Lunar lenses - Acquired lens colobomas.

Acquired lens colobomas secondary to ocular surgeries are scarcely described in the literature. We describe two cases of acquired lens coloboma in two infants with glaucoma who underwent ocular surgery. The coloboma in the first case was likely because of direct trauma to the lens zonules during an optical iridectomy with a vitrectomy cutter, resulting in localized loss of zonules and consequently localized lens coloboma. The coloboma in the second case was noticed during examination under anesthesia after scleral buckling and cryopexy for retinal detachment. The cause for coloboma development in this case could be disruption of the lens zonules because of stretching of the globe after scleral buckle surgery or because of injury to zonules during scleral buckling and the cryopexy procedure.

Post-trabeculectomy early bleb localization mimicking a 'ring of steel'.

A 54-year-old-man underwent trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C (0.02%). At 4-week follow-up, there was an elevated, well-circumscribed bleb with raised intra-ocular pressure (IOP) of 32-mmHg, with a classic "ring of steel" appearance, typically seen in a tenon's cyst. A sub-tenon needle revision re-established aqueous flow. Two weeks later, the IOP was 8-mmHg without any anti-glaucoma medications. A diffuse well formed bleb was noted. Careful ocular examination helps to identify early post-operative localized bleb that may appear like a "ring of steel" but can be managed by needling, unlike a tenon's cyst, which would require more extensive intervention.

Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation for treatment of Morton's neuroma: initial experience.

AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for treatment of symptomatic Morton's neuroma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with symptomatic Morton's neuroma of the foot were referred for treatment with RFA, prior to consideration for surgery. All neuromas were proven by ultrasound imaging and had a trial of conservative management including orthotic support and/or steroid injections. Ultrasound-guided RFA was performed as an outpatient procedure under local anaesthetic. Patients were followed up at 8 weeks and 8 months. Outcomes were assessed with a visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Manchester-Oxford Foot and Ankle Questionnaire, overall patient satisfaction, and complications. RESULTS: Twenty-two neuromas were treated with RFA under ultrasound guidance. The VAS score at 8 weeks was significantly lower than the VAS score pre-procedure (p<0.001, Wilcoxon signed ranks test) and the VAS score at 8 months was significantly lower than the VAS score at 8 weeks (p=0.008, Wilcoxon signed ranks test). At 8 months, 89% of treated patients were satisfied with the procedure outcome. No significant adverse effects were recorded. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided RFA is safe, with excellent initial results in treatment of symptomatic Morton's neuroma. Further studies on long-term outcomes and comparison to other management options will be required to establish its role in management of symptomatic Morton's neuroma.

Reliability of patellotrochlear index in patellar height assessment on MRI-correction for variation due to change in knee flexion.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the reliability of patellotrochlear Index (PTI) in patellar height assessment on successive MRI scans in asymptomatic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four patients with two successive MRI scans (128 studies) of the same knee for non-patellofemoral joint symptoms were identified retrospectively. PTI and knee flexion angle were assessed independently by three observers to assess interobserver reliability. The effect of knee flexion on PTI was assessed by comparing the change in values of PTI in each patient correlated with change in knee flexion. RESULTS: Sixty-four MRIs of patients (M:F) aged between 18 and 35 years (mean 24.6) years were assessed. The mean PTI for initial scan group was 0.33% (95% CI: 0.29-0.37; SD: 0.15) and consecutive scan group was 0.30% (CI: 0.27-0.33; SD: 0.3). The difference was not significant (p = 0.097 using a paired t test) with high inter-observer correlation (0.9) in both sets. Spearman's rho for knee flexion angle and PTI was found to be positive and statistically significant (0.41; p = 0.001). A linear regression model was derived using a scatter chart of change in PTI with change in knee flexion for each patient. The gradient of the linear regression line was used to estimate a cPTI (corrected PTI) value (corrected to 0 degrees of knee flexion), defined as cPTI = PTI - 1.3a (a = knee flexion angle). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates high inter-observer correlation of PTI on MRI and high test-retest reliability indicating unconscious quadriceps contraction does not change the index sufficiently. Knee flexion significantly alters PTI, increased patellotrochlear engagement with flexion increases the index. We propose use of the formula cPTI = PTI -1.3a to correct the index to 0 degree knee flexion in clinical practice.

Administration of vorinostat disrupts HIV-1 latency in patients on antiretroviral therapy.

Despite antiretroviral therapy, proviral latency of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a principal obstacle to curing the infection. Inducing the expression of latent genomes within resting CD4(+) T cells is the primary strategy to clear this reservoir. Although histone deacetylase inhibitors such as suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (also known as vorinostat, VOR) can disrupt HIV-1 latency in vitro, the utility of this approach has never been directly proven in a translational clinical study of HIV-infected patients. Here we isolated the circulating resting CD4(+) T cells of patients in whom viraemia was fully suppressed by antiretroviral therapy, and directly studied the effect of VOR on this latent reservoir. In each of eight patients, a single dose of VOR increased both biomarkers of cellular acetylation, and simultaneously induced an increase in HIV RNA expression in resting CD4(+) cells (mean increase, 4.8-fold). This demonstrates that a molecular mechanism known to enforce HIV latency can be therapeutically targeted in humans, provides proof-of-concept for histone deacetylase inhibitors as a therapeutic class, and defines a precise approach to test novel strategies to attack and eradicate latent HIV infection directly.

Cervical spine clearance in adults following blunt trauma: a national survey across major trauma centres in England.

AIM: To assess current practice in cervical spine clearance across major trauma centres in England and review current guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic survey was sent to lead trauma clinicians at 22 major trauma centres in England. This assessed the clinical decision tools used, the choice of initial imaging technique, and the methods used to clear the cervical spine in alert and obtunded patients without focal neurology, and where initial imaging was normal. British Orthopaedic Association Standards for Trauma (BOAST) 2 and Eastern Association for Surgery for Trauma (EAST) guidelines were used as standards. RESULTS: Eighteen out of the 22 (82%) centres responded by completing the survey. Most (71%) centres used the Canadian C-Spine Rule for clearing the cervical spine clinically. Seventy-two percent of centres preferred computed tomography (CT) as the first-line imaging technique, the choice based on age of patient and mechanism of injury. If the initial CT imaging was normal, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 52% of centres to clear the cervical spine, with half of these centres stating that they would discuss further imaging with a radiologist first. The practice across centres was highly variable for the obtunded patient, with most centres preferring continuing immobilisation or MRI to clear the cervical spine, with a small minority removing spinal precautions when a high-quality multidetector CT was normal. CONCLUSION: Multidetector CT is the preferred initial imaging technique across most major trauma centres in England when blunt cervical spine trauma is suspected. There is widespread reliance on MRI to clear the cervical spine in both alert and obtunded patients, if initial CT imaging is normal and there is no focal neurology on clinical assessment. This calls for greater awareness of the reliability of a high-quality normal multidetector CT examination in clearing the cervical spine in the absence of focal neurology.

Assessment of Clinical Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction of Antimalarial Drugs α/ß-Arteether and Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine.

Antimalarial drug combination therapy is now being widely used for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of coadministration of intramuscular α/ß-arteether (α/ß-AE) and oral sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) on the pharmacokinetic properties of each drug as a drug-drug interaction study to support the development of a fixed-dose combination therapy. A single-dose, open-label, crossover clinical trial was conducted in healthy adult Indian male volunteers (18 to 45 years, n = 13) who received a single dose of AE or SP or a combination dose of AE and SP. Blood samples were collected up to 21 days postadministration, and concentrations of α-AE, ß-AE, sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine were determined by using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and statistically analyzed to calculate the geometric mean ratio and confidence interval. Following single-dose coadministration of intramuscular AE and oral SP, the pharmacokinetic properties of α/ß-AE were not significantly affected, and α/ß-AE had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetic properties of SP in these selected groups of healthy volunteers. However, more investigations are needed to explore this further. (This study has been registered in the clinical trial registry of India under approval no. CTRI/2011/11/002155.).

Blunt cervical spine injury in adult polytrauma: incidence, injury patterns and predictors of significant ligament injury on CT.

AIM: To describe the pattern of cervical spine fractures in adult major trauma and identify computed tomography (CT) parameters that can predict significant ligament injury when fractures are absent; to define the normal range for parameters used; and identify common variations due to position of cervical immobilisation in a trauma patient. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study all polytrauma patients imaged using multidetector CT over a period of 5 years were identified. Patients with cervical spine fracture and suspected ligament injury in the absence of fracture were collated based on the polytrauma CT report. Predictors of ligament injury were defined based on published historical data on plain radiographs and posterior paraspinal fat pad assessment at CT. These parameters were recorded for each study with comparison to subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the reference standard. RESULTS: Significant ligament injury on MRI was detected at the craniocervical junction, when CT showed a basion dens interval of >10 mm, widened incongruous C0/C1 facet joint space of >3 mm, and widened C1/2 facet joint space of >6 mm. In the subaxial cervical spine, facet subluxation >50% and obscured posterior paraspinal fat pad were the only reliable predictors of ligament injury, as confirmed on subsequent MRI. CONCLUSION: When fractures are absent, signs of significant ligament injury on CT at the craniocervical junction were increased basion dens interval and widened facet joints. In the subaxial cervical spine, >50% subluxation of a facet joint and obscured posterior paraspinal fat pad are indicators of significant ligament injury.

Substance abuse amongst the medical graduate students in a developing country.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Substance abuse is found worldwide including among students. We carried out this study to estimate the prevalence of substance abuse among medical student studying in a medical college in north India. METHODS: Using a validated questionnaire a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 230 undergraduate and postgraduate medical students in a private medical college. RESULTS: The prevalence of substance abuse was 20.43 per cent (47/230) among medical students. An increase in substance abuse was observed in the latter years of medical education. A total of 43 of 47 (91.7%) students using these substances were aware of the ill effects. The most common reasons for substance use were relief from psychological stress (34/47, 72.4%) and occasional celebration (34/47, 72.4%). Of the 47 substance users, 28 (59.6%) made past attempts to quit the substance abuse. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Nearly one-fifth of medical students abuse at least one substance despite knowing the ill effects with the main predisposing factor being the psychological stress.

Translational studies in older men using testosterone to treat sarcopenia.

Sarcopenia is the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging. Our research group has found an efficacious administration paradigm using testosterone to combat sarcopenia in humans. In addition, our research has uncovered an important regulatory enzyme of inflammation, nuclear factor-κB-inducing kinase that may regulate human skeletal muscle catabolism, and that appears to be counter-regulated by administration of standard doses of testosterone. This is important because a number of age-related clinical circumstances trigger acute and chronic muscle loss including cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hospitalization, acute and chronic illness, and diseases in which systemic inflammation occurs. Moreover, it is often the treatment itself that can induce muscle loss. For example, glucocorticoids are tremendously effective at reducing inflammation and are a frontline therapy for many inflammatory-based diseases, yet paradoxically trigger muscle loss. We will discuss our research findings and the clinical significance of our human clinical translational research with testosterone.

Do rainfed production systems have lower environmental impact over irrigated production systems?: On -farm mitigation strategies.

The intensive agriculture practices improved the crop productivity but escalated energy inputs (EI) and carbon foot print (CF) which contributes to global warming. Hence designing productive, profitable crop management practices under different production systems with low environmental impact (EI and CF) is the need of the hour. To identify the practices, quantification of baseline emissions and the major sources of emissions are required. Indian agriculture has diversified crops and production systems but there is dearth of information on both EI and CF of these production systems and crops. Hence the present study was an attempt to find hot spots and identify suitable strategies with high productivity, energy use efficiency (EUE) and carbon use efficiency (CUE). Energy and carbon balance of castor, cotton, chickpea, groundnut, maize, rice (both rainfed and irrigated), wheat, sugarcane (only irrigated), pigeon pea, soybean, sorghum, pearl millet (only rainfed) in different production systems was assessed. Field specific data on different crop management practices as well as grain and biomass yields were considered. Rainfed production systems had lower EI and CF than irrigated system. The nonrenewable sources of energy like fertilizer (64 %), irrigation (78 %), diesel fuel (75 %) and electricity (67 %) are the major source of energy input. Rainfed crops recorded higher CUE over irrigated condition. Adoption of technologies like efficient irrigation strategies (micro irrigation), enhancing fertilizer use efficiency (site specific nutrient management or slow release fertilizer), conservation agriculture (conservation or reduced tillage) rice cultivation methods (SRI or Direct seeded rice) were the mitigation strategies. These results will help policy makers and stake holders in adoption of suitable strategies for sustainable intensification.

Contralateral distribution of nonmelanoma skin cancer between older Hispanic/Latino and non-Hispanic/non-Latino individuals.

BACKGROUND: A recent review of the SEER database revealed that melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma occur more commonly on the left side of the body. Similarly, a trend was reported in which nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) were found to be distributed more frequently on the left side of the body. OBJECTIVES: To compare the sidedness of NMSC in a large patient population. There were five primary objectives of the present study: (i) to confirm or refute the left-sided trend of NMSC in the largest patient population studied for asymmetry to date; (ii) to determine whether the left-sided trend existed in Hispanic/Latino individuals; (iii) to examine skin cancer in older individuals across ethnicities; (iv) to compare distribution across anatomical location and ethnicity; and (v) to measure gender differences in the distribution of NMSC. METHODS: The last 3026 cases referred to the Mohs surgical unit at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine during 2008-2011 were reviewed. The patient's age, gender, tumour side, tumour type, anatomical location and ethnicity were recorded. RESULTS: There were 1505 (50·2%) right-sided tumours and 1495 (49·8%) left-sided tumours (P=0·52). The Hispanic/Latino group had a nonsignificant right-sided trend with 607 (52·7%) right-sided cases and 545 (47·3%) left-sided cases (P=0·06). The non-Hispanic/non-Latino group between the ages of 60 and 85 years had 605 (46·9%) right-sided tumours and 686 (53·1%) left-sided tumours (P=0·024). The Hispanic/Latino group between the ages of 60 and 85 years demonstrated 404 (54·0%) right-sided tumours and 344 (46·0%) left-sided tumours (P=0·028). One hundred and fifty-four skin cancers were located on the upper extremities of non-Hispanic/non-Latino individuals with 64 (41·6%) being right sided and 90 (58·4%) left sided (P=0·036). Seventy-eight skin cancers were located on the upper extremities of Hispanic/Latino individuals with 49 (62·8%) being right sided and 29 (37·2%) left sided (P=0·024). Males had most of the skin cancers at 2125 (70·8%) cases and females had 875 (29·2%) cases (P<0·001). CONCLUSIONS: NMSC appears to be more common on the left side of older non-Hispanic/non-Latino individuals, while it is more common on the right side of older Hispanic/Latino individuals. This is likely to be secondary to an environmental factor, such as ultraviolet radiation. NMSC is significantly more common in males relative to females, which may be attributed to differences in gender roles or referral practices.

Implementation of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project in India.

The South Asian site in the INTERGROWTH-21(st) Project was the city of Nagpur, in Maharashtra State, India, with approximately 4500 births per year among the target population with middle to high socio-economic status. These deliveries are mainly concentrated in 20 small private hospitals, most of which are in the city centre. The sample for the Newborn Cross-Sectional Study (NCSS) was drawn from ten of these hospitals, covering 76% of the target low-risk pregnant population. The Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study (FGLS) sample was recruited from the largest of these institutions, Ketkar Hospital, as well as several ancillary antenatal care clinics. Special activities to encourage participation and raise awareness of the study at this site included translating patient information leaflets into local languages and securing local media interest. Among the unique challenges of the Indian site was the coordination of the large number of hospitals involved in NCSS, a task that required careful planning and organisation by the field teams.

Keratoacanthoma centrifugam marginatum: an atypical presentation.

Keratoacanthoma centrifugam marginatum (KCM) is a rare variant of keratoacanthoma characterized by a progressive peripheral growth with concomitant central healing. We report a case of a 50-year-old female who presented with multiple, veracious non-tender papules coalescing to form multiple plaques of varied diameter perioral, which was gradually progressive. On the basis of history, clinical presentation and histopathology, diagnosis of KCM was confirmed. We report this case because of atypical presentation and clinical rarity.

Noise survey of neonatal intensive care unit at a government tertiary-care centre.

BACKGROUND: With technological advancement, Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) have become noisier than ever. Studies have shown the detrimental effects of increasing noise in NICU on growing pre-term and sick neonates. The present study aimed to survey the amount of noise in one of the NICU blocks of a government tertiary care centre and explore ways to control it when dealing with these sick babies. METHODS: A detailed noise survey was carried out, for February 2023, in one of the two blocks of NICU in a government tertiary-care centre. The noise measurements were performed using two "Sound Ear 3" noise meters. The analyses were done in Leq (equivalent continuous sound levels) A-weighted decibels (dBA). RESULTS: The extracted data analysis revealed that the NICU block was exposed to a mean Leq of 67.78 dBA noise with a maximum of 89.0 dBA. There was a significant difference between the values noted in devices at different locations and across different periods. There were certain instances (57 and 42 for two devices) when there were sudden spikes in the noise levels beyond 80 dBA. It was also seen that noise was more than 65 dBA most of the time (72% and 66% for the two devices). CONCLUSION: The noise survey carried out over one month revealed a considerable amount of noise in the NICU of a government tertiary-care centre. The study also explored ways such as environmental modification, human behavior modification, awareness programs, and neonatal-centered modifications to reduce the noise and lower its detrimental effects on the growth of neonates.

Plan quality score to evaluate the dwell time deviation restricted inverse planning by simulated annealing and graphically optimized treatment plans for template based interstitial brachytherapy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of dwell time deviation constraint (DTDC) on the quality of IPSA-optimized treatment plans in comparison with graphical plans using plan quality scores (PQS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy optimized plans (graphical & IPSA with different DTDC values) of ten cervical cancer patients were generated. Various DVH parameters like D90, V100, V150, V200, V300 were compared to evaluate the impact of DTDC on target coverage and high dose regions inside target for different plans. Similarly, for the OAR dose, values of D2cc were compared. Various planning parameters like CI, COIN, DHI, DNR, ODI, EI and gain factor (GF) for different OARs were calculated. Based on these indices a plan quality score (PQS) was formulated and calculated. PQS values were used to see the impact of DTDC on plan quality of IPSA in comparison with dosimetric quality of graphical plan. RESULTS: We have found that target coverage is similar for IPSA and graphically optimized treatment plans. However, dose homogeneity was improved in IPSA compared to graphical optimization whereas conformality was better in graphically optimized plans. OAR dose was less in IPSA plans. High-dose regions inside the target were also reduced in IPSA comparatively. However, IPSA plans optimized with various values of DTDC did not necessarily reduce high-dose regions beyond 0.6. Plan quality scores (PQS) were 6.31, 6.31, 6.34, and 6.17 for the graphically optimized plan, IPSA with DTDC values of 0.0, 0.4, and 1.0 respectively. CONCLUSION: We found that IPSA is dosimetrically advantageous over graphical optimization. IPSA with a DTDC value of 0.4 improved overall plan quality. However, DTDC value beyond 0.6 produces dosimetrically sub-optimal plans hence the use of DTDC should be very selective and limited.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha and palmitate simulate bovine fatty liver disease in vitro when using abattoir-derived primary bovine hepatocytes isolated by a novel nonperfusion method.

Hepatic lipidosis (i.e., fatty liver) is a common periparturient disease in high-producing dairy cattle affecting nearly 50% of cows to some degree and costing an estimated 60 million dollars annually. Large animal studies are costly, labor intensive, and are not well suited to mechanistic studies. Traditionally, mechanistic studies employ in vitro methodologies, utilizing established cell lines or primary cell culture methods. However, with dairy cattle, established hepatic cell lines do not exist, and methods for primary cell culture studies typically involve complicated procedures that often utilize very young animals (typically bull calves). Several previously published papers have used abattoir-derived tissues as a source of primary cells; however, a simple method utilizing simple culture media has yet to be presented. In addition, we sought to develop a way to replicate the syndrome of fatty liver disease "in a dish" using adult cattle that should more closely represent the physiology of the periparturient dairy cow. Herein we present a non-perfusion-based method that results in robust growth and proliferation of abattoir-derived bovine hepatocytes that demonstrate lipid loading, elevated lactate dehydrogenase leakage, and cytotoxicity as demonstrated by elevated caspase 3/7 expression consistent with in vivo physiology of the periparturient dairy cow with fatty liver disease.

Anaerobes in cardiac infections: A decade experience from the tertiary care center.

PURPOSE: Anaerobic infections are common yet life-threatening. They are being recovered from all sites of the body, including the cardiovascular system. This study was aimed to determine the retrospective analysis on the isolation of anaerobes in cardiovascular samples received for a decade-long duration. It helps in knowing the frequency of isolation of anaerobic causes of cardiovascular infection. METHODS: All cardiovascular samples from the department of Cardio-thoracic vascular surgery from January 2010 to December 2020 were studied. RESULTS: Of 601 samples received, predominant samples were vegetations and valvular tissues of 258, followed by 98 samples of pericardial tissues, 92 samples of embolus, 90 samples of blood and post-operative collections, and 63 excised aneurysms and vascular grafts. Of the total, 15 samples grew anaerobes where Clostridium species were the predominant isolates. Clostridioides difficile was isolated in 2 samples. CONCLUSIONS: Anaerobes in cardiovascular samples are uncommon yet form a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Most infections are from the contiguous spread, penetrating trauma, and hematogenous causing endocarditis or valvular infections. These conditions and samples form the seat of infectious focus and clinical suspicion towards the anaerobic cause of these conditions, especially in conventional routine culture-negative samples. Timely diagnosis of anaerobic infections plays a vital role in the good prognostic outcome of patients undergoing cardiothoracic and vascular surgery.

Exogenous hydrogen sulphide alleviates copper stress impacts in Artemisia annua L.: Growth, antioxidant metabolism, glandular trichome development and artemisinin biosynthesis.

A supply of plant micronutrients (some of which are metals) is necessary to regulate many plant processes; their excess, however, can have detrimental consequences and can hamper plant growth, physiology and metabolism. Artemisia annua is an important crop plant used in the treatment of malaria. In this investigation, the physio-biochemical mechanisms involved in exogenous hydrogen sulphide-mediated (H2 S) alleviation of copper (Cu) stress in A. annua were assessed.. Two different levels of Cu (20, 40 mg·kg-1 ), one H2 S treatment (200 µm) and their combinations were introduced while one set of plants was retained as control. Results showed that the presence of excess Cu in the soil reduced growth and biomass, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content and fluorescence, gas exchange parameters and induced antioxidant enzyme activity. Copper stress enhanced the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increased Cu content in both roots and shoots of affected plants. Exogenous application of H2 S restored the physio-biochemical characteristics of Cu-treated A. annua plants by reducing lipid peroxidation and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in Cu-stressed plants as compared with the controls. Hydrogen sulphide also reduced the Cu content in different plant parts, increased photosynthetic efficiency, trichome density, average area of trichomes and artemisinin content. Therefore, our results provide a comprehensive assessment of the defensive role of H2 S in Cu-stressed A. annua.

In silico guided design of non-covalent inhibitors of DprE1: synthesis and biological evaluation.

DprE1 is a potential target of resistant tuberculosis (TB), especially multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB. 2-benzoxazolinone is a closely related bioisostere of some scaffolds such as benzoxazoles, benzimidazole, benzothiazolinone, and benzothiazoles that have been previously explored against DprE1. Thus, a ligand-based quantitative pharmacophore model (AHRR.8) of DprE1 was developed and this pharmacophore model was utilized in activity profiling of some 2-benzoxazolinones from an in-house database using virtual screening. Obtained hits were subject to molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD), and MM/GBSA calculations, which resulted in benzoyl-substituted derivatives of 2-benzoxazolinone showing strong interactions with the key amino acid residues in the active site of DprE1. Based on in silico results, the top five hits were duly synthesized and evaluated against the XDR-TB strain. This study is an initial effort to explore 2-benzoxazolinones against XDR-TB, which can be submitted further to lead optimization for refining the results.