RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Phosphorus levels in the range seen clinically among patients undergoing dialysis have been reported to attenuate calcium receptor activation and modify parathyroid hormone (PTH) release from isolated parathyroid glands in vitro. Some clinicians and providers of dialysis thus have suggested that calcimimetic agents are ineffective and should not be used to manage secondary hyperparathyroidism among those undergoing dialysis when serum phosphorus concentrations exceed certain threshold levels. METHODS: To determine whether hyperphosphatemia diminishes the therapeutic response to calcimimetic agents, we used data from large clinical trials to analyze the effects of etelcalcetide and cinacalcet to lower plasma PTH levels in individuals on hemodialysis who had secondary hyperparathyroidism and varying degrees of hyperphosphatemia. RESULTS: Plasma PTH levels declined progressively during 26 weeks of treatment with either etelcalcetide or cinacalcet without regard to the degree of hyperphosphatemia at baseline. However, with each calcimimetic agent, the decreases in PTH from baseline were less at each interval of follow-up during the trials among participants with serum phosphorus levels above one of three prespecified threshold values compared with those with serum phosphorus levels below these thresholds. CONCLUSIONS: These in vivo findings are the first in humans to support the idea that hyperphosphatemia attenuates calcium receptor activation by calcium ions and by calcimimetic agents. The effect of hyperphosphatemia on the responsiveness to calcimimetic agents appears relatively modest, however, and unlikely to be significant therapeutically. The efficacy of treatment with calcimimetic agents for lowering plasma PTH levels among those with secondary hyperparathyroidism remains robust despite substantial elevations in serum phosphorus.
Assuntos
Calcimiméticos/uso terapêutico , Hiperparatireoidismo Secundário/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperfosfatemia/complicações , Diálise Renal , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Idoso , Cinacalcete/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperparatireoidismo Secundário/sangue , Hiperparatireoidismo Secundário/complicações , Hiperfosfatemia/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hormônio Paratireóideo/sangue , Peptídeos/uso terapêutico , Fósforo/sangue , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/sangue , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Immunization is an effective preventive health intervention. In Cameroon, the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) aims to vaccinate children under 5 years of age for free, but vaccination coverage has consistently remained below the national target. Vaccines are distributed based on the target population size, factoring in wastage norms. However, the vaccine wastage rate (VWR) may differ among various settings. Our study aimed to assess vaccine wastage for different site settings, seasonality, and vaccine types in comparison to vaccination coverage in order to provide comprehensive insights on vaccine wastage. METHODS: A retrospective data collection and analysis were conducted on immunization and vaccine wastage data in the Littoral Region of Cameroon during 2016 and 2017. Health districts were classified as urban or rural, seasonality was categorized as rainy or dry season, and vaccine types were grouped into liquid, lyophilized, oral, and injectable vaccines. VWRs and vaccination coverage rates (VCRs) were calculated, and the vaccine waste factor was investigated. RESULTS: The VWR of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG; 32.19%) was the highest, followed by measles and rubella (MR; 19.05%) and yellow fever (YF; 18.34%) among all EPI vaccines in the Littoral Region of Cameroon during 2016 and 2017. Single-dose vaccine vials exhibited lower VWRs than multi-dose vials. Dry season was associated with higher VWRs for most vaccines, although more lyophilized vaccines (BCG, MR, YF vaccines) were wasted in rainy season in 2016. The VWR was persistently higher in rural than urban health districts. The months of February and November saw a decrease in VCRs. The study found an overall negative correlation between VCR and VWR. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple factors may cause wastage of EPI vaccines in Cameroon. Vaccination area characteristics, seasonality, types of vaccines such as multi- or single-dose, lyophilized or injectable vaccines are related to VWRs in Littoral Region. Further research on vaccine wastage and vaccination coverage across Cameroon is needed to better understand the socio-behavioral aspect of vaccine in-take that may affect the level of vaccination and vaccine wastage. Public health system strengthening is warranted to adapt more real-time monitoring of the VWR and VCR for each vaccine in the government's immunization programs.
Assuntos
Vacina BCG , Programas de Imunização , Criança , Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Retrospectivos , Camarões/epidemiologia , Vacinação , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There are limited data on typhoid fever cost of illness (COI) and economic impact from Africa. Health economic data are essential for measuring the cost-effectiveness of vaccination or other disease control interventions. Here, we describe the protocol and methods for conducting the health economic studies under the Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa (SETA) program. METHODS: The SETA health economic studies will rely on the platform for SETA typhoid surveillance in 4 African countries-Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Madagascar. A COI and long-term socioeconomic study (LT-SES) will be its components. The COI will be assessed among blood culture-positive typhoid fever cases, blood culture-negative clinically suspected cases (clinical cases), and typhoid fever cases with pathognomonic gastrointestinal perforations (special cases). Repeated surveys using pretested questionnaires will be used to measure out-of-pocket expenses, quality of life, and the long-term socioeconomic impact. The cost of resources consumed for diagnosis and treatment will be collected at health facilities. RESULTS: Results from these studies will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific conferences to make the data available to the wider health economics and public health research communities. CONCLUSIONS: The health economic data will be analyzed to estimate the average cost per case, the quality of life at different stages of illness, financial stress due to illness, and the burden on the family due to caregiving during illness. The data generated are expected to be used in economic analysis and policy making on typhoid control interventions in sub-Saharan Africa.
Assuntos
Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Análise Custo-Benefício , Saúde Pública/economia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Febre Tifoide/economia , Burkina Faso/epidemiologia , Projetos de Pesquisa Epidemiológica , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Seguimentos , Gana/epidemiologia , Humanos , Madagáscar/epidemiologia , Saúde Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , Qualidade de Vida , Febre Tifoide/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Invasive salmonellosis is a common community-acquired bacteremia in persons residing in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is a paucity of data on severe typhoid fever and its associated acute and chronic host immune response and carriage. The Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa (SETA) program, a multicountry surveillance study, aimed to address these research gaps and contribute to the control and prevention of invasive salmonellosis. METHODS: A prospective healthcare facility-based surveillance with active screening of enteric fever and clinically suspected severe typhoid fever with complications was performed using a standardized protocol across the study sites in Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria. Defined inclusion criteria were used for screening of eligible patients for enrollment into the study. Enrolled patients with confirmed invasive salmonellosis by blood culture or patients with clinically suspected severe typhoid fever with perforation were eligible for clinical follow-up. Asymptomatic neighborhood controls and immediate household contacts of each case were enrolled as a comparison group to assess the level of Salmonella-specific antibodies and shedding patterns. Healthcare utilization surveys were performed to permit adjustment of incidence estimations. Postmortem questionnaires were conducted in medically underserved areas to assess death attributed to invasive Salmonella infections in selected sites. RESULTS: Research data generated through SETA aimed to address scientific knowledge gaps concerning the severe typhoid fever and mortality, long-term host immune responses, and bacterial shedding and carriage associated with natural infection by invasive salmonellae. CONCLUSIONS: SETA supports public health policy on typhoid immunization strategy in Africa.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/imunologia , Febre Tifoide/epidemiologia , Adulto , África Subsaariana/epidemiologia , Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Bacteriemia/prevenção & controle , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Pré-Escolar , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/epidemiologia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/microbiologia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/prevenção & controle , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde/métodos , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Pais , Estudos Prospectivos , Projetos de Pesquisa , Infecções por Salmonella/prevenção & controle , Inquéritos e Questionários , Febre Tifoide/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health concern, yet, there are noticeable gaps in AMR surveillance data in regions such as sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to measure the prevalence of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections from 12 sentinel sites in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: Data were generated during the Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP), in which standardized blood cultures were performed on febrile patients attending 12 health facilities in 9 sub-Saharan African countries between 2010 and 2014. Pathogenic bloodstream isolates were identified at the sites and then subsequently confirmed at a central reference laboratory. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, detection of ESBL production, and conventional multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for genes encoding for ß-lactamase were performed on all pathogens. RESULTS: Five hundred and five pathogenic Gram-negative bloodstream isolates were isolated during the study period and available for further characterization. This included 423 Enterobacteriaceae. Phenotypically, 61 (12.1%) isolates exhibited ESBL activity, and genotypically, 47 (9.3%) yielded a PCR amplicon for at least one of the screened ESBL genes. Among specific Gram-negative isolates, 40 (45.5%) of 88 Klebsiella spp., 7 (5.7%) of 122 Escherichia coli, 6 (16.2%) of 37 Acinetobacter spp., and 2 (1.3%) of 159 of nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) showed phenotypic ESBL activity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the presence of ESBL production among pathogens causing bloodstream infections in sub-Saharan Africa. With few alternatives for managing ESBL-producing pathogens in the African setting, measures to control the development and proliferation of AMR organisms are urgently needed.
Assuntos
Bactérias Gram-Negativas/patogenicidade , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/sangue , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , África Subsaariana/epidemiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/enzimologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela , Adulto Jovem , beta-LactamasesRESUMO
Background: The World Health Organization recently prequalified a typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), recommending its use in persons ≥6 months to 45 years residing in typhoid fever (TF)-endemic areas. We now need to consider how TCVs can have the greatest impact in the most vulnerable populations. Methods: The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP) was a blood culture-based surveillance of febrile patients from defined populations presenting at healthcare facilities in 10 African countries. TF and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease incidences were estimated for 0-10 year-olds in one-year age increments. Results: Salmonella Typhi and iNTS were the most frequently isolated pathogens; 135 and 94 cases were identified, respectively. Analysis from three countries was excluded (incomplete person-years of observation (PYO) data). Thirty-seven of 123 TF cases (30.1%) and 71/90 iNTS disease cases (78.9%) occurred in children aged <5 years. No TF and 8/90 iNTS infections (8.9%) were observed in infants aged <9 months. The TF incidences (/100 000 PYO) for children aged <1 year and 1 to <2 years were 5 and 39, respectively; the highest incidence was 304 per 100 000 PYO in 4 to <5 year-olds. The iNTS disease incidence in the defined age groups ranged between 81 and 233 per 100 000 PYO, highest in 1 to <2 year-olds. TF and iNTS disease incidences were higher in West Africa. Conclusions: High burden of TF detected in young children strengthens the need for TCV introduction. Given the concurrent iNTS disease burden, development of a trivalent vaccine against S. Typhi, S. Typhimurium, and S. Enteritidis may be timely in this region.
Assuntos
Febre/microbiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , África Subsaariana/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Febre/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Salmonella/prevenção & controle , Salmonella typhi/isolamento & purificação , Vacinas Tíficas-Paratíficas/uso terapêutico , Vacinas Conjugadas/uso terapêutico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety and efficacy of brodalumab, a human anti-interleukin-17 receptor monoclonal antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS: Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study in patients with moderate-to-severe CD and evidence of active inflammation. Patients were randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive brodalumab (210, 350, or 700 mg at baseline and week 4) or placebo. The primary end point was proportion of patients achieving Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) remission (≤150) at week 6. Secondary end points included proportion of patients with CDAI response (reduction from baseline of ≥100) at week 6 and change from baseline in CDAI at week 6. RESULTS: The study was terminated early based on an imbalance in worsening CD in active treatment groups. At the time of termination, 130 patients had been randomized. At week 6, remission rates were 3% (210 mg), 15% (350 mg), 9% (700 mg), and 3% (placebo) and CDAI response occurred in 16% (210 mg), 27% (350 mg), 15% (700 mg), and 13% (placebo) of patients. Mean change in CDAI at week 6 was -8.7 (95.3) (210 mg), -35.4 (105.6) (350 mg), -0.6 (105.9) (700 mg), and -28.2 (86.0) (placebo). Besides worsening of CD, overall incidences of adverse events were similar across treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with brodalumab resulted in a disproportionate number of cases of worsening CD in patients with active CD and no evidence of meaningful efficacy. These analyses did not suggest additional safety risks of brodalumab beyond worsening of CD symptoms in patients with active CD.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Doença de Crohn/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Método Duplo-Cego , Término Precoce de Ensaios Clínicos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptores de Interleucina-17/antagonistas & inibidores , Indução de Remissão , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
RATIONALE: IL-17 signaling has been implicated in development and persistence of asthma. Cytokine-targeted strategies blocking IL-17 receptor signaling may be beneficial in asthma treatment. OBJECTIVES: To determine efficacy and safety of brodalumab, a human anti-IL-17 receptor A monoclonal antibody, in subjects with inadequately controlled moderate to severe asthma taking regular inhaled corticosteroids. METHODS: Three hundred two subjects were randomized to brodalumab (140, 210, or 280 mg) or placebo. Primary endpoint was change in Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) score from baseline to Week 12. Secondary endpoints included FEV1, symptom scores, and symptom-free days. Prespecified subgroup analyses were conducted to identify potential responsive subpopulations. Analyses included randomized subjects receiving one or more doses of investigational product using last-observation-carried-forward imputation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Demographics and baseline characteristics were generally balanced among groups (n = 302; n = 226 brodalumab). For the overall study population, no treatment differences were observed. Nine prespecified subgroups were examined without corrections for multiple testing. In only the high-reversibility subgroup (post-bronchodilator FEV1 improvement ≥ 20%; n = 112) was an ACQ change with nominal significance noted; ACQ responses were nominally significant in the 210-mg group (estimated treatment difference, 0.53) but not significant in the higher 280-mg group (estimated treatment difference, 0.38). Adverse events, generally balanced among groups, were most commonly asthma, upper respiratory tract infection, and injection site reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of IL-17 receptor A did not produce a treatment effect in subjects with asthma. The results of the high-reversibility subgroup analysis are of uncertain significance, requiring further study of brodalumab in this asthma subpopulation. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01199289).
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Brônquios/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Interleucina-17/efeitos dos fármacos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Monoclonais/efeitos adversos , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Injeções Subcutâneas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptores de Interleucina-17/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Interleucina-17/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The D-prostanoid receptor and the chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on T(H)2 cells (CRTH2) are implicated in asthma pathogenesis. AMG 853 is a potent, selective, orally bioavailable, small-molecule dual antagonist of human D-prostanoid and CRTH2. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the efficacy and safety of AMG 853 compared with placebo in patients with inadequately controlled asthma. METHODS: Adults with moderate-to-severe asthma were randomized to placebo; 5, 25, or 100 mg of oral AMG 853 twice daily; or 200 mg of AMG 853 once daily for 12 weeks. All patients continued their inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting ß-agonists were not allowed during the treatment period. Allowed concomitant medications included short-acting ß-agonists and a systemic corticosteroid burst for asthma exacerbation. The primary end point was change in total Asthma Control Questionnaire score from baseline to week 12. Secondary and exploratory end points included FEV(1), symptom scores, rescue short-acting ß-agonist use, and exacerbations. RESULTS: Among treated patients, no effect over placebo (n = 79) was observed in mean changes in Asthma Control Questionnaire scores at 12 weeks (placebo, -0.492; range for AMG 853 groups [n = 317], -0.444 to -0.555). No significant differences between the active and placebo groups were observed for secondary end points. The most commonly reported adverse events were asthma, upper respiratory tract infection, and headache; 9 patients experienced serious adverse events, all of which were deemed unrelated to study treatment by the investigator. CONCLUSION: AMG 853 as an add-on to inhaled corticosteroid therapy demonstrated no associated risks but was not effective at improving asthma symptoms or lung function in patients with inadequately controlled moderate-to-severe asthma.
Assuntos
Antiasmáticos/uso terapêutico , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Fenilacetatos/uso terapêutico , Receptores Imunológicos/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Prostaglandina/antagonistas & inibidores , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Corticosteroides/farmacologia , Adulto , Antiasmáticos/efeitos adversos , Asma/fisiopatologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenilacetatos/efeitos adversos , Testes de Função Respiratória , Sulfonamidas/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although maintaining vaccines in a strict cold chain has cost and logistical implications in low- and middle-income countries, only a few vaccines have obtained approval for extended controlled temperature conditions (ECTC) application, which permits the administration of vaccines after storage outside of the cold chain for a defined period. We developed a methodology to evaluate stability data and calculate minimum release potency (MRP) in support of ECTC application. METHODS: The methodology is focused on statistical considerations consisting of stability data collection, statistical analysis plan, statistical modelling, and statistical report. It uses mock stability data from a hypothetical product and may serve as a helpful guide for other products. The statistical data analysis is performed using the R program which is an open-source program and validated using the SAS software. RESULTS: We developed a stability data testing scheme that included 24 lots with six-time points for up to 24â¯months under real-time and real condition (RT) in the cold chain samples stored at 2-8⯰C and 12 lots with six timepoints for 14â¯days under ECTC samples stored at 40⯰C. The log-transformed stability data met the linear regression assumptions and were poolable from representative lots with no significant lot variation. The linear regression analysis model with a common slope and intercept confirmed the stable antigen content over time under RT and ECTC by the mean regression line and 95% confidence interval. Based on the fitted models and the estimated coefficients, the antigen content value of 966 was derived as the MRP under RT for 24â¯months followed by 14â¯days under ECTC. CONCLUSION: The presented framework of statistical considerations, with practical methods and R program codes to perform statistical analysis, may serve as a guide for developing the CTC data for a vaccine's stability evaluation prospectively.
Assuntos
Vacinas , Temperatura , Refrigeração , Armazenamento de Medicamentos/métodos , Estabilidade de MedicamentosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Direct correlation of assessments of a validated composite measure such as the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) and risk of exacerbation has not been previously demonstrated in a randomized controlled trial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of the ACQ score over time to predict risk of a future asthma exacerbation. METHODS: This analysis included data from a 12-week placebo-controlled trial (N = 292) of AMG 317, an IL-4 receptor α antagonist, in patients with moderate to severe atopic asthma. At baseline, patients had an ACQ score ≥1.5. Exacerbations were defined as requirement for systemic corticosteroids. A Cox proportional hazards model was used, with ACQ score as the time-dependent covariate. The analysis was repeated for individual components of the ACQ. RESULTS: Each 1-point increase in ACQ was associated with a 50% increased risk of exacerbation (hazard ratio, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.03-2.20) for the following 2-week period. Evaluation of individual ACQ components also demonstrated a similar trend, though each to a lesser degree than the full composite ACQ. CONCLUSION: Although based on a retrospective analysis, with small number of exacerbations, these findings support the utility of the composite ACQ score measurement to predict risk of future exacerbation in clinical trials and clinical practice. The composite ACQ score measurement was found to be a better predictor of future risk than individual ACQ components.
Assuntos
Asma/diagnóstico , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Antiasmáticos/uso terapêutico , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common infection principally spread through sexual activity. Most HPV infections are asymptomatic and resolve spontaneously. However, persistent infection may progress to cervical cancer. Highly efficacious HPV vaccines have been available since 2006, yet uptake into national programs has been slow in part due to cost. WHO guidelines call for a two-dose (0,6 month) schedule for girls 9-14 years of age. Post-hoc analyses of randomized trials have found high vaccine effectiveness following a single dose of vaccine. In order to provide additional data on the potential impact of single dose HPV vaccination in a real-world setting, we are conducting an effectiveness study among Thai schoolgirls. This is an observational study of a single dose (SD) or two doses (2D) of the bivalent HPV vaccine CERVARIX® (GlaxoSmithKline plc.) administered in a school-based program to 8-9,000 Grade 8 female students in two provinces of Thailand beginning in 2018; one province is assigned the SD, and the other the standard 2D regimen. The reduction in HPV vaccine-type prevalence will be assessed in each province two and four years after vaccination by comparing HPV prevalence in urine samples obtained through cross-sectional surveys of the immunized grade cohort as they age and compared to a historical "baseline" HPV prevalence of same age students.
Assuntos
Alphapapillomavirus , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Papillomaviridae , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , Estudantes , Tailândia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Bangladesh remains cholera endemic with biannual seasonal peaks causing epidemics. At least 300,000 severe cases and over 4,500 deaths occur each year. The available oral cholera vaccineshave not yet been adopted for cholera control in Bangladesh due to insufficient number of doses available for endemic control. With a public private partnership, icddr,b initiated a collaboration between vaccine manufacturers in Bangladesh and abroad. A locally manufactured Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) named Cholvax became available for testing in Bangladesh. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of this locally produced Cholvax (Incepta Vaccine Ltd) inexpensive OCV comparatively to Shanchol (Shantha Biotechnics-Sanofi Pasteur) which is licensed in several countries. We conducted a randomized non-inferiority clinical trial of bivalent, killed oral whole-cell cholera vaccine Cholvax vs. Shanchol in the cholera-endemic area of Mirpur, Dhaka, among three different age cohorts (1-5, 6-17 and 18-45 years) between April 2016 and April 2017. Two vaccine doses were given at 14 days apart to 2,052 healthy participants. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. There were no significant differences in the frequency of solicited (7.31% vs. 6.73%) and unsolicited (1.46% vs. 1.07%) adverse events reported between the Cholvax and Shanchol groups. Vibriocidal antibody responses among the overall population for O1 Ogawa (81% vs. 77%) and O1 Inaba (83% vs. 84%) serotypes showed that Cholvax was non-inferior to Shanchol, with the non-inferiority margin of -10%. For O1 Inaba, GMT was 462.60 (Test group), 450.84 (Comparator group) with GMR 1.02(95% CI: 0.92, 1.13). For O1 Ogawa, GMT was 419.64 (Test group), 387.22 (Comparator group) with GMR 1.12 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.23). Cholvax was safe and non-inferior to Shanchol in terms of immunogenicity in the different age groups. These results support public use of Cholvax to contribute for reduction of the cholera burden in Bangladesh. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT027425581.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra Cólera , Cólera , Vibrio cholerae O1 , Administração Oral , Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Cólera/epidemiologia , Cólera/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Lactente , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/efeitos adversosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of long-term etanercept treatment, with or without methotrexate, on growth in children with selected categories of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS: We conducted a 3-year, open-label, nonrandomized registry of 594 patients with polyarticular or systemic JIA treated with etanercept only, etanercept plus methotrexate, or methotrexate only. Height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were assessed at baseline and at years 1, 2, and 3, using percentiles derived from US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standardized growth charts. RESULTS: Statistically significant increases in the mean height percentiles from baseline were observed in etanercept-treated patients at year 3 (4.8 percentile points) and in patients treated with etanercept plus methotrexate at years 1, 2, and 3 (2.4, 3.3, and 5.6 percentile points, respectively). Statistically significant increases from baseline in the mean weight percentiles were observed at years 1, 2, and 3 in both the etanercept group (7.4, 10.0, and 13.0 percentile points) and the etanercept-plus-methotrexate group (2.9, 6.9, and 8.4 percentile points, respectively). Statistically significant increases from baseline in the mean BMI percentiles were observed in both the etanercept group (range 9.6-13.8 percentile points) and the etanercept-plus-methotrexate group (range 2.1-5.2 percentile points). The mean height, weight, and BMI percentiles did not change significantly in patients in the methotrexate-only group. CONCLUSION: Etanercept treatment, with or without methotrexate, may contribute to the restoration of normal growth in children with JIA.
Assuntos
Artrite Juvenil/terapia , Estatura/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunoglobulina G/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Antirreumáticos/efeitos adversos , Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Quimioterapia Combinada , Etanercepte , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Metotrexato/uso terapêutico , Receptores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/uso terapêutico , Sistema de Registros , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
RATIONALE: IL-4 and IL-13 share many biological functions important in the development of allergic airway inflammation and are implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. AMG 317 is a fully human monoclonal antibody to IL-4Ralpha that blocks both IL-4 and IL-13 pathways. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate efficacy and safety of AMG 317 in patients with moderate to severe asthma. METHODS: In this phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, patients received weekly subcutaneous injections of placebo or AMG 317 (75-300 mg) for 12 weeks, followed by a 4-week follow-up period. The primary endpoint was change from baseline at Week 12 in Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) symptom score. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mean ACQ change (SE) was -0.49 (0.09) in placebo (n = 74), and -0.43 (0.11), -0.58 (0.12), and -0.70 (0.09) in the AMG 317 75 mg (n = 73), 150 mg (n = 73), and 300 mg (n = 74) groups, respectively (treatment effect P = 0.25). No statistically significant differences were observed in the secondary endpoints. Numerical decreases in number of and time to exacerbations were noted in patients receiving AMG 317 150 mg and 300 mg. Preplanned analyses by tertile of baseline ACQ revealed that patients with higher baseline ACQ scores (>or=2.86) were more likely to respond to AMG 317. Serious adverse events were reported in three patients, each noted as not related to study drug. CONCLUSIONS: AMG 317 did not demonstrate clinical efficacy across the overall group of patients. Clinically significant improvements were observed in several outcome measures in patients with higher baseline ACQ scores. AMG 317 was safe and well tolerated in this study population. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00436670).
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Subunidade alfa de Receptor de Interleucina-4/antagonistas & inibidores , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Monoclonais/efeitos adversos , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Colelitíase/induzido quimicamente , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Seguimentos , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtorno de Pânico/induzido quimicamente , Receptores de Interleucina-13/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Interleucina-4/efeitos dos fármacos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Assessment of associations between etanercept treatment and rare adverse events has been limited by the size of clinical trial populations. The authors examined the collective safety of etanercept in clinical trials across approved indications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-nine U.S. and non-U.S. trials of etanercept, involving up to 13,977 patients for approved indications, with final trial reports as of May 2006, were selected from the Amgen Inc. clinical trials database. Exposure-adjusted rates of serious infections, opportunistic infections, malignancies, and deaths were reported by trial, indication, and dosage. RESULTS: Rates of serious infections were generally similar between etanercept and controls. Overall rates of opportunistic infections and tuberculosis were low. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) (95% CI) for malignancy was 1.00 (0.83-1.19) for all etanercept patients across all indications. The SIR for lymphoma for patients with rheumatoid arthritis was 3.45 (1.83-5.89); all other indications reported SIRs similar to those observed in the general population. The SIRs for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in patients with psoriasis relative to the general population with high or low sun exposure were 2.09 (1.27-3.22) and 4.96 (3.03-7.66), respectively. SIRs were less than 1.0 for all other indications regardless of sun exposure. Rates of melanoma and basal cell carcinoma were not significantly different from those in the general population. There was no increase in mortality associated with etanercept use relative to control populations. CONCLUSION: These data support the overall tolerability of etanercept across approved indications.
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Imunoglobulina G/efeitos adversos , Fatores Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Infecções/epidemiologia , Receptores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/antagonistas & inibidores , Artrite Juvenil/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Psoriásica/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Bases de Dados Factuais , Progressão da Doença , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Etanercepte , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/uso terapêutico , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Infecções Oportunistas/epidemiologia , Psoríase/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/uso terapêutico , Espondilite Anquilosante/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoAssuntos
Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Asma/patologia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Colorado , Progressão da Doença , Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a causative agent for typhoid fever and especially critical in developing countries. Although clinical studies for various typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) have been performed, there are no comparative data on the immune responses of vaccines due to lack of harmonization of the serological assay. Recently, Typbar-TCV (Vi-TT) was prequalified by WHO and recommended for vaccination in endemic areas. Forty-eight serum samples were selected from a recent Vi-DT phase 1 study based on age cohort and anti-Vi IgG levels using an in-house ELISA. Anti-Vi IgG titers of 48 sera were also determined by Vacczyme ELISA, used in a Vi-TT phase 3 trial. A good correlation between the two assays was observed when the anti-Vi IgG titer was determined using Vacczyme ELISA based on the Vi-IgGR1,2011, U.S. reference reagent (Pearson correlation coefficient (r) = 0.991, P < 0.001) or Vacczyme ELISA calibrator (r = 0.991, P < 0.001). Based on the correlation, multiple linear regression model was developed to convert data of 281 sera (prior to vaccination and 28 days post first-dose) in the Vi-DT phase 1 study from in-house ELISA titers to Vacczyme ELISA values and then, compared with the Vi-TT results. Similar estimates of anti-Vi IgG GMT were observed after vaccination with the Vi-DT and Vi-TT vaccines [1626 EU/ml (95% CI: 1292-2047) vs 1293 EU/ml (95% CI: 1153-1449), respectively]. The method used here can be implemented to estimate and compare anti-Vi IgG levels between different clinical studies of TCVs. This approach enables comparison of the antibody responses among TCVs under development and may help facilitate licensing of new TCVs.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Idiotípicos/imunologia , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Febre Tifoide/imunologia , Vacinas Tíficas-Paratíficas/imunologia , Vacinas Conjugadas/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Anti-Idiotípicos/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filipinas , Salmonella typhi/imunologia , Febre Tifoide/prevenção & controle , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In a cluster randomized trial (CRT) of a Vi polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid in the slums of Kolkata we found evidence of vaccine herd protection. However, transmission of typhoid into clusters from the outside likely occurred in this densely populated setting, which could have diminished our estimates of vaccine herd protection. METHODS: Eighty clusters (40 in each arm) were randomised to receive a single dose of either Vi or inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. We analysed protection for the entire cluster and for subclusters consisting of residents of the innermost households. RESULTS: During 2 y of follow-up, total protection was 61% (95% CI 41 to 75), overall protection was 57% (95% CI 37 to 71) and indirect protection was 44% (95% CI 2 to 69). Analyses of the innermost 75% and 50% of households of the clusters showed similar findings. However, in the innermost 25% of households of the clusters, total protection was 82% (95% CI 48 to 94) and overall protection was 66% (95% CI 27 to 84). There was not a sufficient sample size to demonstrate such a trend for indirect protection in these innermost households. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that analyses of the entire cluster may have led to underestimation of herd protection against typhoid by Vi vaccine and that restriction of the analyses to the inner subclusters may have led to a more accurate estimation of vaccine herd effects.
Assuntos
Imunidade Coletiva , Febre Tifoide/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Tíficas-Paratíficas/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Análise por Conglomerados , Feminino , Humanos , Índia , Masculino , Áreas de Pobreza , Febre Tifoide/imunologia , Vacinas Tíficas-Paratíficas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
We evaluated the protection conferred by a first documented visit for clinical care of typhoid fever against recurrent typhoid fever prompting a visit. This study takes advantage of multi-year follow-up of a population with endemic typhoid participating in a cluster-randomized control trial of Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine in Kolkata, India. A population of 70,566 individuals, of whom 37,673 were vaccinated with one dose of either Vi vaccine or a control (Hepatitis A) vaccine, were observed for four years. Surveillance detected 315 first typhoid visits, among whom 4 developed subsequent typhoid, 3 due to reinfection, defined using genomic criteria and corresponding to -124% (95% CI: -599, 28) protection by the initial illness. Point estimates of protection conferred by an initial illness were negative or negligible in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated subjects, though confidence intervals around the point estimates were wide. These data provide little support for a protective immunizing effect of clinically treated typhoid illness, though modest levels of protection cannot be excluded.