Acetylation phenotype and genotype in aboriginal leprosy patients from the north-west region of Western Australia.

N-Acetyltransferases (NAT1, NAT2) play an important role in biotransformation of a number of drugs and carcinogens. A polymorphism in the metabolism of such compounds by NAT2 has been known for many years but it is only recently that the underlying molecular genetics has been elucidated. In the present study, we have correlated acetylation phenotype and genotype in a group of 49 Australian Aborigines (26 males and 23 females; mean age = 50.5 yr) from the Derby region of Western Australia. Phenotype was determined using caffeine and genotype by an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. The percentages of slow and rapid phenotypes were 36.7 and 63.3%, respectively, while the distribution of alleles for the NAT2 gene was 41% for the wildtype and 2, 17 and 40% for the M1, M2 and M3 mutations, respectively. This is the highest proportion of M3 mutations reported for any ethnic population. The observed genotype proportions were not significantly different from those predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg Law (chi 2 = 1.07, p > 0.05). Phenotype was predictable from genotype in 100% of patients. At the time of study, 29 of the Aborigines were receiving acedapsone intramuscularly for control of leprosy. Plasma dapsone concentrations in these patients were similar for both slow (n = 11) and rapid (n = 18) acetylators, suggesting that phenotype is unlikely to influence treatment outcome. The data show that Aborigines have a similar phenotype distribution to that of some Asian populations, but that there are differences in the frequencies of the M1, M2 and M3 mutant alleles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Comparison of cyclosporine measurement in whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatography, monoclonal fluorescence polarization immunoassay, and monoclonal enzyme-multiplied immunoassay.

Monitoring of cyclosporine concentrations in whole blood is used routinely as a guide to adjusting dose so as to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit with minimal adverse effects. In the present study, we have compared a specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay with a fluorescence polarization immunoassay (TDx) and an enzyme-multiplied immunoassay (Emit). Both Emit and TDx assays employ a monoclonal antibody to cyclosporin A and therefore have the potential for a high degree of specificity. Blood specimens (EDTA as anticoagulant) were obtained from 113 patients (71 renal transplants, 17 liver transplants, and 25 other categories) taking cyclosporine and analysed by all three methods. There were significant correlations between results for HPLC and Emit (Emit = 10.54 + 1.07 x HPLC; r2 = 0.82, p less than 0.001) and between results for HPLC and TDx (TDx = 9.16 + 1.42 x HPLC; r2 = 0.82, p less than 0.001). Compared to HPLC analysis, 74% and 96%, respectively, of Emit and TDx results were to the left of the line of identity. The TDx monoclonal antibody appears to have a lesser degree of specificity than that used in the Emit assay. Mean concentrations of cyclosporine measured by Emit and TDx were 17% and 51% higher, respectively, than those measured by HPLC. Because of this overestimation, we suggest that both Emit and TDx methods may find their most appropriate use in routine therapeutic monitoring of renal transplant patients in whom metabolite concentrations are less variable over time.

Quantification of naltrexone and 6,beta-naltrexol in plasma and milk using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Application to studies in the lactating sheep.

A selective gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method using solid-phase extraction has been developed for the detection and quantification of naltrexone and its metabolite, 6,beta-naltrexol in plasma and milk from humans and sheep at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Di- or tri-acetyl derivatives were formed and quantified by selected-ion monitoring. Recoveries of naltrexone (30 microg/l) and 6,beta-naltrexol (250 microg/l) from both human plasma and milk were greater than 70%. Intra-assay and inter-day precision ranged from 3 to 21% for naltrexone and 2-18% for 6,beta-naltrexol for all matrices investigated, with an overall mean accuracy of 104% for naltrexone, and 99% for 6,beta-naltrexol. Human samples containing these analytes were stable for at least 3 weeks at -20 degrees C or 6 weeks at -80 degrees C. Analysis of the plasma and milk from the lactating sheep showed mean milk-to-plasma ratios of 55 for naltrexone and 3 for 6,beta-naltrexol.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of intramuscular artesunate and artemether in patients with severe falciparum malaria.

The first-dose pharmacokinetic properties of intramuscular (i.m.) artesunate (ARTS; 2.4 mg/kg immediately [stat], followed by 1.2 mg/kg i.m. daily) and artemether (ARM; 3.2 mg/kg i.m. stat, followed by 1.6 mg/kg i.m. daily) were compared in Vietnamese adults with severe falciparum malaria. A total of 19 patients were studied; 9 received ARTS, and 10 received ARM. ARTS was absorbed very rapidly; concentrations in plasma peaked between 1,362 and 8,388 nmol/liter (median, 5,710 nmol/liter) within 20 min of injection and then declined with a median (range) half-life (t(1/2)) of 30 (3 to 67) min. ARTS was hydrolyzed rapidly and completely to the biologically active metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA). Peak DHA concentrations in plasma ranged between 1,718 and 7,080 nmol/liter (median, 3,060 nmol/liter) and declined with a t(1/2) of 52 (26 to 69) min. In contrast, ARM was slowly and erratically absorbed. The absorption profile appeared biphasic. Maximum ARM concentrations in plasma ranged between 67 nmol/liter (a value close to the 50% inhibitory concentration for some Plasmodium falciparum isolates) and 1,631 nmol/liter (median, 574 nmol/liter) and occurred at a median (range) of 10 (1.5 to 24) h. There was relatively little conversion to DHA. After i.m. injection in cases of severe malaria, absorption of the water-soluble ARTS is rapid and extensive, whereas the oil-based ARM is slowly and erratically absorbed, with relatively little conversion to the more active DHA. On the basis of this pharmacological study, parenteral ARTS is preferable to ARM as an initial antimalarial therapy, particularly in the most seriously ill patients. These findings should be formally assessed by a randomized clinical trial.