual health riskof nickel was higher than the standard, which means a potential health risk for Shaanxi habitants. CONCLUSION: This study showed a potential health risk from Ni via dietary exposure for the people highly exposured.

[Contamination status and risk assessment of lead in the foods and drinking water in Shaanxi Province].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the contamination level of lead in foods and drinking water, and to assess the daily intake of lead and the possible adverse health impact. METHODS: The concentrations of lead in 4612 samples of foods and 58 samples of drinking water were measured. National standard were used to evaluate the degree of pollution, and provisional tolerable weekly intake( PTWI) and margin of exposure( MOE)were used to estimate lead reveals amounts, and carcinogenic risks was used to evaluate the health risk, respectively. RESULTS: The average content of foods and drinking water were0. 0461 mg/kg and 0. 0005 mg/L, respectively, while the violation rates were 2. 18% and0%. The average weekly exposed levels of lead of Shaanxi Province residents were4. 45µg/( kg BW), which accounted for 17. 80% of provisional tolerable weekly intake( PTWI). And the mean MOE value of lead was 1. 89. The main sources of dietary lead were cereals, vegetables and condiment, which covering 88. 32% of total lead. The individual health risk of lead was 6. 49×10~(-5)( a~(-1)), which higher than the standard of ICRP( 5×10~(-5)a~(-1)). CONCLUSION: There is certain degree lead pollution in foods in Shaanxi Province. The exposed levels of lead through foods of Shaanxi Province residentsare safety, but the health risk is high.

[Survey and evaluation of heavy metal in the major vegetables in Shaanxi Province].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contamination condition of the Pb, Cd, Hg and As in ten kinds of vegetables in Shaanxi Province. METHODS: The Pb and Cd contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the As contents were determined by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry, and the Hg contents were determined by mercury vapourmeter. One factor contamination index was employed to evaluate the metal pollution situation of different types of vegetables. Moreover, the health risk after intake of those heavy metals through vegetables were described. RESULTS: In ten kinds of vegetables of Shaanxi Province, the Pb contents in cowpea reached the alertness level, while the contents of Cd, Hg and As were below the safety level. What' s more, the contents of the Pb, Cd, Hg and As were below the safety level in other nine vegetables, and the over standard rate of were Hg > Pb > Cd > As. CONCLUSION: The contamination extents of Pb, Cd, Hg and As in ten kinds of vegetables in Shaanxi Province were low.

[Investigation on contamination situation of malachite green in freshwater fish and its dietary exposure assessment of Shaanxi Province].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the residue levels of malachite green (MG) in freshwater fish and assess the dietary MG exposure of Shaanxi residents. The second aim was to assess the health risk of intaking MG from freshwater fish for Shaanxi residents. METHODS: The samples were determined by UPLC-MS/MS after purified by neutral alumina SPE cartridges and separated by waters-BEH C18 column (2.1 mm x 100 mm, 2.5 µm). The MOE method was used to assess the risk of intaking MG from freshwater fish for Shaanxi residents. RESULTS: The average detection rate of MG in freshwater fish in Shaanxi province was 7.32% and the highest residue level was 428 µg/kg. The detection rate was quite different in different fish species. The catfish devoted the highest detection rate which was 28.57%. In ten cities of Shaanxi, the highest detection rate was obtained from Yulin which was 33.33%. CONCLUSION: The health risk of intaking MG from freshwater fish is quite low for Shaanxi residents, however the contamination of illegal use of MG in freshwater fish was severe in Shaanxi Province. Supervision and inspection of MG should be strengthened in fish farming.