Association of Mechanical Energy and Power with Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in Lung Resection Surgery: A Post Hoc Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trial Data.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical power (MP), the rate of mechanical energy (ME) delivery, is a recently introduced unifying ventilator parameter consisting of tidal volume, airway pressures, and respiratory rates, which predicts pulmonary complications in several clinical contexts. However, ME has not been previously studied in the perioperative context, and neither parameter has been studied in the context of thoracic surgery utilizing one-lung ventilation. METHODS: The relationships between ME variables and postoperative pulmonary complications were evaluated in this post hoc analysis of data from a multicenter randomized clinical trial of lung resection surgery conducted between 2020 and 2021 (n = 1,170). Time-weighted average MP and ME (the area under the MP time curve) were obtained for individual patients. The primary analysis was the association of time-weighted average MP and ME with pulmonary complications within 7 postoperative days. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to examine the relationships between energy variables and the primary outcome. RESULTS: In 1,055 patients analyzed, pulmonary complications occurred in 41% (431 of 1,055). The median (interquartile ranges) ME and time-weighted average MP in patients who developed postoperative pulmonary complications versus those who did not were 1,146 (811 to 1,530) J versus 924 (730 to 1,240) J (P < 0.001), and 6.9 (5.5 to 8.7) J/min versus 6.7 (5.2 to 8.5) J/min (P = 0.091), respectively. ME was independently associated with postoperative pulmonary complications (ORadjusted, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.16 to 1.80]; P = 0.001). However, the association between time-weighted average MP and postoperative pulmonary complications was time-dependent, and time-weighted average MP was significantly associated with postoperative pulmonary complications in cases utilizing longer periods of mechanical ventilation (210 min or greater; ORadjusted, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.11 to 1.93]; P = 0.007). Normalization of ME and time-weighted average MP either to predicted body weight or to respiratory system compliance did not alter these associations. CONCLUSIONS: ME and, in cases requiring longer periods of mechanical ventilation, MP were independently associated with postoperative pulmonary complications in thoracic surgery.

Cumulative sum analysis of the learning curve for retrograde intrarenal stone surgery in newbie surgeons.

INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the learning curve of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) in patients with medium-sized stones using cumulative sum analysis (CUSUM) to evaluate the competence and proficiency of three new surgeons during their first RIRS procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 227 patients from 2019 to 2022 at a single institution. The patients were divided into four groups based on the operating surgeon: tutor surgeon (85 patients), newbie surgeon A (21 patients), newbie surgeon B (85 patients), and newbie surgeon C (36 patients). Patients had one or multiple stones with the largest stone diameter fell within the range of 10-30 mm. Fragmentation efficacy was calculated as "removed stone volume (mm3) divided by operative time (minutes)." CUSUM analysis monitored changes in fragmentation efficacy and validated surgical outcomes. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed in the total stone volume, maximum stone size, or total operation time between the three newbie surgeons and the tutor surgeon. The mean fragmentation efficacy value was comparable among the newbie surgeons, but significantly different from that of the tutor surgeon. The minimum acceptable fragmentation efficacy level was set at 25.12 mL/min, based on the tutor's average value. The CUSUM curves for the three surgeons initially remained relatively flat until Cases 12-15, after which they increased and eventually plateaued. Stone-free rates and postoperative complications did not differ significantly among the surgeons. CONCLUSION: Learning curve analysis for the three newbie surgeons indicated that approximately 12-15 cases were required to reach a plateau.

Prophylactic effect of pilocarpine on acute sialadenitis following radioactive iodine therapy in thyroid cancer patients.

Purpose: Our aim was to evaluate the effect of prophylactic pilocarpine on acute salivary symptoms after radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Methods: We enrolled 88 patients (76 women and 12 men; mean age: 47 years; range: 20-74 years) with differentiated thyroid cancer who received RAI. Patients were divided into pilocarpine (51 patients) and control (37 patients) groups. Pilocarpine was given orally, at a dose of 5 mg three times a day, from 2 days before and 12 days after RAI therapy. Symptoms and signs of acute sialadenitis within 3 months of RAI therapy were recorded. Results: During the 3 months after RAI therapy, 13 of the 88 patients (14.7%) developed acute symptomatic sialadenitis (swelling or pain of salivary glands). Acute salivary symptoms were reported by 4 (7.8%) and 9 (24.3%) patients in the pilocarpine and control groups, respectively. Acute salivary symptoms were less frequent in the pilocarpine than control group (p = 0.04), but did not differ by age, sex, or RAI dose (p = 0.3357, p = 0.428, and p = 0.2792). Conclusions: Pilocarpine reduced the likelihood of acute sialadenitis after RAI therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.

Multiple-Junction-Based Traffic-Aware Routing Protocol Using ACO Algorithm in Urban Vehicular Networks.

The burgeoning interest in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and the widespread adoption of in-vehicle amenities like infotainment have spurred a heightened fascination with vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). Multi-hop routing protocols are pivotal in actualizing these in-vehicle services, such as infotainment, wirelessly. This study presents a novel protocol called multiple junction-based traffic-aware routing (MJTAR) for VANET vehicles operating in urban environments. MJTAR represents an advancement over the improved greedy traffic-aware routing (GyTAR) protocol. MJTAR introduces a distributed mechanism capable of recognizing vehicle traffic and computing curve metric distances based on two-hop junctions. Additionally, it employs a technique to dynamically select the most optimal multiple junctions between source and destination using the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm. We implemented the proposed protocol using the network simulator 3 (NS-3) and simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) simulators and conducted performance evaluations by comparing it with GSR and GyTAR. Our evaluation demonstrates that the proposed protocol surpasses GSR and GyTAR by over 20% in terms of packet delivery ratio, with the end-to-end delay reduced to less than 1.3 s on average.

Correlation between environmental pollutant exposure and cardiopulmonary health by serum biomarker analysis in the Swedish elderly population.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) affect human health through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway and are implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction. Using data from the PIVUS study, we investigated the associations of serum AhR ligand (POP)-mediated luciferase activity (AhRL), mitochondrial ATP production inhibiting substances (MIS-ATP), and those affecting reactive oxygen species (MIS-ROS) with several metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiopulmonary function parameters. These include insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiopulmonary variables (FVC, FEV1, LV-EF, CCA distensibility). MIS-ATP showed significant correlations with HOMA-IR and pulmonary functions, indicating its direct impact of MIS-ATP on metabolic and pulmonary health. MIS-ROS correlated with oxidative stress markers and CCA distensibility, suggesting a role in systemic inflammatory responses. This study highlights the intricate relationships between environmental pollutant mixture and cardiopulmonary health in MetS as indicated by biomarkers of POP exposure in the elderly population, suggesting POP exposure may influence MetS onset and progression through mitochondrial dysfunction.

US Predictors of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma Progression at Active Surveillance.

Background Active surveillance (AS) is an accepted strategy for patients with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). While previous studies have evaluated the prognostic value of US features, results have been inconsistent. Purpose To determine if US features can help predict tumor progression in patients with low-risk PTMC undergoing AS. Materials and Methods This prospective study enrolled 1177 participants with PTMC from three hospitals between June 2016 and January 2021. Participants were self-assigned to either immediate surgery or AS, and those with two or more US examinations in the absence of surgery were included in the analysis. A χ2 test was used to compare estimated tumor progression rate at 4 years between participants stratified according to US features. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to assess the association of clinical and US features with overall tumor progression and specific progression criteria. Results Among 699 participants included in the analysis, 68 (mean age, 49 years ± 12 [SD]; 40 female participants) showed tumor progression (median follow-up, 41.4 months ± 16 [SD]). Tumor progression was associated with the US features of diffuse thyroid disease (DTD) (hazard ratio [HR], 2.3 [95% CI: 1.4, 3.7]; P = .001) and intratumoral vascularity (HR, 1.7 [95% CI: 1.0, 3.0]; P = .04) and the participant characteristics of male sex (HR, 2.8 [95% CI: 1.7, 4.6]; P < .001), age less than 30 years (HR, 2.9 [95% CI: 1.2, 6.8]; P = .01), and thyroid-stimulating hormone level of 7 µU/mL or higher (HR, 6.9 [95% CI: 2.7, 17.4]; P < .001). The risk of tumor progression was higher for participants with DTD (14%, P = .001) or intratumoral vascularity (14%, P = .02) than for participants without these features (6%). DTD and intratumoral vascularity were associated with tumor enlargement (HR, 2.7 [95% CI: 1.4, 5.1]; P = .002) and new lymph node metastasis (HR, 5.0 [95% CI: 1.3, 19.4]; P = .02), respectively. Conclusion DTD and intratumoral vascularity were associated with an increased risk of tumor progression in participants with PTMC undergoing AS. Clinical trial registration no. NCT02938702 © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Reuter and the review "International Expert Consensus on US Lexicon for Thyroid Nodules" by Durante et al in this issue.

Thermo-Responsive Nanocomposite Bioink with Growth-Factor Holding and its Application to Bone Regeneration.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, which is being increasingly used in tissue engineering, requires bioinks with tunable mechanical properties, biological activities, and mechanical strength for in vivo implantation. Herein, a growth-factor-holding poly(organophosphazene)-based thermo-responsive nanocomposite (TNC) bioink system is developed. The mechanical properties of the TNC bioink are easily controlled within a moderate temperature range (5-37 °C). During printing, the mechanical properties of the TNC bioink, which determine the 3D printing resolution, can be tuned by varying the temperature (15-30 °C). After printing, TNC bioink scaffolds exhibit maximum stiffness at 37 °C. Additionally, because of its shear-thinning and self-healing properties, TNC bioinks can be extruded smoothly, demonstrating good printing outcomes. TNC bioink loaded with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-ß1), key growth factors for osteogenesis, is used to print a scaffold that can stimulate biological activity. A biological scaffold printed using TNC bioink loaded with both growth factors and implanted on a rat calvarial defect model reveals significantly improved bone regenerative effects. The TNC bioink system is a promising next-generation bioink platform because its mechanical properties can be tuned easily for high-resolution 3D bioprinting with long-term stability and its growth-factor holding capability has strong clinical applicability.

Effect of postoperative radiotherapy for patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) with high risk features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed 187 patients treated for DTC from 1985 to 2019. DTC referred to nonanaplastic thyroid cancer originating from follicular cells. PORT was defined as the administration of external beam radiation to the thyroid and regional lymph nodes following surgery for initially diagnosed DTC. The patients were included in the analysis if they received PORT or exhibited any of the following features: (a) pT4 or pN1b according to the 8th American Joint Committee on Cancer, (b) poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC), or (c) unfavourable variants such as anaplastic foci and etc. After 1:1 propensity matching, a total of 108 patients were analyzed according to PORT receipt. The median follow-up duration of the matched group was 10.4 years. RESULTS: After matching, most of the variables became balanced, but the PORT group still had more PDTC and DTC with anaplastic foci. Radioactive iodine (RAI) was less frequently administered in the PORT group. PORT yielded a significantly higher 5-year locoregional recurrence free survival (LRFS) than the No PORT group (5-year LRFS 86.1% vs. 72.7%, p = 0.022), but the 10-year cancer specific survival (CSS) was similar between them (97.8% vs. 85.9%, p = 0.122). The multivariable analysis indicated that PORT was a favourable prognostic factor (Hazard ratio 0.3, 95% Confidence interval 0.1-0.8, p = 0.02) for LRFS, but not for CSS. Among 133 patients without PORT for initial disease, 39 of them received salvage surgery followed by salvage PORT. No severe toxicity after PORT was reported. CONCLUSION: PORT reduced locoregional recurrence in DTC patients without severe toxicity. PORT can be an effective and safe treatment to improve locoregional control in DTC with high risk features. However, further study is warranted to identify those who can benefit from PORT.

Driving pressure-guided ventilation and postoperative pulmonary complications in thoracic surgery: a multicentre randomised clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Airway driving pressure, easily measured as plateau pressure minus PEEP, is a surrogate for alveolar stress and strain. However, the effect of its targeted reduction remains unclear. METHODS: In this multicentre trial, patients undergoing lung resection surgery were randomised to either a driving pressure group (n=650) receiving an alveolar recruitment/individualised PEEP to deliver the lowest driving pressure or to a conventional protective ventilation group (n=650) with fixed PEEP of 5 cm H2O. The primary outcome was a composite of pulmonary complications within 7 days postoperatively. RESULTS: The modified intention-to-treat analysis included 1170 patients (mean [standard deviation, sd]; age, 63 [10] yr; 47% female). The mean driving pressure was 7.1 cm H2O in the driving pressure group vs 9.2 cm H2O in the protective ventilation group (mean difference [95% confidence interval, CI]; -2.1 [-2.4 to -1.9] cm H2O; P<0.001). The incidence of pulmonary complications was not different between the two groups: driving pressure group (233/576, 40.5%) vs protective ventilation group (254/594, 42.8%) (risk difference -2.3%; 95% CI, -8.0% to 3.3%; P=0.42). Intraoperatively, lung compliance (mean [sd], 42.7 [12.4] vs 33.5 [11.1] ml cm H2O-1; P<0.001) and Pao2 (median [inter-quartile range], 21.5 [14.5 to 30.4] vs 19.5 [13.5 to 29.1] kPa; P=0.03) were higher and the need for rescue ventilation was less frequent (6.8% vs 10.8%; P=0.02) in the driving pressure group. CONCLUSIONS: In lung resection surgery, a driving pressure-guided ventilation improved pulmonary mechanics intraoperatively, but did not reduce the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications compared with a conventional protective ventilation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04260451.

Pigmented contact dermatitis and hair dyes: A retrospective case-control multicentre study in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Pigmented contact dermatitis (PCD), a rare variant of non-eczematous contact dermatitis, is clinically characterized by sudden-onset brown or grey pigmentation on the face and neck. It is hypothesized to be caused by repeated contact with low levels of allergens. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the risk of using hair dyes in patients with PCD in Korea. METHODS: A total of 1033 PCD patients and 1366 controls from 31 university hospitals were retrospectively recruited. We collected and analysed the data from the patient group, diagnosed through typical clinical findings of PCD and the control group, which comprised age/sex-matched patients who visited the participating hospitals with pre-existing skin diseases other than current allergic disease or PCD. RESULTS: Melasma and photosensitivity were significantly more common in the control group, and a history of contact dermatitis was more common in the PCD group. There were significantly more Fitzpatrick skin type V participants in the PCD group than in the control group. There was no significant difference in sunscreen use between the groups. Using dermatologic medical history, Fitzpatrick skin type and sunscreen use as covariates, we showed that hair dye use carried a higher PCD risk (odds ratio [OR] before adjustment: 2.06, confidence interval [CI]: 1.60-2.65; OR after adjustment: 2.74, CI: 1.88-4.00). Moreover, henna users had a higher risk of PCD (OR before adjustment: 5.51, CI: 4.07-7.47; OR after adjustment: 7.02, CI: 4.59-10.74), indicating a significant increase in the risk of PCD with henna dye use. Contact dermatitis history was more prevalent in henna users than in those using other hair dyes in the PCD group (17.23% vs. 11.55%). CONCLUSION: Hair dye use is a risk factor for PCD. The risk significantly increased when henna hair dye was used by those with a history of contact dermatitis.

Intentions to be Vaccinated Against COVID-19: The Role of Prosociality and Conspiracy Beliefs across 20 Countries.

Understanding the determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake is important to inform policy decisions and plan vaccination campaigns. The aims of this research were to: (1) explore the individual- and country-level determinants of intentions to be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, and (2) examine worldwide variation in vaccination intentions. This cross-sectional online survey was conducted during the first wave of the pandemic, involving 6697 respondents across 20 countries. Results showed that 72.9% of participants reported positive intentions to be vaccinated against COVID-19, whereas 16.8% were undecided, and 10.3% reported they would not be vaccinated. At the individual level, prosociality was a significant positive predictor of vaccination intentions, whereas generic beliefs in conspiracy theories and religiosity were negative predictors. Country-level determinants, including cultural dimensions of individualism/collectivism and power distance, were not significant predictors of vaccination intentions. Altogether, this study identifies individual-level predictors that are common across multiple countries, provides further evidence on the importance of combating conspiracy theories, involving religious institutions in vaccination campaigns, and stimulating prosocial motives to encourage vaccine uptake.

The calcium-sensing receptor stabilizes podocyte function in proteinuric humans and mice.

Calcimimetic agents allosterically increase the calcium ion sensitivity of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), which is expressed in the tubular system and to a lesser extent in podocytes. Activation of this receptor can reduce glomerular proteinuria and structural damage in proteinuric animal models. However, the precise role of the podocyte CaSR remains unclear. Here, a CaSR knockdown in cultured murine podocytes and a podocyte-specific CaSR knockout in BALB/c mice were generated to study its role in proteinuria and kidney function. Podocyte CaSR knockdown abolished the calcimimetic R-568 mediated calcium ion-influx, disrupted the actin cytoskeleton, and reduced cellular attachment and migration velocity. Adriamycin-induced proteinuria enhanced glomerular CaSR expression in wild-type mice. Albuminuria, podocyte foot process effacement, podocyte loss and glomerular sclerosis were significantly more pronounced in adriamycin-treated podocyte-specific CaSR knockout mice compared to wild-type littermates. Co-treatment of wild-type mice with adriamycin and the calcimimetic cinacalcet reduced proteinuria in wild-type, but not in podocyte-specific CaSR knockout mice. Additionally, four children with nephrotic syndrome, whose parents objected to glucocorticoid therapy, were treated with cinacalcet for one to 33 days. Proteinuria declined transiently by up to 96%, serum albumin increased, and edema resolved. Thus, activation of podocyte CaSR regulates key podocyte functions in vitro and reduced toxin-induced proteinuria and glomerular damage in mice. Hence, our findings suggest a potential novel role of CaSR signaling in control of glomerular disease.

Validation of a nomogram for predicting the risk of lymphedema following contemporary treatment for breast cancer: a large multi-institutional study (KROG 20-05).

PURPOSE: We previously constructed a nomogram for predicting the risk of arm lymphedema following contemporary breast cancer treatment. This nomogram should be validated in patients with different background characteristics before use. Therefore, we aimed to externally validate the nomogram in a large multi-institutional cohort. METHODS: Overall, 8835 patients who underwent breast cancer surgery during 2007-2017 were identified. Data of variables in the nomogram and arm lymphedema were collected. The nomogram was validated externally using C-index and integrated area under the curve (iAUC) with 1000 bootstrap samples and by calibration plots. RESULTS: Overall, 1377 patients (15.6%) developed lymphedema. The median time from surgery to lymphedema development was 11.4 months. Lymphedema rates at 2, 3, and 5 years were 11.2%, 13.1%, and 15.6%, respectively. Patients with lymphedema had significantly higher body mass index (median, 24.1 kg/m2 vs. 23.4 kg/m2) and a greater number of removed nodes (median, 17 vs. 6) and more frequently underwent taxane-based chemotherapy (85.7% vs. 41.9%), total mastectomy (73.1% vs. 52.1%), conventionally fractionated radiotherapy (71.9% vs. 54.2%), and regional nodal irradiation (70.7% vs 22.4%) than those who did not develop lymphedema (all P < 0.001). The C-index of the nomogram was 0.7887, and iAUC was 0.7628, indicating good predictive accuracy. Calibration plots confirmed that the predicted lymphedema risks were well correlated with the actual lymphedema rates. CONCLUSION: This nomogram, which was developed using factors related to multimodal breast cancer treatment and was validated in a large multi-institutional cohort, can well predict the risk of breast cancer-related lymphedema.

Sensing Range Extension for Short-Baseline Stereo Camera Using Monocular Depth Estimation.

This paper proposes a method to extend a sensing range of a short-baseline stereo camera (SBSC). The proposed method combines a stereo depth and a monocular depth estimated by a convolutional neural network-based monocular depth estimation (MDE). To combine a stereo depth and a monocular depth, the proposed method estimates a scale factor of a monocular depth using stereo depth-mono depth pairs and then combines the two depths. Another advantage of the proposed method is that the trained MDE model may be utilized for different environments without retraining. The performance of the proposed method is verified qualitatively and quantitatively using the directly collected and open datasets.

ß-Elemene Attenuates Renal Fibrosis in the Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Model by Inhibition of STAT3 and Smad3 Signaling via Suppressing MyD88 Expression.

Renal fibrosis is a chronic pathological process that seriously endangers human health. However, the current therapeutic options for this disease are extremely limited. Previous studies have shown that signaling factors such as JAK2/STAT3, Smad3, and Myd88 play a regulatory role in renal fibrosis, and ß-elemene is a plant-derived sesquiterpenoid organic compound that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects. In the present study, the anti-fibrotic effect of ß-elemene was demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro experiments. It was shown that ß-elemene inhibited the synthesis of extracellular matrix-related proteins in unilateral ureteral obstruction mice, and TGF-ß stimulated rat interstitial fibroblast cells, including α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and connective tissue growth factor, etc. Further experiments showed that ß-elemene reduced the expression levels of the above-mentioned fibrosis-related proteins by blocking the phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT3, Smad3, and the expression or up-regulation of MyD88. Notably, knockdown of MyD88 attenuated the phosphorylation levels of STAT3 and Smad3 in TGF-ß stimulated NRK49F cell, which may be a novel molecular mechanism by which ß-elemene affects renal interstitial fibrosis. In conclusion, this study elucidated the anti-interstitial fibrosis effect of ß-elemene, which provides a new direction for future research and development of drugs related to chronic kidney disease.

Mebendazole Increases Anticancer Activity of Radiotherapy in Radiotherapy-Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells by Enhancing Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and ranks first in terms of both prevalence and cancer-related mortality in women. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anticancer effect of mebendazole (MBZ) and radiotherapy (RT) concomitant use in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action. Breast cancer mouse models and several types of breast cancer cells, including TNBC-derived RT-resistant (RT-R) MDA-MB-231 cells, were treated with MBZ and/or RT. In mice, changes in body weight, renal and liver toxicity, tumor volume, and number of lung metastases were determined. In cells, cell viability, colony formation, scratch wound healing, Matrigel invasion, and protein expression using western blotting were determined. Our findings showed that MBZ and RT combined treatment increased the anticancer effect of RT without additional toxicity. In addition, we noted that cyclin B1, PH2AX, and natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity increased following MBZ + RT treatment compared to unaided RT. Our results suggest that MBZ + RT have an enhanced anticancer effect in TNBC which acquires radiation resistance through blocking cell cycle progression, initiating DNA double-strand breaks, and promoting NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Clinical significance of HER2 status in T1bN0 breast cancer: a nationwide study from the Korean Breast Cancer Society.

PURPOSE: The prognosis of patients with node-negative T1b tumors according to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status is not known. This group of patients has not been studied in the available randomized trials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the survival of patients in a monoethnic group diagnosed with T1b lymph node-negative breast cancer depending on HER2 status. METHODS: We analyzed 3110 patients with T1bN0M0 breast cancer whose data were deposited into the Korean Breast Cancer Society Registry database between 2000 and 2009. Overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) were compared according to HER2 status. RESULTS: Among all patients, 494 (15.9%) had HER2-positive breast cancer. At a mean follow-up of 93 months, 108 deaths and 86 breast cancer-specific deaths were noted among all patients. There was no significant difference in OS between the HER2-negative and HER2-positive groups (p = 0.103). The same result was observed for BCSS. However, in the subgroup of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive women, HER2-negative patients had a better BCSS prognosis than HER2-positive patients (p = 0.025). Multivariate analysis also indicated a significant difference in BCSS in the ER-positive subgroup (HR 2.60; 95% CI 1.15-5.87; p = 0.021). CONCLUSION: This study analyzed a large nationwide and monoethnic cohort and found a significant difference only in BCSS in the ER-positive subgroup according to HER2 status. Anti-HER2 therapy may be considered in HER2-positive and ER-positive patients with small, node-negative breast cancer.

Ninjurin1 deficiency aggravates colitis development by promoting M1 macrophage polarization and inducing microbial imbalance.

Disruption of colonic homeostasis caused by aberrant M1/M2 macrophage polarization and dysbiosis contributes to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. However, the molecular factors mediating colonic homeostasis are not well characterized. Here, we found that Ninjurin1 (Ninj1) limits colon inflammation by regulating macrophage polarization and microbiota composition under homeostatic conditions and during colitis development. Ninj1 deletion in mice induced hypersusceptibility to colitis, with increased prevalence of colitogenic Prevotellaceae strains and decreased immunoregulatory Lachnospiraceae strains. Upon co-housing (CoH) with WT mice, Ninj1-/- mice showed increased Lachnospiraceae and decreased Prevotellaceae abundance, with subsequent improvement of colitis. Under homeostatic conditions, M1 macrophage frequency was higher in the Ninj1-/- mouse colons than wild-type (WT) mouse colons, which may contribute to increased basal colonic inflammation and microbial imbalance. Following colitis induction, Ninj1 expression was increased in macrophages; meanwhile Ninj1-/- mice showed severe colitis development and impaired recovery, associated with decreased M2 macrophages and escalated microbial imbalance. In vitro, Ninj1 knockdown in mouse and human macrophages activated M1 polarization and restricted M2 polarization. Finally, the transfer of WT macrophages ameliorated severe colitis in Ninj1-/- mice. These findings suggest that Ninj1 mediates colonic homeostasis by modulating M1/M2 macrophage balance and preventing extensive dysbiosis, with implications for IBD prevention and therapy.

Effects of bisphosphonates on long-term kidney transplantation outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Bisphosphonates are administered to post-transplantation patients with mineral and bone disorders; however, the association between bisphosphonate therapy and long-term renal graft survival remains unclear. METHODS: This nested case-control study investigated the effects of bisphosphonates on long-term graft outcomes after kidney transplantation. We enrolled 3836 kidney transplant recipients treated from April 1979 to June 2016 and matched patients with graft failure to those without (controls). Annual post-transplant bone mineral density assessments were performed and recipients with osteopenia or osteoporosis received bisphosphonate therapy. The associations between bisphosphonate use and long-term graft outcomes and graft survival were analyzed using conditional logistic regression and landmark analyses, respectively. RESULTS: A landmark analysis demonstrated that death-censored graft survival was significantly higher in bisphosphonate users than in non-users in the entire cohort (log-rank test, P < 0.001). In the nested case-control matched cohort, bisphosphonate users had a significantly reduced risk of graft failure than did non-users (odds ratio = 0.38; 95% confidence interval 0.30-0.48). Bisphosphonate use, increased cumulative duration of bisphosphonate use >1 year and increased cumulative bisphosphonate dose above the first quartile were associated with a reduced risk of graft failure, after adjustments. CONCLUSIONS: Bisphosphonates may improve long-term graft survival in kidney transplant recipients.

Urinary chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 16 and endostatin as predictors of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in patients with advanced diabetic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) is a well-recognized risk factor for poor renal outcome in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, a noninvasive biomarker for IFTA is currently lacking. The purpose of this study was to identify urinary markers of IFTA and to determine their clinical relevance as predictors of renal prognosis. METHODS: Seventy patients with biopsy-proven isolated DKD were enrolled in this study. We measured multiple urinary inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in these patients and evaluated their association with various pathologic features and renal outcomes. RESULTS: Patients enrolled in this study exhibited advanced DKD at the time of renal biopsy, characterized by moderate to severe renal dysfunction [mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 36.1 mL/min/1.73 m2] and heavy proteinuria (mean urinary protein:creatinine ratio 7.8 g/g creatinine). Clinicopathologic analysis revealed that higher IFTA scores were associated with worse baseline eGFR (P < 0.001) and poor renal outcome (P = 0.002), whereas glomerular injury scores were not. Among measured urinary inflammatory markers, C-X-C motif ligand 16 (CXCL16) and endostatin showed strong correlations with IFTA scores (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), and patients with higher levels of urinary CXCL16 and/or endostatin experienced significantly rapid renal progression compared with other patients (P < 0.001). Finally, increased urinary CXCL16 and endostatin were independent risk factors for poor renal outcome after multivariate adjustments (95% confidence interval 1.070-3.455, P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary CXCL16 and endostatin could reflect the degree of IFTA and serve as biomarkers of renal outcome in patients with advanced DKD.